MaRShall, J.
Was the paper of October 30, 1900, intended as a mere designation of beneficiaries, revocable regardless of their attitude in the matter, under the rule of law in this state that, subject to the terms of the insurance contract) the owner thereof may, as regards mere beneficiaries,. [561]*561change them or dispose of the policy by will ? Foster v. Gile, 50 Wis. 603, 7 N. W. 555, 8 N. W. 217; In re Breitung’s Estate, 78 Wis. 33, 46 N. W. 891, 47 N. W. 17; Strike v. Wis. O. F. M. L. Ins. Co. 95 Wis. 583, 70 N. W. 819. Connsel for appellant contends for the affirmative of that, conceding, if the paper and what occurred in regard thereto operated to assign the policy to the extent of $3,000, appellant’s right in any event is limited to the $896.61, which sum he now claims was improperly paid to him as guardian. The following are the significant portions of the paper:
“I, John Pearl, of the city of Eau Claire, being the person insured under policy number 160,320, for five thousand dollars ($5,000.00) in the Mutual Benefit Insurance Company of the city of Newark, NT. J., and being the legal holder of said policy, . . . for value received, do hereby change the beneficiary in said policy and do hereby make said policy payable as follows:
“To Margaret Pearl, my mother, . . . one thousand dollars-($1,000).
“To Mary Pearl, my sister, . . . one thousand dollars ($1,000).
“T'o- Kate Pearl, my sister, . . . one thousand dollars ($1,000).
“And I do hereby, for value received, direct that said insurance company pay o-ut of the money on said policy to the said beneficiaries, the aforesaid sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000) each, and hereby request that said Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company of Newark, NT. J., change the beneficiary named in said insurance contract or policy so that my said mother and my said two sisters each receive out of the first money to be paid thereon the sum of one thousand dollars ($,1000) each, as fully as if they were made beneficiaries to that extent in said policy at the time of its execution.”
It will be readily discovered that the paper has some of the features of an ordinary assignment, and some of a mere designation of beneficiaries. The distinguishing element between the two is that in the former there is an actual irrevocable [562]*562transfer of the property; while in the latter there is no such transfer, — there is only a mere suggestion, so to speak, assented to by the insurance company, so as to form a part of the contract between the latter and the insured only, as to the person who shall finally have the proceeds of the policy. No consideration is necessary to' support an assignment. Any transfer of property, whether by gift or otherwise, is in a general sense an assignment. 1 Bouv. Law Diet. 155. True, there must be an actual delivery -of the thing assigned, or its equivalent, such as the written evidence of the transfer, intending thereby to vest the subject of the transaction in prcesenti in the assignee; but it is not essential that the delivery shall be directly to the assignee. If the delivery is made to a third person with intent on the part of the assignor to surrender dominion over the thing assigned, and the assignee assents to the transaction, that is sufficient. The delivery, with the intent mentioned, and the assent of the assignee, which need not necessarily be expressed, is a sufficient meeting of minds to remove the subject of the transaction beyond the dominion of the assignor. That is within the principle of Bogie v. Bogie, 35 Wis. 659, and Curry v. Colburn, 99 Wis. 319, 74 N. W. 778.
As said before, there are some features of the paper that give to1 it the appearance of a mere designation of beneficiaries, and others' that give that of an attempt to convey a property interest in the policy. It might reasonably be regarded as the one or the other, looking at .the language thereof alone. The mother and sisters are mentioned as beneficiaries several times. It is said that the purpose of the paper is to make them beneficiaries the same as if they were originally mentioned as such in the policy. On the other hand it is twice said in the paper that the mother and sisters are designated as beneficiaries “for value received.” A person made a beneficiary of a policy for value received is not a mere beneficiary that may be changed at the will of the as-[563]*563stired. He is the transferee of a property interest in tlie policy. Joyce, Ins. § 742. The -word “beneficiary” is appropriate to an assignee as well as to wbat we call a “mere beneficiary.” Any person, whether by assignment or otherwise, entitled to' take under a policy of life insurance, is in a broad sense a beneficiary. All assignees are beneficiaries. But a mere beneficiary is not an assignee. Looking at the paper in the light of the conduct of the parties and what occurred with reference to it, we reach the conclusion that Mr. Pearl intended to convey a property interest in his policy to his mother and sisters. He caused it to be read over in their presence or in the presence of some of them. The circumstances fairly show that they all had knowledge of the transaction and assented to it. He delivered the paper 1» a third person in their presence, or in the presence of some of them, and presumably with the knowledge of all of them, with directions to such person to do all that was necessary to' make the paper effective. It recites that they were constituted beneficiaries for value. The paper was sent to the insurance company, where it was treated as an assignment. In correspondence in regard thereto it was so spoken of and it was at the end so regarded in the payment of the policy.
We do not overlook the fact that subsequent to the making of the paper Mr. Pearl made a second instrument attempting to dispose of the residue of the policy, left after satisfying the rights of the Chippewa Valley Bank and his mother and sisters, wherein the latter were spoken of as beneficiaries and he styled himself the legal holder of the policy. It seems that he used the term “beneficiaries” to distinguish the mother and sisters from the Chippewa Valley Bank, which was an assignee for a valuable consideration of a pecuniary nature. He styled himself the legal holder of the policy as against the bank as well as against the mother and sisters, showing that the term “legal holder of the policy” and the [564]*564term “beneficiaries” were not so used as to throw any great light upon the real character of the first paper.
What we have said leaves to be solved the question of whether appellant, as executor, is entitled to recover the $896.61 notwithstanding the payment thereof to him as guardian of the children. Respondent’s claim is that the right to the money became vested in the Pearl children by the paper of December 5, 1900. We are unable to discover-anything therein indicating more than a mere designation of beneficiaries as to such of the proceeds of the policy as might be left after satisfying the claims of the Chippewa Valley Bank and the mother and sisters. The significant part of the paper is as follows:
“I . . . direct that the balance and income on said policy . . . be paid to- my sons John Pearl and Philip Pearl, and I do- hereby make my said sons- John Pearl and Philip-Pearl beneficiaries in said policy for the balance . and said insurance company is hereby directed ...
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MaRShall, J.
Was the paper of October 30, 1900, intended as a mere designation of beneficiaries, revocable regardless of their attitude in the matter, under the rule of law in this state that, subject to the terms of the insurance contract) the owner thereof may, as regards mere beneficiaries,. [561]*561change them or dispose of the policy by will ? Foster v. Gile, 50 Wis. 603, 7 N. W. 555, 8 N. W. 217; In re Breitung’s Estate, 78 Wis. 33, 46 N. W. 891, 47 N. W. 17; Strike v. Wis. O. F. M. L. Ins. Co. 95 Wis. 583, 70 N. W. 819. Connsel for appellant contends for the affirmative of that, conceding, if the paper and what occurred in regard thereto operated to assign the policy to the extent of $3,000, appellant’s right in any event is limited to the $896.61, which sum he now claims was improperly paid to him as guardian. The following are the significant portions of the paper:
“I, John Pearl, of the city of Eau Claire, being the person insured under policy number 160,320, for five thousand dollars ($5,000.00) in the Mutual Benefit Insurance Company of the city of Newark, NT. J., and being the legal holder of said policy, . . . for value received, do hereby change the beneficiary in said policy and do hereby make said policy payable as follows:
“To Margaret Pearl, my mother, . . . one thousand dollars-($1,000).
“To Mary Pearl, my sister, . . . one thousand dollars ($1,000).
“T'o- Kate Pearl, my sister, . . . one thousand dollars ($1,000).
“And I do hereby, for value received, direct that said insurance company pay o-ut of the money on said policy to the said beneficiaries, the aforesaid sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000) each, and hereby request that said Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company of Newark, NT. J., change the beneficiary named in said insurance contract or policy so that my said mother and my said two sisters each receive out of the first money to be paid thereon the sum of one thousand dollars ($,1000) each, as fully as if they were made beneficiaries to that extent in said policy at the time of its execution.”
It will be readily discovered that the paper has some of the features of an ordinary assignment, and some of a mere designation of beneficiaries. The distinguishing element between the two is that in the former there is an actual irrevocable [562]*562transfer of the property; while in the latter there is no such transfer, — there is only a mere suggestion, so to speak, assented to by the insurance company, so as to form a part of the contract between the latter and the insured only, as to the person who shall finally have the proceeds of the policy. No consideration is necessary to' support an assignment. Any transfer of property, whether by gift or otherwise, is in a general sense an assignment. 1 Bouv. Law Diet. 155. True, there must be an actual delivery -of the thing assigned, or its equivalent, such as the written evidence of the transfer, intending thereby to vest the subject of the transaction in prcesenti in the assignee; but it is not essential that the delivery shall be directly to the assignee. If the delivery is made to a third person with intent on the part of the assignor to surrender dominion over the thing assigned, and the assignee assents to the transaction, that is sufficient. The delivery, with the intent mentioned, and the assent of the assignee, which need not necessarily be expressed, is a sufficient meeting of minds to remove the subject of the transaction beyond the dominion of the assignor. That is within the principle of Bogie v. Bogie, 35 Wis. 659, and Curry v. Colburn, 99 Wis. 319, 74 N. W. 778.
As said before, there are some features of the paper that give to1 it the appearance of a mere designation of beneficiaries, and others' that give that of an attempt to convey a property interest in the policy. It might reasonably be regarded as the one or the other, looking at .the language thereof alone. The mother and sisters are mentioned as beneficiaries several times. It is said that the purpose of the paper is to make them beneficiaries the same as if they were originally mentioned as such in the policy. On the other hand it is twice said in the paper that the mother and sisters are designated as beneficiaries “for value received.” A person made a beneficiary of a policy for value received is not a mere beneficiary that may be changed at the will of the as-[563]*563stired. He is the transferee of a property interest in tlie policy. Joyce, Ins. § 742. The -word “beneficiary” is appropriate to an assignee as well as to wbat we call a “mere beneficiary.” Any person, whether by assignment or otherwise, entitled to' take under a policy of life insurance, is in a broad sense a beneficiary. All assignees are beneficiaries. But a mere beneficiary is not an assignee. Looking at the paper in the light of the conduct of the parties and what occurred with reference to it, we reach the conclusion that Mr. Pearl intended to convey a property interest in his policy to his mother and sisters. He caused it to be read over in their presence or in the presence of some of them. The circumstances fairly show that they all had knowledge of the transaction and assented to it. He delivered the paper 1» a third person in their presence, or in the presence of some of them, and presumably with the knowledge of all of them, with directions to such person to do all that was necessary to' make the paper effective. It recites that they were constituted beneficiaries for value. The paper was sent to the insurance company, where it was treated as an assignment. In correspondence in regard thereto it was so spoken of and it was at the end so regarded in the payment of the policy.
We do not overlook the fact that subsequent to the making of the paper Mr. Pearl made a second instrument attempting to dispose of the residue of the policy, left after satisfying the rights of the Chippewa Valley Bank and his mother and sisters, wherein the latter were spoken of as beneficiaries and he styled himself the legal holder of the policy. It seems that he used the term “beneficiaries” to distinguish the mother and sisters from the Chippewa Valley Bank, which was an assignee for a valuable consideration of a pecuniary nature. He styled himself the legal holder of the policy as against the bank as well as against the mother and sisters, showing that the term “legal holder of the policy” and the [564]*564term “beneficiaries” were not so used as to throw any great light upon the real character of the first paper.
What we have said leaves to be solved the question of whether appellant, as executor, is entitled to recover the $896.61 notwithstanding the payment thereof to him as guardian of the children. Respondent’s claim is that the right to the money became vested in the Pearl children by the paper of December 5, 1900. We are unable to discover-anything therein indicating more than a mere designation of beneficiaries as to such of the proceeds of the policy as might be left after satisfying the claims of the Chippewa Valley Bank and the mother and sisters. The significant part of the paper is as follows:
“I . . . direct that the balance and income on said policy . . . be paid to- my sons John Pearl and Philip Pearl, and I do- hereby make my said sons- John Pearl and Philip-Pearl beneficiaries in said policy for the balance . and said insurance company is hereby directed ... to pay the balance to my said sons,” etc.
There is not a word there indicating an intention to assign to the children any part of the policy. While the paper was delivered to a third person with directions substantially as in the case of that of October 30, 1900, no notice thereof was given to the company till after Mr. Pearl’s death. It did not become a party thereto in any way till the rights, under the policy became fixed. Therefore the paper did not effect an assignment to the children. That leaves it at best a mere designation of beneficiaries, as it appears to be upon its face, which did not affect Pearl’s capacity to dispose of the policy by will, as he did, so far as there were not outstanding vested interests preventing him from doing so. We see no reason why In re Breitung’s Estate, 78 Wis. 33, 46 N. W. 891, 47 N. W. 17; Strike v. Wis. O. F. M. L. Ins. Co. 95 Wis. 583, 70 N. W. 819, and Alvord v. Luckenbach, 106 Wis. 537, 82 N. W. 535, do not control as to that part of the-policy represented by the $896.61.
[565]*565Eespondent’s counsel contend that though, no change of interest in the policy was effected by the paper of December 5, 1900, before Mr. Pearl’s death, the company was not precluded from making it effective by recognizing it as an assignment or other change of beneficiaries thereafter. That is ruled otherwise in Berg v. Damkoehler, 112 Wis. 587, 88 N. W. 606. The court there, while affirming that the owner of an insurance policy may change a mere beneficiary thereof at pleasure, subject to restraints in the insurance contract, held that an attempt to do so, not effectual before the death of the assured, does not affect previously designated beneficiaries, but that they may be superseded by a testamentary disposition of the proceeds of the policy.
Eespondent’s counsel make the further contention that appellant is estopped from claiming the fund as executor, by his act of receiving it in his capacity of guardian. That is carrying the doctrine of estoppel beyond the rule limiting its effect to parties and their privies to the transaction from which the estoppel arises. 1 Herman, Estoppel, § 20; 11 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 439. Stoll as guardian is a different person entirely from Stoll as executor. In the latter capacity he is neither the same party as in the former nor in privity with him. So we are unable to see how the •doctrine of estoppel can help respondent. Its position is unfortunate indeed, though it is not necessarily without remedy. But, if it turns out otherwise, we cannot see but that the company’s own imprudence in treating a mere designation of beneficiaries as. creating an absolute vested interest, contrary to the settled law of this state, is the cause of its trouble.
The result of the foregoing is that the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded with directions to render judgment against respondent for $896.61 with interest and costs.
By the Court. — So ordered.