IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
TERRANCE STOKES, § § Defendant Below, § No. 298, 2020 Appellant, § § v. § Court Below–Superior Court § of the State of Delaware STATE OF DELAWARE, § § Cr. ID No. 1706006325B (N) Plaintiff Below, § Appellee. § §
Submitted: January 25, 2021 Decided: March 26, 2021
Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA and MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Justices.
ORDER
After careful consideration of the appellant’s opening brief, the State’s motion
to affirm, and the Superior Court record, it appears to the Court that:
(1) The appellant, Terrance Stokes, appeals the Superior Court’s denial of
his motion for postconviction relief. The State has filed a motion to affirm the
Superior Court’s judgment on the ground that it is manifest on the face of Stokes’
opening brief that his appeal is without merit. We agree and affirm.
(2) In September 2017, a Superior Court grand jury charged Stokes by
indictment with three counts of drug dealing, two counts of second degree
conspiracy, and one count of possession of paraphernalia (together, “the drug charges”) as well as two counts of possession of a firearm by a person prohibited
(“PFBPP”) and one count of possession of ammunition by a person prohibited
(together, “the person-prohibited charges”). At Stokes’ request, the Superior Court
severed the person-prohibited charges (“Case B”) from the drug charges (“Case A”).
On February 13, 2018, Stokes pleaded guilty to one count of PFBPP in Case B. In
exchange for Stokes’ plea, the State dismissed the remaining charges pending
against him in both Case B and Case A. The Superior Court immediately sentenced
Stokes in accordance with the plea agreement to fifteen years of Level V
incarceration, suspended after the minimum-mandatory term of five years for
eighteen months of Level III probation. Stokes did not appeal his conviction or
sentence.
(3) On August 3, 2018, Stokes filed a timely motion for postconviction
relief under Superior Court Criminal Rule 61 (“Rule 61”). Stokes argued that: (i)
the State had withheld exculpatory evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland;1 (ii)
he was illegally seized and searched; and (iii) trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to investigate his case and present various arguments on his behalf. The Superior
Court appointed counsel to assist Stokes with the postconviction proceedings.
Postconviction counsel later moved to withdraw, indicating that, after a careful
review of the record, he had not identified any potential grounds for postconviction
1 373 U.S. 83 (1963). 2 relief. After expanding the record with briefing and directing trial counsel to file an
affidavit responding to the ineffective assistance of counsel claims raised in Stokes’
motion, the Superior Court granted postconviction counsel’s motion to withdraw and
denied Stokes’ motion for postconviction relief.2 This appeal followed.
(4) We review the Superior Court’s denial of postconviction relief for
abuse of discretion and questions of law de novo.3 The procedural bars of Rule 61
must be considered before any substantive claims are addressed.4 Rule 61(i)(3) bars
any ground for relief that was not asserted in the proceedings leading to the judgment
of conviction.5 On the other hand, ineffective assistance of counsel claims are
properly raised in a timely filed motion for postconviction relief.6 Claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel are governed by the two-prong test set forth in
Strickland v. Washington.7 In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel after a defendant has entered a guilty plea, the defendant must demonstrate
that (i) trial counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness,8 and (ii) counsel’s actions were so prejudicial “that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the defendant would not have
2 State v. Stokes, 2020 WL 4516073 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 5, 2020). 3 Baynum v. State, 211 A.3d 1075, 1082 (Del. 2019). 4 Younger v. State, 580 A.2d 552, 554 (Del. 1990). 5 Del. Super. Ct. Crim. Rule 61(i)(3). 6 Green v. State, 238 A.3d 160, 175 (Del. 2020). 7 466 U.S. 668 (1984). 8 Id. at 687-88 (1984). 3 pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.”9 Although not
insurmountable, there is a strong presumption that counsel’s representation was
professionally reasonable.10 “If an attorney makes a strategic choice after thorough
investigation of [the] law and facts relevant to plausible options, that decision is
virtually unchallengeable.”11
(5) On appeal, Stokes reiterates his allegation that the State failed to
disclose exculpatory evidence and argues that trial counsel was ineffective because
he failed to investigate Stokes’ case and make various arguments on Stokes’ behalf.
Stokes also raises two new claims of ineffective assistance of counsel: (i) trial
counsel did not “properly” explain the sentencing guidelines to Stokes, and (ii) trial
counsel coerced him into pleading guilty. His arguments are unavailing.
(6) As a preliminary matter, because Stokes did not present his new claims
of ineffective assistance of counsel to the Superior Court, we would not ordinarily
entertain them on appeal.12 In any event, Stokes’ claims are belied by the record,
which supports the conclusion that Stokes knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily
pleaded guilty to PFBPP with a full understanding of the potential penalty that he
9 Somerville v. State, 703 A.2d 629, 631 (Del. 1997) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 10 Albury v. State, 551 A.2d 53, 59 (Del. 1988). 11 Hoskins v. State, 102 A.3d 724, 730 (Del. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 12 Del. Supr. Ct. R. 8 (“Only questions fairly presented to the trial court may be presented for review; provided, however, that when the interests of justice so require, the Court may consider and determine any question not so presented.”).
4 was facing and the rights that he was waiving by doing so. On the Truth-In-
Sentencing Guilty Plea Form, Stokes indicated that (i) he understood that he faced a
minimum-mandatory term of five years—and up to fifteen years—of Level V
incarceration, (ii) he had freely and voluntarily decided to plead guilty, (iii) no one
had threatened or forced him to plead guilty, and (iv) he was satisfied with his
attorney’s representation. Stokes also acknowledged that he was waiving various
constitutional rights—including the right to hear and challenge the State’s evidence
against him—by pleading guilty. The Superior Court judge engaged in a colloquy
with Stokes in open court and Stokes, under oath, affirmed that he understood the
elements of the PFBPP charge and that he was, in fact, guilty of PFBPP. Absent
clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, Stokes is bound by these
representations.13 Accordingly, we conclude that there is no merit to Stokes’ claim
that trial counsel coerced him into pleading guilty or his claim that trial counsel
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
TERRANCE STOKES, § § Defendant Below, § No. 298, 2020 Appellant, § § v. § Court Below–Superior Court § of the State of Delaware STATE OF DELAWARE, § § Cr. ID No. 1706006325B (N) Plaintiff Below, § Appellee. § §
Submitted: January 25, 2021 Decided: March 26, 2021
Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA and MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Justices.
ORDER
After careful consideration of the appellant’s opening brief, the State’s motion
to affirm, and the Superior Court record, it appears to the Court that:
(1) The appellant, Terrance Stokes, appeals the Superior Court’s denial of
his motion for postconviction relief. The State has filed a motion to affirm the
Superior Court’s judgment on the ground that it is manifest on the face of Stokes’
opening brief that his appeal is without merit. We agree and affirm.
(2) In September 2017, a Superior Court grand jury charged Stokes by
indictment with three counts of drug dealing, two counts of second degree
conspiracy, and one count of possession of paraphernalia (together, “the drug charges”) as well as two counts of possession of a firearm by a person prohibited
(“PFBPP”) and one count of possession of ammunition by a person prohibited
(together, “the person-prohibited charges”). At Stokes’ request, the Superior Court
severed the person-prohibited charges (“Case B”) from the drug charges (“Case A”).
On February 13, 2018, Stokes pleaded guilty to one count of PFBPP in Case B. In
exchange for Stokes’ plea, the State dismissed the remaining charges pending
against him in both Case B and Case A. The Superior Court immediately sentenced
Stokes in accordance with the plea agreement to fifteen years of Level V
incarceration, suspended after the minimum-mandatory term of five years for
eighteen months of Level III probation. Stokes did not appeal his conviction or
sentence.
(3) On August 3, 2018, Stokes filed a timely motion for postconviction
relief under Superior Court Criminal Rule 61 (“Rule 61”). Stokes argued that: (i)
the State had withheld exculpatory evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland;1 (ii)
he was illegally seized and searched; and (iii) trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to investigate his case and present various arguments on his behalf. The Superior
Court appointed counsel to assist Stokes with the postconviction proceedings.
Postconviction counsel later moved to withdraw, indicating that, after a careful
review of the record, he had not identified any potential grounds for postconviction
1 373 U.S. 83 (1963). 2 relief. After expanding the record with briefing and directing trial counsel to file an
affidavit responding to the ineffective assistance of counsel claims raised in Stokes’
motion, the Superior Court granted postconviction counsel’s motion to withdraw and
denied Stokes’ motion for postconviction relief.2 This appeal followed.
(4) We review the Superior Court’s denial of postconviction relief for
abuse of discretion and questions of law de novo.3 The procedural bars of Rule 61
must be considered before any substantive claims are addressed.4 Rule 61(i)(3) bars
any ground for relief that was not asserted in the proceedings leading to the judgment
of conviction.5 On the other hand, ineffective assistance of counsel claims are
properly raised in a timely filed motion for postconviction relief.6 Claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel are governed by the two-prong test set forth in
Strickland v. Washington.7 In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel after a defendant has entered a guilty plea, the defendant must demonstrate
that (i) trial counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness,8 and (ii) counsel’s actions were so prejudicial “that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the defendant would not have
2 State v. Stokes, 2020 WL 4516073 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 5, 2020). 3 Baynum v. State, 211 A.3d 1075, 1082 (Del. 2019). 4 Younger v. State, 580 A.2d 552, 554 (Del. 1990). 5 Del. Super. Ct. Crim. Rule 61(i)(3). 6 Green v. State, 238 A.3d 160, 175 (Del. 2020). 7 466 U.S. 668 (1984). 8 Id. at 687-88 (1984). 3 pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.”9 Although not
insurmountable, there is a strong presumption that counsel’s representation was
professionally reasonable.10 “If an attorney makes a strategic choice after thorough
investigation of [the] law and facts relevant to plausible options, that decision is
virtually unchallengeable.”11
(5) On appeal, Stokes reiterates his allegation that the State failed to
disclose exculpatory evidence and argues that trial counsel was ineffective because
he failed to investigate Stokes’ case and make various arguments on Stokes’ behalf.
Stokes also raises two new claims of ineffective assistance of counsel: (i) trial
counsel did not “properly” explain the sentencing guidelines to Stokes, and (ii) trial
counsel coerced him into pleading guilty. His arguments are unavailing.
(6) As a preliminary matter, because Stokes did not present his new claims
of ineffective assistance of counsel to the Superior Court, we would not ordinarily
entertain them on appeal.12 In any event, Stokes’ claims are belied by the record,
which supports the conclusion that Stokes knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily
pleaded guilty to PFBPP with a full understanding of the potential penalty that he
9 Somerville v. State, 703 A.2d 629, 631 (Del. 1997) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 10 Albury v. State, 551 A.2d 53, 59 (Del. 1988). 11 Hoskins v. State, 102 A.3d 724, 730 (Del. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 12 Del. Supr. Ct. R. 8 (“Only questions fairly presented to the trial court may be presented for review; provided, however, that when the interests of justice so require, the Court may consider and determine any question not so presented.”).
4 was facing and the rights that he was waiving by doing so. On the Truth-In-
Sentencing Guilty Plea Form, Stokes indicated that (i) he understood that he faced a
minimum-mandatory term of five years—and up to fifteen years—of Level V
incarceration, (ii) he had freely and voluntarily decided to plead guilty, (iii) no one
had threatened or forced him to plead guilty, and (iv) he was satisfied with his
attorney’s representation. Stokes also acknowledged that he was waiving various
constitutional rights—including the right to hear and challenge the State’s evidence
against him—by pleading guilty. The Superior Court judge engaged in a colloquy
with Stokes in open court and Stokes, under oath, affirmed that he understood the
elements of the PFBPP charge and that he was, in fact, guilty of PFBPP. Absent
clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, Stokes is bound by these
representations.13 Accordingly, we conclude that there is no merit to Stokes’ claim
that trial counsel coerced him into pleading guilty or his claim that trial counsel
failed to inform Stokes of the applicable sentencing guidelines.
(7) Likewise, Stokes’ knowing and voluntary guilty plea precludes his
claim that the State withheld Brady information. A knowing and voluntary guilty
plea waives a defendant’s right to challenge “all errors or defects occurring before
the plea, except a lack of subject matter jurisdiction, including any alleged Brady
13 Somerville, 703 A.2d at 632. 5 violation.”14 Thus, Stokes’ claim that the State withheld exculpatory information
from the defense prior to the entry of Stokes’ guilty plea must also fail.
(8) Turning to Stokes’ claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
investigate his case and make various arguments on his behalf, the record refutes
this claim. First, it is clear that trial counsel carefully considered filing a motion to
suppress. The record includes a letter trial counsel sent to Stokes reviewing the
information that the police relied upon to obtain a search warrant for Stokes’
residence where the police found the contraband that led to Stokes’ charges.
Paragraph by paragraph, trial counsel examines contents of the warrant and explains
why, in his professional opinion, a motion to suppress would not be successful. For
the first time on appeal, Stokes also makes a conclusory argument that trial counsel
should have argued “double jeopardy of charges.” The Double Jeopardy Clause
protects against, among other things, multiple punishments for the same offense.15
Presumably, Stokes is referring to the three drug dealing charges brought against
him. But each count of drug dealing involved a different controlled substance and
therefore constituted a separate offense. In sum, Stokes cannot show that trial
counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. As a
final matter, we note that at no point does Stokes touch upon the second prong of the
14 Mack v. State, 2019 WL 7342514, at *2 (Del. Dec. 30, 2019) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 15 Blake v. State, 65 A.3d 557, 561 (Del. 2013). 6 ineffective assistance of counsel analysis—that is, Stokes does not allege that, but
for counsel’s alleged failures, he would have insisted on proceeding to trial.
Accordingly, Stokes’ claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate
and research Stokes’ case fails.
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the State’s motion to affirm is
GRANTED, and the judgment of the Superior Court is AFFIRMED.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ Collins J. Seitz, Jr. Chief Justice