Mr. Justice CAMPBELL
delivered the opinion of the court.
This suit was commenced in the District Court of the United States for Ramsey county, Minnesota, by Dousman, to recover of Stinson four hundred and eighty-one and sixteen one-hundredths dollars, as the rent of a parcel of-land in the city of St. Paul, under a Written contract, executed in February, 1854, by those persons. In that contract, Dousman covenanted' to sell and convey to -Stinson the same land .for the sum of eight thousand dollars, which was to be paid, with'interest at the rate of ten per cent, annually, in three instalments; the first instalment of two thousand dollars, and interest, was to be paid the 1st of September, 1854... The vendee was required to keep the buildings insured,, and engaged that the. policy in case of loss should inure to- the benefit of the vendor; and also agreed to pay all the taxes accruing from May, 1853. The contract concludes with an express condition, .“that in case of failure by the vendee to perform either of the covenants on his part, the vendor was at liberty to declare -the" contract void, and thereupon to recover, by.
distress
or otherwise, all the interest which shall have accrued upon the contract up to the day of declaring the contract void, as rent for the use and occupation of the premises, and to take immediate possession thereof ; to regard the person or persons in possession at'the time as tenant or tenants holding without permission, and' to recover all damages sustained by unnecessary destruction of timber or trees growing on the premises, or by holding, over without permission.”
It.was.agreed,. that if the .vendee paid. the entire purchase-
money, or secured it to the satisfaction of the vendor, he should have a deed at any time after the payment of the first instalment. Contemporaneously with the execution of the contract, under the seals of - the parties, the vendee gave his promissory note lor the first instalment. This instalment was not paid according to the note or contract; ho insurance was effected on the property within the terms of the agreement before September, 1854 ; nor were the taxes on the lot paid before that date. • '
On the 14th- of September, 1854, the plaintiff notified the defendant that the contract of sale -was annulled, and he should claim as rent the amount of interest that had accrued on the price stipulated for the property, and demanded immediate possession of the premises, under the conditions of the contract. The object of this-suit is to recover that sum as rent.
The statute law of Minnesota provides, “that all equities existing at the commencement of any action in favor of-a defendant therein, or discovered to exist after such commencement, and before a final decision, shall be interposed, if at all, by way of defence to the action, by answer or supplemental answer in the nature of a counter claim, and issue taken thereon, by a reply or supplemental reply thereto, and be determined as other issues in such actions;” and that, “when the party prosecuted has equities, claims, or demands, which could heretofore ohly be enforced by cross-action or cross-bill, the same shall be interposed by way of answer in the nature of a counter claim,,' and the plaintiff may reply thereto and put the same in issue; and if -the same be admitted by the plaintiff, or the issue thereon be determined in favor of the defendant, he shall be entitled to such relief, equitable or otherwise, as the nature of the case demands, by judgment or otherwise. The court of chancery and the right to institute chancery suits are abolished in the Territory. (Acts of Minnésota, 1858, ch. 9, seep. ’5, 6, 14.) The answer of the defendant is framed not pfily'to pfesent a legal defence against the claim preferred in the petition, but also to obtain a decree affirmative of the continuing validity of the contract of sale.
He alleges that the note executed for the first instalment of the purchase-money wa,s accepted and received by the plaintiff for that instalment. That, to provide for the punctual payment of the note, he sent to the agents of the plaintiff, who held, and were authorized to.collect it, a draft on a merchant of responsibility for its full amount, under a reasonable expectation and belief that the money would be paid. That this draft was presented at the office of the drawee by the agents of the plaintiff, at a time when he was absent, and that his clerk, through mis
take or error, declined to pay it; that, as soon as he heard of the dishonor of the bill, he made other arrangements for the payment of the first instalment by a bill on bankers in New York, and that this bill was offered to the plaintiff' before the daté of his notice to the defendant.’ That he has tendered the money and interest to the plaintiff, and his tender has been refused, and he now deposits the money in court for his use. He further answers, that the buildings on the lot have been covered by a suitable policy of insurance, but the amount of the loss, if any, was not payable to the plaintiff’. That there was a mistake in the contract relative to this stipulation, which needed amendment, and that he deferred the transfer of the policy till the correction was made. That he is now willing to assign the policy to the plaintiff.
He answers, that since the notice’ of the plaintiff’ he has attempted to pay the taxes in arrear, but that he had been forestalled by him; that he is ready to pay the amount of taxes paid by the plaintiff’ into court. The defendant claims that the plaintiff has sustained no injury from any delay on his part, and that he is able and willing to fulfil his contract.
The District and Supreme Court of Minnesota decided that the answer was not sufficient, and judgment was entered for the plaintiff. The admissions of the answer exhibit a case of default on the part of the defendant in respect to his performance of the covenants in the contract of sale. The technical rule, that “ accord and satisfaction is no bar to an action for debt certain, covenanted to be paid,” is, perhaps, inapplicable in a system like that contained in the code of Minnesota ; and it is probably true’, that a debt by covenant may be discharged there by a simple contract or agreement. But the answer of the defendant does not show that the promissory note given for the first instalment of the purchase-money was designed to be a substitute for the eovéuant, and was taken in discharge of the debt created by it. Nor can we suppose that the plaintiff intended to release the condition which formed só important a part of his security. The contract and the note bear date of the same day, relate to the same subject, and are consistent with each other. The evidence must .be very explicit and unequivocal, to lead to the conclusion that the o,ne was designed to impair or alter the- effect of the other.
The excuses rendered by the defendant for his non-payment of the taxes due upon the property, and his failure to insure the buildings for the security of the plaintiff, are insufficient. The record discloses a ease of inattention and neglect on the part of the defendant, which authorized the plaintiff at law to annul the contract.
The question arises, whether his answer affords any ground for equitable interposition in his favor.
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Mr. Justice CAMPBELL
delivered the opinion of the court.
This suit was commenced in the District Court of the United States for Ramsey county, Minnesota, by Dousman, to recover of Stinson four hundred and eighty-one and sixteen one-hundredths dollars, as the rent of a parcel of-land in the city of St. Paul, under a Written contract, executed in February, 1854, by those persons. In that contract, Dousman covenanted' to sell and convey to -Stinson the same land .for the sum of eight thousand dollars, which was to be paid, with'interest at the rate of ten per cent, annually, in three instalments; the first instalment of two thousand dollars, and interest, was to be paid the 1st of September, 1854... The vendee was required to keep the buildings insured,, and engaged that the. policy in case of loss should inure to- the benefit of the vendor; and also agreed to pay all the taxes accruing from May, 1853. The contract concludes with an express condition, .“that in case of failure by the vendee to perform either of the covenants on his part, the vendor was at liberty to declare -the" contract void, and thereupon to recover, by.
distress
or otherwise, all the interest which shall have accrued upon the contract up to the day of declaring the contract void, as rent for the use and occupation of the premises, and to take immediate possession thereof ; to regard the person or persons in possession at'the time as tenant or tenants holding without permission, and' to recover all damages sustained by unnecessary destruction of timber or trees growing on the premises, or by holding, over without permission.”
It.was.agreed,. that if the .vendee paid. the entire purchase-
money, or secured it to the satisfaction of the vendor, he should have a deed at any time after the payment of the first instalment. Contemporaneously with the execution of the contract, under the seals of - the parties, the vendee gave his promissory note lor the first instalment. This instalment was not paid according to the note or contract; ho insurance was effected on the property within the terms of the agreement before September, 1854 ; nor were the taxes on the lot paid before that date. • '
On the 14th- of September, 1854, the plaintiff notified the defendant that the contract of sale -was annulled, and he should claim as rent the amount of interest that had accrued on the price stipulated for the property, and demanded immediate possession of the premises, under the conditions of the contract. The object of this-suit is to recover that sum as rent.
The statute law of Minnesota provides, “that all equities existing at the commencement of any action in favor of-a defendant therein, or discovered to exist after such commencement, and before a final decision, shall be interposed, if at all, by way of defence to the action, by answer or supplemental answer in the nature of a counter claim, and issue taken thereon, by a reply or supplemental reply thereto, and be determined as other issues in such actions;” and that, “when the party prosecuted has equities, claims, or demands, which could heretofore ohly be enforced by cross-action or cross-bill, the same shall be interposed by way of answer in the nature of a counter claim,,' and the plaintiff may reply thereto and put the same in issue; and if -the same be admitted by the plaintiff, or the issue thereon be determined in favor of the defendant, he shall be entitled to such relief, equitable or otherwise, as the nature of the case demands, by judgment or otherwise. The court of chancery and the right to institute chancery suits are abolished in the Territory. (Acts of Minnésota, 1858, ch. 9, seep. ’5, 6, 14.) The answer of the defendant is framed not pfily'to pfesent a legal defence against the claim preferred in the petition, but also to obtain a decree affirmative of the continuing validity of the contract of sale.
He alleges that the note executed for the first instalment of the purchase-money wa,s accepted and received by the plaintiff for that instalment. That, to provide for the punctual payment of the note, he sent to the agents of the plaintiff, who held, and were authorized to.collect it, a draft on a merchant of responsibility for its full amount, under a reasonable expectation and belief that the money would be paid. That this draft was presented at the office of the drawee by the agents of the plaintiff, at a time when he was absent, and that his clerk, through mis
take or error, declined to pay it; that, as soon as he heard of the dishonor of the bill, he made other arrangements for the payment of the first instalment by a bill on bankers in New York, and that this bill was offered to the plaintiff' before the daté of his notice to the defendant.’ That he has tendered the money and interest to the plaintiff, and his tender has been refused, and he now deposits the money in court for his use. He further answers, that the buildings on the lot have been covered by a suitable policy of insurance, but the amount of the loss, if any, was not payable to the plaintiff’. That there was a mistake in the contract relative to this stipulation, which needed amendment, and that he deferred the transfer of the policy till the correction was made. That he is now willing to assign the policy to the plaintiff.
He answers, that since the notice’ of the plaintiff’ he has attempted to pay the taxes in arrear, but that he had been forestalled by him; that he is ready to pay the amount of taxes paid by the plaintiff’ into court. The defendant claims that the plaintiff has sustained no injury from any delay on his part, and that he is able and willing to fulfil his contract.
The District and Supreme Court of Minnesota decided that the answer was not sufficient, and judgment was entered for the plaintiff. The admissions of the answer exhibit a case of default on the part of the defendant in respect to his performance of the covenants in the contract of sale. The technical rule, that “ accord and satisfaction is no bar to an action for debt certain, covenanted to be paid,” is, perhaps, inapplicable in a system like that contained in the code of Minnesota ; and it is probably true’, that a debt by covenant may be discharged there by a simple contract or agreement. But the answer of the defendant does not show that the promissory note given for the first instalment of the purchase-money was designed to be a substitute for the eovéuant, and was taken in discharge of the debt created by it. Nor can we suppose that the plaintiff intended to release the condition which formed só important a part of his security. The contract and the note bear date of the same day, relate to the same subject, and are consistent with each other. The evidence must .be very explicit and unequivocal, to lead to the conclusion that the o,ne was designed to impair or alter the- effect of the other.
The excuses rendered by the defendant for his non-payment of the taxes due upon the property, and his failure to insure the buildings for the security of the plaintiff, are insufficient. The record discloses a ease of inattention and neglect on the part of the defendant, which authorized the plaintiff at law to annul the contract.
The question arises, whether his answer affords any ground for equitable interposition in his favor. In respect to contracts for the safe of land, a court of equity, in general, does not exact from the parties a punctual performance of their engagements, to entitle them to its aid in obtaining a specific performance. If the contract is silent in respect to the condition of time, or fails to indicate a distinct purpose of the parties to make it an essential consideration, and where no circumstance exists to manifest its importance, it is the habit of the court .to relax the stringency of the rules of legal interpretation on that subject, and to decree performance, and direct compensation, even in cases where there has been inattention or neglect, (Secombe
v.
Steele, 20 How., sup.; Roberts
v.
Berry, 3 De G., M., and Gord.) But if the parties have declared in their contract that time is a material consideration, and have agreed that their fights shall depend upon a scrupulous fidelity to their engagements, it does not belong to that court to make another law for the parties. Where it plainly appears that the sale is conditional, and its completion is dependent upon the fulfilment of any of the terms with punctuality by either party, a court of equity, in general, will not interpose to relieve the party in default, on the principle that time is not of the essence of the contract.
In the case before us, the contract recites, that the vendor, in consideration of one dollar, part of the purchase-money thereafter mentioned, and then actually paid, and upon the
express condition
that the defendant do well and faithfully perform the covenants and agreements thereafter mentioned, agreed to execute and deliver a deed of conveyance in fee simple, &c.
To the terms of sale there is the condition, “Provided, always, (and these presents are upon this express condition,) that in case of failure in the performance of either of the covenants or agreements on the part of the vendee to be performed, the vendor shall have the right to declare this contract void.” The contract concludes with a minute description of the relations and consequences that were to ensue from the exercise, by the vendor, of the right he had thus reserved.
The contingency thus foreseen and provided for occurred. The defendant failed to perform either term of his contract, and his answer contains no valid excuse for his neglect.
The defendant in error objected, that the matter in dispute was not of the value of one thousand dollars, and therefore this court had no jurisdiction of the cause. The objection might be well founded, if this was to be regarded merely as an action at common law.
But the equitable as well as the legal considerations involved m the cause, are to be considered. The effect of the judgment .is to adjust the legal and equitable claims of the parties to the subject of the suit.
The subject of the suit is not merely the amount of rent claimed, but the title of the respective parties to the land under the contract. The contract shows that the matter in dispute was valued by the parties at eight thousand dollars. (Bennett
v.
Butterworth, 8 How., 124.) We think this court has jurisdiction. Judgment affirmed.