JUDGE PRYOR
delivered the opinion op the court.
The appellants, in the year 1887, owned a house and lot in the city of Maysville, located on Third and Poplar streets, and fronting on Third- street. It is alleged in the petition that during the period these appellants owned the property the Maysville & Big Sandy Railroad Co. constructed a double track railroad on Third street, within six feet of the line of their lot and to the edge of a narrow sidewalk in front of it. That after the construction of the road and while the appellants owned the property, the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Co. took possession of the road under some arrangement with the Big Sandy Rail[326] road Co., the terms of which are unknown to plaintiffs, and have been since' operating the road and now have the exclusive control of it.
This action was instituted against both corporations to recover damages for obstructing the right of ingress and egress to and from this property, and also for an injury to the building caused by the smoke and cinders thrown into the building by the passing cars. The appellants conveyed this property prior to the bringing of the action, but were the owners when this wrong was committed by both defendants. A demurrer was sustained to the petition in so far as it claimed damages of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Co. upon the ground that the Mays-ville & Big Sandy Railroad Co. is alone responsible if any liability exists. The question arises as to the liability of the lessee from the original corporation for the damages resulting from the permanent injury to the building, caused by the construction of the road, the lessee or last corporation using and operating the road while the apellante were the owners.
In the case of the L. & N. R. Co. v. Orr, reported in 91 Ky., 109, it was hold that the statute of limitation might be pleaded against any claim for damages resulting from the necessary and prudent operation of the road, and that where there was a purchase by one corporation of another the purchaser was not liable for the torts of its vendor.
In that case there was no state of fact showing that the right of ingress and egress to and from appellant’s building had been interfered with; but here it is distinctly averred that the right of property has been invaded by both the vendor, while it operated the road, and the ven[327] dee, since its purchase or lease, in obstructing the right of entrance to this dwelling.
It seems to us there can be no good reason assigned for relieving a vendee from all liability for an injury that amounts to an invasion of another’s property, where his possession is based upon no other title than a tortious entry by his vendor. The act of the vendor in appropriating the property being wrongful, that of his lessee is equally so. And while the lessee may not be liable, for the mode of the original entry, he is, nevertheless, liable for appropriating this property to his own use. There i§ no question of limitation involved in this case. A railroad company which enters upon and appropriates the land of another to its own use, without right, can not transfer its corporate privileges to another so as to justify a continuance of the wrong in its vendee, as if the latter were an innocent purchaser. It is a taking in both instances without compensation being previously made to the owner. It seems to us, however, there is a manifest distinction between a tort committed by the corporation in the careless operation of the road, in so far as it affects its vendee, and a case where the property of the owner has been wrongfully appropriated by the vendor, and that wrongful appropriation continued by the vendee or lessee. The original tort might consist of the annoyance to the owner by reason of the throwing of soot and cinders into the dwelling, caused by the want of proper appliances to prevent it, and in such a case there is no reason for holding the vendee liable; but where the proximity of the road to the dwelling is such as to prevent the reasonable ingress and egress to and from the premises, or to cause necessarily soot and cinders to enter the [328] dwelling, then it becomes a taking of private property fc : public use and for which compensation must be made. (Hulton v. Short Route Transfer Co., 85 Ky., 640; L. & N. R. Co. v. Finley, 86 Ky., 294.)
Lewis on Eminent Domain says: “No right can be a jquired in private property under the power of eminent c omain, except subject to the duty of making just compensation therefor; consequently, the party originally taking or occupying the property can not transfer to another, by lease or otherwise, any right in the property, except subject to the same duty.” (Sec. 456.)'
The cause of action as alleged is in the plaintiffs, although they may have disposed of the property and are now divested of title. The injury alleged in this case is of a permanent character, and a single recovery should be had for the wrongful acts. This court so held in effect in the case of the Elizabethtown, &c., R. Co. v. Combs, 10 Bush, 382, and Jeffersonville, &c., R. Co. v. Esterle, 13 Bush, 667.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
JUDGE PRYOR
delivered the opinion op the court.
The appellants, in the year 1887, owned a house and lot in the city of Maysville, located on Third and Poplar streets, and fronting on Third- street. It is alleged in the petition that during the period these appellants owned the property the Maysville & Big Sandy Railroad Co. constructed a double track railroad on Third street, within six feet of the line of their lot and to the edge of a narrow sidewalk in front of it. That after the construction of the road and while the appellants owned the property, the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Co. took possession of the road under some arrangement with the Big Sandy Rail[326] road Co., the terms of which are unknown to plaintiffs, and have been since' operating the road and now have the exclusive control of it.
This action was instituted against both corporations to recover damages for obstructing the right of ingress and egress to and from this property, and also for an injury to the building caused by the smoke and cinders thrown into the building by the passing cars. The appellants conveyed this property prior to the bringing of the action, but were the owners when this wrong was committed by both defendants. A demurrer was sustained to the petition in so far as it claimed damages of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Co. upon the ground that the Mays-ville & Big Sandy Railroad Co. is alone responsible if any liability exists. The question arises as to the liability of the lessee from the original corporation for the damages resulting from the permanent injury to the building, caused by the construction of the road, the lessee or last corporation using and operating the road while the apellante were the owners.
In the case of the L. & N. R. Co. v. Orr, reported in 91 Ky., 109, it was hold that the statute of limitation might be pleaded against any claim for damages resulting from the necessary and prudent operation of the road, and that where there was a purchase by one corporation of another the purchaser was not liable for the torts of its vendor.
In that case there was no state of fact showing that the right of ingress and egress to and from appellant’s building had been interfered with; but here it is distinctly averred that the right of property has been invaded by both the vendor, while it operated the road, and the ven[327] dee, since its purchase or lease, in obstructing the right of entrance to this dwelling.
It seems to us there can be no good reason assigned for relieving a vendee from all liability for an injury that amounts to an invasion of another’s property, where his possession is based upon no other title than a tortious entry by his vendor. The act of the vendor in appropriating the property being wrongful, that of his lessee is equally so. And while the lessee may not be liable, for the mode of the original entry, he is, nevertheless, liable for appropriating this property to his own use. There i§ no question of limitation involved in this case. A railroad company which enters upon and appropriates the land of another to its own use, without right, can not transfer its corporate privileges to another so as to justify a continuance of the wrong in its vendee, as if the latter were an innocent purchaser. It is a taking in both instances without compensation being previously made to the owner. It seems to us, however, there is a manifest distinction between a tort committed by the corporation in the careless operation of the road, in so far as it affects its vendee, and a case where the property of the owner has been wrongfully appropriated by the vendor, and that wrongful appropriation continued by the vendee or lessee. The original tort might consist of the annoyance to the owner by reason of the throwing of soot and cinders into the dwelling, caused by the want of proper appliances to prevent it, and in such a case there is no reason for holding the vendee liable; but where the proximity of the road to the dwelling is such as to prevent the reasonable ingress and egress to and from the premises, or to cause necessarily soot and cinders to enter the [328] dwelling, then it becomes a taking of private property fc : public use and for which compensation must be made. (Hulton v. Short Route Transfer Co., 85 Ky., 640; L. & N. R. Co. v. Finley, 86 Ky., 294.)
Lewis on Eminent Domain says: “No right can be a jquired in private property under the power of eminent c omain, except subject to the duty of making just compensation therefor; consequently, the party originally taking or occupying the property can not transfer to another, by lease or otherwise, any right in the property, except subject to the same duty.” (Sec. 456.)'
The cause of action as alleged is in the plaintiffs, although they may have disposed of the property and are now divested of title. The injury alleged in this case is of a permanent character, and a single recovery should be had for the wrongful acts. This court so held in effect in the case of the Elizabethtown, &c., R. Co. v. Combs, 10 Bush, 382, and Jeffersonville, &c., R. Co. v. Esterle, 13 Bush, 667.
In the case of Fowle v. New Haven, &c., Co., 112 Mass., 334, where the action was for damages caused by the construction of a railroad in such a manner that at times the current of a stream of water would be thrown on the land of the plaintiff, the court held it was proper to treat the injury as permanent, and entire damages should be assessed with reference to past and future injury. Where the party seeks to recover damages of this sort, permanent in their character, he in effect consents to the taking and risks the recovery in damages for the compensation; and, as said in Heard v. Proprietors of Middlesex Canal, 5 Met. (Mass.), 81, the just compensation to be made for damage to land was, in our opinion, intended as an indemnity, not [329] for successive constantly accruing damages, recoverable as they may afterward be suffered, but for all the damage the land owner may suffer from all the future consequences of the careful and prudent operation of a railroad, it being the immediate damage done to the land of the owner by changing its permanent condition and impairing its present value. “ The appraisement,” says Mr. Mills, “ embraces all past, present and future damages which the-improvement may thereafter reasonably produce.” (Mills-on Eminent. Domain, sec. 216.) When the railroad was-constructed the damages could have been readily estimated, and the right of recovery being in the appellants-when the damage was sustained it did not pass by a subsequent conveyance to their vendees. Besides, the vendees of the plaintiff took the property (if damaged) in its-depreciated condition, and there is no rule of law or equity that would permit them to recover damages they never sustained. There has been some criticism on the doctrine-requiring a recovery in one action for that which is a permanent injury. In its application in cases involving theexereise of the right of eminent domain the doctrine must be recognized as sound, and when a corporation enters and constructs its railway without the payment of compensation, and the owner sees proper to hold the company responsible at law for damages for the construction of the road, it seems to us it is a consent to the taking, and a recovery must apply to all damages for the permanent injury sustained by reason of the prudent operation of the road. If the rule were otherwise, a separate action could be maintained for each and every time the cars of the corporation passed over the owner’s land.
The correct rule is that all damages connected and [330] flowing from a single cause-of action must be recovered in'one action, and is elementary; and recognizing this rule the cause of action in this case is in those who were the owners at the time the damages were sustained and not in the present owners.
Can the action be maintained against both corporations ? We think it can; and that they are jointly liable for the permanent injury to the property, such as a deprivation of the reasonable use of the street as a means of egress and ingress to and from the building, and for such other permanent injury as necessarily results from the prudent operation of the road.
It is an invasion of the right of property, as much so as if the track had been laid within the appellant’s inclosure without their consent; and while the one company is not liable for the mere neglect of the other in running its trains, causing temporary injury, it is evident that, where, the construction and operation of the road is an invasion of and an appropriation of the right of property without the owner’s consent, he has a clear right to recover damages by way of compensation for the unlawful appropriation.
The doctrine of the case of Railroad Co. v. Hambleton, 40 Ohio St., 496, is that the two companies are jointly liable, and there is certainly a liability on the part of the appellee, because it entered and appropriated this property, while owned by the plaintiffs, without making any compensation and against their consent.
The entire questions arise on the demurrer to the petition, and the facts alleged being admitted by the demurrer the court erred in holding that no cause of action existed against the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Co. The judg [331] ment is therefore reversed and cause remanded, with, directions to overrule the demurrer, and for proceedings consistent with this opinion.