Stevens v. Department of Treasury - Internal Revenue Service

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CHRISTOPHER STEVENS, Case No. 1:21-cv-01437-AWI-BAM 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING DISMISSAL OF ACTION FOR 13 v. FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM, FAILURE TO OBEY A COURT ORDER AND FAILURE 14 DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY TO PROSECUTE INTERNAL REVENU SERVICE, 15 (Doc. 6) Defendant. 16 FOURTEEN-DAY DEADLINE 17 18 Plaintiff Christopher Stevens (“Plaintiff”), a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma 19 pauperis, initiated this action against the Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service 20 (“IRS”) on September 27, 2021. (Doc. 1.) 21 On March 2, 2022, the Court screened Plaintiff’s complaint and granted him leave to 22 amend within thirty (30) days of service of the Court’s order. (Doc. 6.) Plaintiff was expressly 23 warned that if he failed to file an amended complaint in compliance with the Court’s order, then 24 the Court would recommend dismissal of this action, with prejudice, for failure to obey a court 25 order and for failure to state a claim. (Id.) The deadline for Plaintiff to file his amended 26 complaint has passed and Plaintiff has not complied with the Court’s order. The Court therefore 27 will recommend dismissal of this action for failure to state a claim, failure to obey a court order 28 1 and failure to prosecute. 2 I. Failure to State a Claim 3 A. Screening Requirement and Standard 4 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 5 governmental entity and/or against an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. 6 § 1915A(a). Plaintiff’s complaint, or any portion thereof, is subject to dismissal if it is frivolous 7 or malicious, if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or if it seeks monetary 8 relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b); 9 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). 10 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 11 pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not 12 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 13 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 14 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as 15 true, courts “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 16 572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 17 To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which requires 18 sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is liable 19 for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss v. U.S. Secret 20 Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully 21 is not sufficient, and mere consistency with liability falls short of satisfying the plausibility 22 standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss, 572 F.3d at 969. 23 B. Plaintiff’s Allegations 24 Plaintiff is currently housed at the California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility 25 (“CSATF”) in Corcoran, California. Plaintiff brings suit against IRS, asserting a claim for 26 violation of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). 27 Plaintiff alleges that he “works as a 3rd Watch Clean Up/Plant OPS . . . a full time job assignment 28 in which plaintiff, recieves [sic] no pay.” (Doc. 1 at 3.) As of September 15, 2021, Plaintiff filed 1 for stimulus from the Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, but has never 2 received stimulus payments. Plaintiff contends that “due to the Coronavirus Pandemic and Job 3 Assignment as 3rd Watch Plant OPS Clean Up, and Plaintiff recieves [sic] no pay for full-time 4 prison job is Inhumane and violates his 13th Amendment of Slavery.” (Id.) Plaintiff further 5 contends that “being 150% below poverty level, no means of finances, Plaintiff mental health of: 6 Depression, PTSD, Anxiety Attacks are problematic and only gets worse, due to lack of basic 7 necessities: Cosmetics, Food, ect. [sic].” (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that this is inhumane treatment. 8 He seeks punitive and compensatory damages “to amend[ ] for the harsh treatment during this 9 time of the Coronavirus Pandemic, the basic necessities of: Disinfected, Cleaners, Toiletry, 10 Cosmetics, Food, has been scarce through-out CDC, because of the Covid Pandemic, which has 11 directly affected me being I’m 150% below poverty level.” (Id. at 5.) 12 As relief, Plaintiff requests the total amount of stimulus payments that were issued to 13 incarcerated inmates be placed on his account at CSATF. (Id. at 6.) 14 C. Discussion 15 Plaintiff’s complaint fails to comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 and fails to 16 state a cognizable claim. 17 1. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 18 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, a complaint must contain “a short and plain 19 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Detailed 20 factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 21 supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation 22 omitted). Plaintiff must set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to 23 relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 24 127 S.Ct. at 1974). While factual allegations are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Id.; 25 see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556–557. 26 Although Plaintiff's complaint is short, it is not a plain statement of his claims. As a basic 27 matter, the Court is unable to determine the claims that Plaintiff is attempting to assert and the 28 facts underlying those claims. Plaintiff names the IRS as the sole defendant and identifies a 1 single claim arising under the CARES Act. Nevertheless, Plaintiff includes additional factual 2 allegations related his state prison job and the corresponding availability of certain necessities at 3 CSATF. These allegations appear wholly unrelated to his claim against the IRS. 4 2. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 18 and 20 5 Plaintiff may not bring unrelated claims against unrelated parties in a single action. Fed. 6 R. Civ. P. 18(a), 20(a)(2); Owens v. Hinsley, 635 F.3d 950, 952 (7th Cir. 2011); George v. Smith, 7 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). Plaintiff may bring a claim against multiple defendants so long 8 as (1) the claim arises out of the same transaction or occurrence, or series of transactions and 9 occurrences, and (2) there are commons questions of law or fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2); 10 Coughlin v. Rogers, 130 F.3d 1348, 1351 (9th Cir. 1997). The “same transaction” requirement 11 refers to similarity in the factual background of a claim. Id. at 1349. Only if the defendants are 12 properly joined under Rule 20(a) will the Court review the other claims to determine if they may 13 be joined under Rule 18(a), which permits the joinder of multiple claims against the same party. 14 As indicated above, Plaintiff’s complaint appears to include allegations unrelated to those 15 against the IRS. To the extent Plaintiff is attempting to assert additional, unrelated claims against 16 a different defendant(s), those claims belong in a separate suit(s). For the purposes of screening, 17 the Court focuses on the single claim asserted against the IRS for receipt of stimulus payments. 18 3. The CARES Act 19 As indicated, the crux of Plaintiff’s complaint relates to his assertions that he has been 20 denied stimulus payments under the CARES Act. The CARES Act, codified in part at Section 21 6428 of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 6428, established a mechanism for the IRS to 22 issue economic impact payments (“EIP”) to eligible individuals. Scholl v. Mnuchin (Scholl I), 489 23 F.Supp.3d 1008, 1020 (N.D. Cal. 2020), appeal dismissed, No. 20-16915, 2020 WL 9073361 (9th 24 Cir. Nov. 20, 2020). Under § 6248(a), eligible individuals may receive a tax credit in the amount 25 of $1,200 ($2,400 if filing a joint return), plus $500 multiplied by the number of qualifying 26 children. Scholl I, 489 F.Supp.3d at 1020 (citing 26 U.S.C. § 6428(a).) This amount is credited 27 against the individual’s federal income tax for the year 2020. Id. For purposes of the CARES Act, 28 an eligible individual is defined as “any individual” other than (1) a nonresident alien individual, 1 (2) an individual who is allowed as a dependent deduction on another taxpayer’s return, or (3) an 2 estate or trust. Id. at 1021 (citing 26 U.S.C. § 6428(d)); Conde v. Dep’t of the Treasury & Internal 3 Revenue Serv., No. 1:21-cv-01072-DAD-SKO, 2021 WL 6000057, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 20, 4 2021). 5 The CARES Act provided that “each individual who was an eligible individual for such 6 individual’s first taxable year beginning in 2019 shall be treated as having made a payment 7 against the tax imposed by chapter 1 for such taxable year in an amount equal to the advance 8 refund amount for such taxable year.” Scholl I, 489 F.Supp.3d at 1021 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 9 6428(f)(1)). Therefore, the Act provides that “if an eligible individual filed a tax return in 2018 or 10 2019 or filed one of the enumerated Social Security forms, then the Act directs the IRS to treat 11 those taxpayers as eligible for an advance refund of the tax credit.” Scholl I, 489 F.Supp.3d at 12 1021. Congress provided that “[n]o refund or credit shall be made or allowed under this 13 subsection after December 31, 2020.” 26 U.S.C. § 6428(f)(3)(A). 14 The Scholl Class 15 In Scholl I, the district court provisionally certified the following class:

16 All United States citizens and legal permanent residents who:

17 (a) are or were incarcerated (i.e., confined in a jail, prison, or other penal institution or correctional facility pursuant to their conviction of a criminal 18 offense) in the United States, or have been held to have violated a condition of parole or probation imposed under federal or state law, at any time from 19 March 27, 2020 to the present;

20 (b) filed a tax return in 2018 or 2019, or were exempt from a filing obligation because they earned an income below $12,000 (or $24,400 if filing jointly) 21 in the respective tax year;

22 (c) were not claimed as a dependent on another person's tax return; and

23 (d) filed their taxes with a valid Social Security Number, and, if they claimed qualifying children or filed jointly with another person, those individuals 24 also held a valid Social Security Number. 25 Scholl I, 489 F. Supp. 3d at 1047. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 In Scholl v. Mnuchin (Scholl II), 494 F.Supp.3d 661 (N.D. Cal. 2020), the district court 2 granted final certification of this class and entered declaratory relief, stating as follows: 3 [T]he court finds and declares that title 26 U.S.C. § 6428 does not authorize 4 defendants to withhold advance refunds or credits from class members solely because they are or were incarcerated. The court further finds and declares that 5 defendants’ policy that persons who are or were incarcerated at any time in 2020 were ineligible for advance refunds under the Act is both arbitrary and capricious 6 and not in accordance with law.

7 Scholl II, 494 F.Supp.3d at 692. The court entered a permanent injunction and directed defendants to reconsider EIPs that were denied on the sole basis of an 8 individual’s incarcerated status. Id. at 692-93. With regard to specific payments, the court clarified as follows: 9 The court takes no position on whether plaintiffs or class members are in fact owed 10 advance refund payments or the amount of those payments. . . . The court’s determination in this order is that the IRS’s action was “arbitrary, capricious, ... or 11 otherwise not in accordance with law” and the appropriate remedy is to “hold unlawful and set aside” that agency action. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2). It is incumbent on 12 the IRS, as the agency charged by Congress, to make individual determinations whether an individual is an “eligible individual” and meets the various criteria 13 delineated in the Act. 14 Scholl II, 494 F. Supp. 3d at 691 15 Tax Refund Claim - 28 U.S.C. § 1346 16 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(1), a district court has jurisdiction over civil actions “for the 17 recovery of any internal-revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed or 18 collected, or any penalty claimed to have been collected without authority or any sum alleged to 19 have been excessive or in any manner wrongfully collected under the internal-revenue laws.” A 20 taxpayer’s right to bring a refund suit, however, is limited by 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a). See Dutch v. 21 Internal Revenue Dep’t of Treasury, No. SACV 12-02098-CJC, 2013 WL 7162138, at *2 (C.D. 22 Cal. Dec. 20, 2013). Section 7422(a) provides:

23 (a) No suit prior to filing claim for refund.—No suit or proceeding shall be maintained in any court for the recovery of any internal revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or 24 illegally assessed or collected, or of any penalty claimed to have been collected without authority, or of any sum alleged to have been excessive or in any manner wrongfully 25 collected, until a claim for refund or credit has been duly filed with the Secretary, according to the provisions of law in that regard, and the regulations of the Secretary 26 established in pursuance thereof. 27 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a). A refund claim is a prerequisite to jurisdiction; a United States District 28 Court does not have jurisdiction over a tax refund suit unless the taxpayer has not only paid all 1 assessments in full, but also has filed a claim for a refund with the IRS. Thomas v. United States, 2 755 F.2d 728, 729 (9th Cir.1985); Yuen v. United States, 825 F.2d 244, 245 (9th Cir.1987). 3 D. Analysis 4 Plaintiff is incarcerated and claims that the IRS has denied him payments under the 5 CARES Act. As relief, he seeks to have the IRS provide those payments. To the extent Plaintiff 6 is claiming that the IRS withheld his payments solely due to his incarcerated status, “he is already 7 part of the Scholl class; therefore, he is not entitled to separate individual relief.” Conde v. Dep't 8 of the Treasury & Internal Revenue Serv., No. 1:21-cv-01072-DAD-SKO, 2021 WL 6000057, at 9 *1 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 20, 2021) (citations and quotation omitted). 10 Further, the CARES Act specified that no refund or credit would be made or allowed after 11 December 31, 2020. 26 U.S.C. § 6428(f)(3)(A). That deadline passed before Plaintiff initiated 12 the instant action in September 2021. “Any tax rebate Plaintiff might be eligible for must be 13 applied for through his tax return, as it is the responsibility of the IRS, not the Court, to make 14 determinations on rebate or credit eligibility.” Conde, 2021 WL 6000057, at *3 (citing 28 U.S.C. 15 § 6428(f)(3)(B) and Scholl I, 489 F.Supp.3d at 1021 n.1.). 16 Finally, to bring a tax refund suit, Plaintiff is required to file an administrative claim with 17 the IRS. Conde, 2021 WL 6000057, at *4; 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a). Although Plaintiff alleges that he 18 filed for stimulus payments in September 2021, Plaintiff has failed to adequately allege that he 19 filed an administrative claim before binging this action. 20 II. Failure to Obey Court Order and Failure to Prosecute 21 A. Legal Standard 22 Local Rule 110 provides that “[f]ailure . . . of a party to comply with these Rules or with 23 any order of the Court may be grounds for imposition by the Court of any and all sanctions . . . 24 within the inherent power of the Court.” District courts have the inherent power to control their 25 dockets and “[i]n the exercise of that power they may impose sanctions including, where 26 appropriate, . . . dismissal.” Thompson v. Hous. Auth., 782 F.2d 829, 831 (9th Cir. 1986). A 27 court may dismiss an action, with prejudice, based on a party’s failure to prosecute an action, 28 failure to obey a court order, or failure to comply with local rules. See, e.g., Ghazali v. Moran, 46 1 F.3d 52, 53–54 (9th Cir. 1995) (dismissal for noncompliance with local rule); Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 2 963 F.2d 1258, 1260–61 (9th Cir. 1992) (dismissal for failure to comply with an order requiring 3 amendment of complaint); Malone v. U.S. Postal Serv., 833 F.2d 128, 130–33 (9th Cir. 1987) 4 (dismissal for failure to comply with court order). 5 In determining whether to dismiss an action, the Court must consider several factors: (1) 6 the public’s interest in expeditious resolution of litigation; (2) the Court’s need to manage its 7 docket; (3) the risk of prejudice to the defendants; (4) the public policy favoring disposition of 8 cases on their merits; and (5) the availability of less drastic sanctions. Henderson v. Duncan, 779 9 F.2d 1421, 1423 (9th Cir. 1986); Carey v. King, 856 F.2d 1439, 1440 (9th Cir. 1988). 10 B. Discussion 11 Here, Plaintiff’s amended complaint is overdue. The action cannot proceed without 12 Plaintiff’s cooperation and compliance with the Court’s order. Moreover, the Court cannot hold 13 this case in abeyance awaiting compliance by Plaintiff. The Court additionally cannot effectively 14 manage its docket if Plaintiff ceases litigating his case. Thus, the Court finds that both the first 15 and second factors weigh in favor of dismissal. 16 The third factor, risk of prejudice to the defendant, also weighs in favor of dismissal, as a 17 presumption of injury arises from the occurrence of unreasonable delay in prosecuting an action. 18 Anderson v. Air West, 542 F.2d 522, 524 (9th Cir. 1976). The fourth factor usually weighs 19 against dismissal because public policy favors disposition on the merits. Pagtalunan v. Galaza, 20 291 F.3d 639, 643 (9th Cir. 2002). However, “this factor lends little support to a party whose 21 responsibility it is to move a case toward disposition on the merits but whose conduct impedes 22 progress in that direction,” which is the case here. In re Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Prods. 23 Liab. Litig., 460 F.3d 1217, 1228 (9th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). 24 Finally, the Court’s warning to a party that failure to obey the Court’s order will result in 25 dismissal satisfies the “considerations of the alternatives” requirement. Ferdik, 963 F.2d at 1262; 26 Malone, 833 at 132–33; Henderson, 779 F.2d at 1424. The Court’s March 2, 2022 screening 27 order expressly warned Plaintiff that his failure to comply would result in a recommendation for 28 dismissal of this action. (Doc. 6 at 8.) Thus, Plaintiff had adequate warning that dismissal could 1 result from his noncompliance. 2 Additionally, at this stage in the proceedings there is little available to the Court that 3 would constitute a satisfactory lesser sanction while protecting the Court from further 4 unnecessary expenditure of its scarce resources. Plaintiff’s in forma pauperis status in this action 5 indicates that monetary sanctions are of little use, and the preclusion of evidence or witnesses is 6 likely to have no effect given that Plaintiff has ceased litigating his case. 7 III. Conclusion and Recommendation 8 For the reasons stated, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that this action be dismissed, 9 with prejudice, for Plaintiff’s failure to state a claim, failure to obey the Court’s order and failure 10 to prosecute. 11 These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District 12 Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within 13 fourteen (14) days after being served with these Findings and Recommendations, Plaintiff may 14 file written objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to 15 Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file 16 objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of the “right to challenge the 17 magistrate’s factual findings” on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) 18 (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 19 IT IS SO ORDERED. 20

21 Dated: April 26, 2022 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 22

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