Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-13985 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:18-cv-00040-VMC-CPT
STEVEN TURBI,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA,
Respondents-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(January 28, 2020)
Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Steven Turbi, a Florida prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s
denial of his pro se 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas corpus petition. We granted Turbi a
certificate of appealability (“COA”) on one issue: whether the district court erred in Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 2 of 7
concluding that the state court reasonably rejected Turbi’s claim that counsel failed
to relay a plea offer to him. After thorough review, we affirm.
We review a district court’s denial of a § 2254 petition de novo. Bester v.
Warden, 836 F.3d 1331, 1336 (11th Cir. 2016). We generally will not consider
arguments raised on appeal that were not raised before the district court. See Samak
v. Warden, FCC Coleman-Medium, 766 F.3d 1271, 1272 n.1 (11th Cir. 2014).
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”)
provides that, after a state court has adjudicated a claim on the merits, a federal court
may grant habeas relief only if the state court’s decision was (1) contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court, or (2) based on an unreasonable determination of
the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1), (2). A state court decision is an unreasonable application of Supreme
Court precedent if it identifies the correct governing legal principle but unreasonably
applies that principle to the facts of the petitioner’s case. Davis v. Sellers, 940 F.3d
1175, 1185 (11th Cir. 2019). Our review is limited to the record before the state
court, and focuses on what the state court “knew and did” at the time it rendered its
decision. Id. at 1187. Before a petitioner may be entitled to a federal evidentiary
hearing, he must establish § 2254(d)(1) or (2) based solely on the state court record.
Landers v. Warden, Att’y Gen. of Ala., 776 F.3d 1288, 1295 (11th Cir. 2015).
2 Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 3 of 7
Under AEDPA, a state court’s factual determinations are presumed correct,
and the petitioner must rebut that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. 28
U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). This standard requires proof that a claim is highly probable.
Pittman v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corrs., 871 F.3d 1231, 1244 (11th Cir. 2017). That
reasonable minds reviewing the record might disagree about the finding in question
does not suffice, on habeas review, to supersede the state court’s determination. Id.
Where a state-court decision does not explain its reasons, a federal habeas court
should “look through” the unexplained decision to the last related state-court
decision that provides a relevant rationale and presume that the unexplained decision
adopted the same reasoning. Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018).
In Florida, a court may deny a Rule 3.850 motion without an evidentiary
hearing if it finds that all grounds in the motion can be conclusively resolved either
as a matter of law or by reliance upon the records in the case. See Fla. R. Crim. P.
3.850(f)(5). Federal courts may not second-guess state courts on matters of state
law. Landers, 776 F.3d at 1296. In Landers, we held that we could not reexamine
the state court’s decision not to hold an evidentiary hearing in the petitioner’s state
habeas proceeding unless the state fact-finding procedure itself violated federal law.
Id. Further, we held that an evidentiary hearing in state court was not a requirement
for § 2254(d)(2) deference. Id. at 1297. However, we noted the possibility that a
state court’s fact-finding procedure could be “so deficient and wholly unreliable as
3 Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 4 of 7
to result in an unreasonable determination of the facts under § 2254(d)(2) and to strip
its factual determinations of deference.” Id.
To succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must
show both that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) the deficient
performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984). The Sixth Amendment’s guarantee of effective assistance of counsel
extends to plea bargaining. Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 162 (2012). As a general
rule, defense counsel has a duty to communicate formal offers from the prosecution
of a plea with terms and conditions that may be favorable to the accused, and failure
to do so is deficient performance. Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S. 134, 145 (2012). To
establish prejudice in the context of a failed plea bargain, the petitioner must show
a reasonable probability that: (1) the plea offer would have been presented to the
court; (2) the court would have accepted its terms; and (3) the conviction or sentence
under the offer’s terms would have been less severe than under the judgment and
sentence that in fact were imposed. Lafler, 566 U.S. at 163-64.
The question before us today is whether the state court unreasonably denied
Turbi’s original Rule 3.850 motion based on the facts before it when it decided that
motion. See Davis, 940 F.3d at 1187.1 In evaluating this issue, we look to the state
1 To the extent Turbi now challenges the state trial court’s dismissal of his second Rule 3.850 motion, we will not consider this issue because Turbi did not raise it in district court. See Samak, 766 F.3d at 1272 n.1. 4 Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 5 of 7
trial court’s opinion, because the state appellate court affirmed without an opinion.
Wilson, 138 S. Ct. at 1192. The state trial court found that Turbi’s counsel was not
ineffective for failing to inform Turbi of the state’s plea offer because the record
showed that while the state may have contemplated a plea deal in Turbi’s case, it did
not actually offer one. In reaching this conclusion, the state court noted that: (1) the
plea agreement Turbi submitted to the state habeas court was dated by the Assistant
State Attorney as October 5, 2015, while Turbi’s jury trial was held on January 7,
2014, and he was sentenced on March 13, 2014; and (2) the prosecutor stated at the
sentencing hearing “[a]nd I would just like to put on the record an offer was never
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Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-13985 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:18-cv-00040-VMC-CPT
STEVEN TURBI,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA,
Respondents-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(January 28, 2020)
Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Steven Turbi, a Florida prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s
denial of his pro se 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas corpus petition. We granted Turbi a
certificate of appealability (“COA”) on one issue: whether the district court erred in Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 2 of 7
concluding that the state court reasonably rejected Turbi’s claim that counsel failed
to relay a plea offer to him. After thorough review, we affirm.
We review a district court’s denial of a § 2254 petition de novo. Bester v.
Warden, 836 F.3d 1331, 1336 (11th Cir. 2016). We generally will not consider
arguments raised on appeal that were not raised before the district court. See Samak
v. Warden, FCC Coleman-Medium, 766 F.3d 1271, 1272 n.1 (11th Cir. 2014).
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”)
provides that, after a state court has adjudicated a claim on the merits, a federal court
may grant habeas relief only if the state court’s decision was (1) contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court, or (2) based on an unreasonable determination of
the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1), (2). A state court decision is an unreasonable application of Supreme
Court precedent if it identifies the correct governing legal principle but unreasonably
applies that principle to the facts of the petitioner’s case. Davis v. Sellers, 940 F.3d
1175, 1185 (11th Cir. 2019). Our review is limited to the record before the state
court, and focuses on what the state court “knew and did” at the time it rendered its
decision. Id. at 1187. Before a petitioner may be entitled to a federal evidentiary
hearing, he must establish § 2254(d)(1) or (2) based solely on the state court record.
Landers v. Warden, Att’y Gen. of Ala., 776 F.3d 1288, 1295 (11th Cir. 2015).
2 Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 3 of 7
Under AEDPA, a state court’s factual determinations are presumed correct,
and the petitioner must rebut that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. 28
U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). This standard requires proof that a claim is highly probable.
Pittman v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corrs., 871 F.3d 1231, 1244 (11th Cir. 2017). That
reasonable minds reviewing the record might disagree about the finding in question
does not suffice, on habeas review, to supersede the state court’s determination. Id.
Where a state-court decision does not explain its reasons, a federal habeas court
should “look through” the unexplained decision to the last related state-court
decision that provides a relevant rationale and presume that the unexplained decision
adopted the same reasoning. Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018).
In Florida, a court may deny a Rule 3.850 motion without an evidentiary
hearing if it finds that all grounds in the motion can be conclusively resolved either
as a matter of law or by reliance upon the records in the case. See Fla. R. Crim. P.
3.850(f)(5). Federal courts may not second-guess state courts on matters of state
law. Landers, 776 F.3d at 1296. In Landers, we held that we could not reexamine
the state court’s decision not to hold an evidentiary hearing in the petitioner’s state
habeas proceeding unless the state fact-finding procedure itself violated federal law.
Id. Further, we held that an evidentiary hearing in state court was not a requirement
for § 2254(d)(2) deference. Id. at 1297. However, we noted the possibility that a
state court’s fact-finding procedure could be “so deficient and wholly unreliable as
3 Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 4 of 7
to result in an unreasonable determination of the facts under § 2254(d)(2) and to strip
its factual determinations of deference.” Id.
To succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must
show both that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) the deficient
performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984). The Sixth Amendment’s guarantee of effective assistance of counsel
extends to plea bargaining. Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 162 (2012). As a general
rule, defense counsel has a duty to communicate formal offers from the prosecution
of a plea with terms and conditions that may be favorable to the accused, and failure
to do so is deficient performance. Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S. 134, 145 (2012). To
establish prejudice in the context of a failed plea bargain, the petitioner must show
a reasonable probability that: (1) the plea offer would have been presented to the
court; (2) the court would have accepted its terms; and (3) the conviction or sentence
under the offer’s terms would have been less severe than under the judgment and
sentence that in fact were imposed. Lafler, 566 U.S. at 163-64.
The question before us today is whether the state court unreasonably denied
Turbi’s original Rule 3.850 motion based on the facts before it when it decided that
motion. See Davis, 940 F.3d at 1187.1 In evaluating this issue, we look to the state
1 To the extent Turbi now challenges the state trial court’s dismissal of his second Rule 3.850 motion, we will not consider this issue because Turbi did not raise it in district court. See Samak, 766 F.3d at 1272 n.1. 4 Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 5 of 7
trial court’s opinion, because the state appellate court affirmed without an opinion.
Wilson, 138 S. Ct. at 1192. The state trial court found that Turbi’s counsel was not
ineffective for failing to inform Turbi of the state’s plea offer because the record
showed that while the state may have contemplated a plea deal in Turbi’s case, it did
not actually offer one. In reaching this conclusion, the state court noted that: (1) the
plea agreement Turbi submitted to the state habeas court was dated by the Assistant
State Attorney as October 5, 2015, while Turbi’s jury trial was held on January 7,
2014, and he was sentenced on March 13, 2014; and (2) the prosecutor stated at the
sentencing hearing “[a]nd I would just like to put on the record an offer was never
made in this case.”
Turbi has not shown by clear and convincing evidence that the state court’s
decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. See 28 U.S.C. §
2254(d)(2), (e)(1). The record reflects that: (1) the plea form that Turbi attached to
his Rule 3.850 motion was provided to him by the state attorney’s office, not his
defense counsel; (2) the form was dated a year after Turbi’s trial and sentencing,
which suggests that the date was entered when the state provided the document to
Turbi; and (3) at sentencing, the prosecutor stated that a plea offer was never made,
and, notably, defense counsel did not object to this statement. Because the record
indicates, at most, that the state had contemplated giving a plea offer to Turbi, but
never formally extended it to him, the state court’s determination that the
5 Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 6 of 7
prosecuting attorney did not extend a plea deal to Turbi’s defense counsel was a
reasonable one.
Turbi attached a different copy of the plea agreement -- one that he obtained
from his defense counsel -- in a later Rule 3.580 motion he submitted to the state
court, but still, that document does not render the state court’s decision unreasonable.
For starters, we cannot consider the document because we cannot consider evidence
that was not before the state court in Turbi’s original Rule 3.850 proceedings. Davis,
940 F.3d at 1187. But even if we did so, the fact that that his defense counsel had a
copy of the contemplated plea agreement does not render the state court’s decision
unreasonable. Rather, it can reasonably be interpreted to show that counsel took part
in the bargaining of an agreement that, ultimately, was not formally extended. This
is especially true in light of defense counsel’s failure, at sentencing, to object to the
prosecutor’s statement that a plea offer had never been made. In other words, even
if reasonable jurists could disagree about the significance of defense counsel’s
possession of the plea document, that disagreement is insufficient to overcome the
state court’s finding that a plea agreement was contemplated, but not extended. See
Pittman, 871 F.3d at 1244.
As for Turbi’s argument that defense counsel’s copy of the plea agreement
might have been discovered earlier if the state court in the original Rule 3.850
proceedings had held an evidentiary hearing on the matter, its decision not to do so
6 Case: 18-13985 Date Filed: 01/28/2020 Page: 7 of 7
was a matter of state law, which we may not second-guess. See Landers, 776 F.3d
at 1296; Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(f)(5). Moreover, we cannot say that the state court’s
fact-finding procedure, based on the pleadings and the trial record, was “so deficient
and wholly unreliable as to result in an unreasonable determination of the facts.”
See Landers, 776 F.3d at 1297.
In short, the state court’s finding that the state contemplated, but did not
actually extend, a plea offer to Turbi was reasonable in light of the facts before it.
Because the state court reasonably found that the state did not extend a plea offer,
its conclusion that Turbi’s counsel was not ineffective was a reasonable application
of Strickland. As we’ve said, defense counsel’s duty to communicate plea
negotiations extends only to formal offers from the prosecution. See Frye, 566 U.S.
at 145. Because a formal offer was not made, defense counsel did not have a duty
to communicate any offer and therefore was not ineffective. See id. Accordingly,
the district court did not err in concluding that the state court reasonably rejected
Turbi’s claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to relay a plea offer.
AFFIRMED.