In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-18-00086-CR
STEVEN PARR, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law Comal County, Texas Trial Court No. 2016CR1627
Before Morriss, C.J., Burgess and Stevens, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Burgess MEMORANDUM OPINION Steven Parr pled nolo contendere to driving while intoxicated (DWI), a class B
misdemeanor. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.04(b) (West Supp. 2018). In accordance with his
plea bargain agreement with the State, the trial court sentenced Parr to 180 days’ confinement in
county jail, but suspended the sentence in favor of placing Parr on twelve months’ community
supervision. While the terms of his plea bargain recited a $120.00 fine, the judgment included a
$240.00 fine.
In his sole point of error on appeal, Parr asserts that the trial court erred in denying his
motion to dismiss the information for lack of a speedy trial. 1 After balancing the relevant factors,
we conclude that Parr was not denied his right to a speedy trial. However, we modify the trial
court’s judgment to reflect the proper amount of Parr’s fine and affirm the judgment, as modified.
I. Standard of Review
“The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the States
through the Fourteenth Amendment, guarantees a speedy trial to an accused.” Balderas v. State,
517 S.W.3d 756, 767 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 1207 (2017) (quoting
Gonzales v. State, 435 S.W.3d 801, 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)); see U.S. CONST. amends. VI,
XIV; see also TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10. In his fifth point of error, appellant asserts that the trial
court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the information for lack of a speedy trial.
1 Originally appealed to the Third Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). We follow the precedent of the Third Court of Appeals in deciding this case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2 We analyze a speedy-trial claim on an ad hoc basis by applying a fact-specific balancing
test. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972); Henson v. State, 407 S.W.3d 764, 767 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2013). Whether raised under the federal or state constitution, we weigh and balance
four factors: the “[l]ength of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant’s assertion of his right,
and prejudice” inflicted by the delay. Barker, 407 U.S. at 530; Henson, 407 S.W.3d at 767; Cantu
v. State, 253 S.W.3d 273, 280 n.16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). No one factor is necessary or sufficient
to establish a violation of the right to a speedy trial; instead, we must weigh the conduct of the
prosecution and defendant using a balancing test of the four factors. Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 281
(citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 533). The State must satisfy its “burden of justifying the length of the
delay” while “the defendant has the burden of proving the assertion of the right and showing
prejudice.” Id. at 280. The four factors are related, and we apply them “with common sense and
sensitivity to ensure that charges are dismissed only when the evidence shows that a defendant’s
actual and asserted interest in a speedy trial has been infringed.” Id. at 281.
“Review of the individual . . . factors necessarily involves fact determinations and legal
conclusions, but the balancing test as a whole is a purely legal question.” Balderas, 517 S.W.3d
at 768; Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 282. In our review, we apply a bifurcated standard in which we
review the trial court’s determination of historical facts for an abuse of discretion, but review
de novo the court’s application of the law to the facts. Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 768; Gonzales v.
State, 435 S.W.3d 801, 808–89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014); Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 282; Zamorano v.
State, 84 S.W.3d 643, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
3 II. Analysis
A. Length of Delay
The length of the delay is the triggering mechanism for an analysis of the Barker factors.
Barker, 407 U.S. at 530; Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648. “The right to a speedy trial attaches when
a person becomes an accused,” which is when he is arrested or formally charged. Henson, 407
S.W.3d at 767; Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 280; see United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 320 (1971).
In this case, Parr was arrested on May 31, 2015, and his plea hearing did not take place
until May 8, 2018. “In general, courts deem delay approaching one year to be ‘unreasonable
enough to trigger the Barker enquiry.’” Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 768 (quoting Dragoo v. State,
96 S.W.3d 308, 314 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)); see Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651–52
(1992). The State does not dispute that the length of the delay in this case was sufficient to trigger
the Barker inquiry, and we agree that it was. See Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 654.
We must also consider “the extent to which the delay stretches beyond the bare minimum”
needed to trigger the inquiry. Doggett, 505 U.S. at 652; Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 768; Dragoo v.
State, 96 S.W.3d 308, 314 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). The longer the delay, the more heavily this
factor weighs in favor of finding a speedy-trial violation. See Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 768;
Dragoo, 96 S.W.3d at 314. Moreover, the nature of the charged offense must also be considered.
Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 649; see Barker, 407 U.S. at 531 (explaining, for example, that “the delay
that can be tolerated for an ordinary street crime is considerably less than for a serious, complex
conspiracy charge”). Here, there was a delay of almost three years between Parr’s arrest for an
ordinary DWI offense and the date of his plea, which is almost two years longer than the one-year
4 minimum needed to trigger the Barker inquiry. We conclude that the length of the delay in this
case weighs heavily against the State.
B. Reason for Delay
Once the length of time is found to be presumptively prejudicial, the burden of justifying
the delay falls on the State. Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 280. Different weights are assigned to different
reasons for delay. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531; Hopper v. State, 520 S.W.3d 915, 924 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2017); Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 768. A deliberate attempt to delay trial to hamper the defense
is weighed heavily against the State. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531; accord Vermont v. Brillon, 556 U.S.
81, 90 (2009); Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 768; Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 649. More neutral reasons,
such as negligence or crowded dockets, are also weighed against the State, but less heavily than
deliberate delay. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531; Hopper, 520 S.W.3d at 924; Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at
768; Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 649. Valid reasons, such as a missing witness or delay caused by
plea negotiations, are not weighed against the State at all. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531; State v. Munoz,
991 S.W.2d 818, 824 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 768; Dragoo, 96
S.W.3d at 314. Finally, if an accused’s own actions constitute the majority of the reason for the
delay in trial, this factor weighs against his speedy-trial claim. Hopper, 520 S.W.3d at 924;
Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 768. 2
2 Delay that is attributable in whole or in part to the defendant may constitute a waiver of the speedy-trial claim. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 822; see Barker, 407 U.S. at 528–30; Dickey v. Florida, 398 U.S. 30, 48 (1970) (Brennan, J., concurring) (defendant may be “disentitled to the speedy-trial safeguard in the case of a delay for which he has, or shares, responsibility”).
5 There is no evidence of deliberate delay in this case. Parr was arrested on May 31, 2015,
and was released after paying the surety bond on the same day. Following his arrest, while Parr
was out on bond, the initial postponement appears to have been caused by the State’s delay in
filing the information, which only occurred on December 5, 2016. The only reference to the reason
for that delay was the State’s argument, without proof, that it took time “to complete [the]
investigation, receive evidence, [and] make sure witnesses [were] in order.” “[T]he State must
offer argument and proof to sustain its burden on this factor.” McIntosh v. State, 307 S.W.3d 360,
367 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2009, pets. ref’d). The record next reflects that, on June 27, 2017,
Parr was ordered to appear at an arraignment set for July 27, 2017. The delay between the
December 5, 2016, filing of the information and the original arraignment date is also wholly
unexplained.
There was an additional, unexplained delay from the July 27 arraignment date until
August 24, 2017, when the trial court ordered appointment of counsel for Parr, who was found
indigent after becoming unemployed. 3 On the same day, at Parr’s request, the case was reset for
“Arraignment/PT” on October 19, 2017. On October 18, 2017, in a waiver of arraignment, Parr
made a four-word request for a speedy trial. On October 27, 2017, the case was reset for a pretrial
hearing on December 12. By agreement of all parties, on December 13, 2017, the trial court set
the speedy-trial motion for a hearing on January 29, 2018. On January 8, 2018, Parr filed a formal
3 The record does not indicate that Parr was indigent when he was arrested. Instead, the record reflects that Parr had posted a surety bond and had gainful employment until June 17, 2017, at which point he became a “student using [the] G.I. Bill.”
6 motion to set aside the information for the lack of a speedy trial. On February 1, the case was set
for a jury trial on May 14, 2018. Parr pled nolo contendere on May 8, 2018.
Because the delay is presumptively prejudicial, the State bore the burden of justifying it.
The record demonstrates that the delay was not due to any deliberately hampering action of the
State, but no proof was offered as to the majority of the delay in this case. 4 However, Parr agreed
to reset this case on December 13, after the case was set for a pretrial hearing at which he could
have presented a speedy-trial motion. Thus, Parr acquiesced in part of the delay. Yet, on these
facts, we conclude that the reason-for-delay factor weighs slightly against the State.
C. Assertion of Right
“The defendant has no duty to bring himself to trial; that is the State’s duty. But a defendant
does have the responsibility to assert his right to a speedy trial.” Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 282 (citing
Barker, 407 U.S. at 527–28); accord Hopper, 520 S.W.3d at 924. “Therefore, the defendant’s
assertion of his speedy-trial right (or his failure to assert it) is entitled to strong evidentiary weight
in determining whether the defendant is being deprived of the right.” Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 283.
A defendant’s lack of a timely and persistent demand for a speedy trial “indicates strongly
that he does not really want a speedy trial,” Dragoo, 96 S.W.3d at 314 (quoting Harris v. State,
827 S.W.2d 949, 957 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)), and “that he was not prejudiced by [the] lack of
one,” id.; see Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 771. Furthermore, the longer the delay becomes, the more
4 While the case was once reset at Parr’s request on August 24, 2017, the request came on the same day as Parr received appointed counsel. Therefore, we need not hold that this request for delay constituted a waiver of the right to speedy trial.
7 likely it would be that a defendant who wished a speedy trial would take some action to obtain it.
Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 771; Dragoo, 96 S.W.3d at 314. “Thus, ‘inaction weighs more heavily
against a violation the longer the delay becomes.’” Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 771 (quoting Dragoo,
96 S.W.3d at 314); see Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 284 (“Under Barker, appellant’s failure to diligently
and vigorously seek a rapid resolution is entitled to ‘strong evidentiary weight.’”) (quoting Barker,
407 U.S. at 531–32).
A waiver of arraignment form containing a pro forma request for a trial date does not
constitute an assertion of the right to speedy trial. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 826. Parr did not make
his first four-word request for a speedy trial, which simply stated that he requested a speedy trial,
until he filed a waiver of arraignment on October 17, 2017. 5 Even assuming Parr’s four-word
statement constituted an assertion of the right to speedy trial, it was made more than two years and
four months after he was arrested and ten months after he was formally charged.
Moreover, even though, on October 27, 2017, the case was reset for a pretrial hearing on
December 12, Parr agreed, on December 13, to re-set the case for trial so the court could hear his
four-word speedy-trial motion. The hearing was set for January 29, 2018. Before the hearing, on
5 In Cantu, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that “invocation of the speedy trial provision . . . need not await indictment, information, or other formal charge.” Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 284 (quoting Dillinham v. United States, 423 U.S. 64, 65 (1975)). Although an accused cannot file a motion for speedy trial (or a motion to dismiss an information) until formal charges are filed, “his ‘silence during the entire pre-indictment period works against him because it suggests that any hardships he suffered were either minimal or caused by other factors.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Palmer, 537 F.3d 1287, 1288 (5th Cir. 1976)). The court explained that an accused who has been arrested but not charged has a choice to: (1) wait until he is charged, file a motion for a speedy trial, and, if the trial court does not grant the motion, file a motion to dismiss; or (2) wait until he is charged and file a motion to dismiss, but only “if he can show that he diligently tried to move the case into court before formal charges were filed.” Id.; see also Sinclair v. State, 894 S.W.2d 437, 440 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, no pet.) (per curiam) (weighing against defendant her limited efforts to assert her speedy-trial right during delay between arrest and indictment).
8 January 8, 2018, Parr filed his formal motion to set aside the information for the lack of a speedy
trial. The motion, filed after Parr agreed to delay the trial, requested dismissal of the charges and
indicated a desire to have no trial instead of a speedy one. See Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 283; see also
Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 771.
Parr’s delay in filing his four-word request for a speedy trial and his motion to dismiss the
information were inconsistent with a demand for speedy trial. See Henson, 407 S.W.3d at 769;
Shaw v. State, 117 S.W.3d 883, 890 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Accordingly, this factor weighs
heavily against Parr and against finding a violation of his right to speedy trial.
D. Prejudice Caused by the Delay
Prejudice is assessed in light of the three interests a speedy trial is designed to protect:
(1) “prevent[ing] oppressive pretrial incarceration”; (2) “minimize[ing] anxiety and concern of the
accused”; and (3) “limit[ing] the possibility that the defense will be impaired.” Barker, 407 U.S.
at 532; Hopper, 520 S.W.3d at 924; Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 772. Of these three, the most serious
is the last, because the inability of a defendant . . . to prepare [a defense] skews the fairness of the
entire system.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 532; Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 772; Gonzales, 435 S.W.3d. at
812. “A defendant has the burden to make some showing of prejudice, [although] a showing of
actual prejudice is not required.” Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 772; Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 826.
Here, with regard to the first interest, Parr was arrested on May 31, 2015, and was released
on bond the same day. Thus, Parr was out on bond at all relevant times, so he was not prejudiced
by pretrial incarceration.
9 With respect to the second interest, Parr testified that the pending charge “stressed [him]
out and caused [him] to have” “insomnia” and “nightmares.” While the interest that the speedy-
trial right is intended to protect in this regard is to minimize the anxiety and concern accompanying
a public accusation, see Barker, 407 U.S. at 532; Henson, 407 S.W.3d at 766, the claims as asserted
in Parr’s testimony fail to demonstrate that he suffered anxiety or concern beyond the level
normally associated with a criminal charge. See Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 286 (“[E]vidence of
generalized anxiety, though relevant, is not sufficient proof of prejudice under the Barker test,
especially when it is no greater anxiety or concern beyond the level normally associated with a
criminal charge or investigation.” (citing Shaw, 117 S.W.3d at 890)). 6
Finally, with respect to the third interest, we must presume that the lengthy delay here did
adversely affect Parr’s ability to defend himself, but “this presumption is extenuated by [an]
appellant’s longtime acquiescence in the delay.” Shaw, 117 S.W.3d at 890. Moreover, we note
that Parr did not claim that his defense was impaired in his motion to set aside the information for
lack of a speedy trial. At the hearing, however, Parr attempted to show that his defense was
impaired because the passage of time lead to the loss of a favorable witness. He testified that his
then-girlfriend, Katrina Cantu, was his passenger on the night of his arrest, but that he had lost
contact with her in 2017 and was not sure if she was still living in the United States. Parr later
admitted that Cantu was passed out in the vehicle during the accident which led to his arrest.
6 Parr was required to stay in the area as a condition of his bond. He testified that he works “as a barber and cosmetologist” and that he was unable to take “several opportunities in film trucks to work on sets out of the state” due to the pending charge. During cross-examination, Parr admitted that he could find employment at barber shops in the area despite the charge.
10 Although Parr claimed that Cantu could offer evidence of his consumption of alcohol, or lack
thereof, the State negated the need for Cantu’s testimony on this matter by offering into evidence,
without objection, a laboratory report demonstrating that Parr’s blood alcohol concentration was
.114 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood after the accident.
In short, on this record, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that Parr failed to
demonstrate sufficient prejudice. Therefore, this factor weighs against finding a violation of his
right to speedy trial.
E. Balancing the Factors
Dismissal of criminal charges is a “radical remedy.” Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 281 (citing
Barker, 407 U.S. at 522). Therefore, “courts must apply the Barker balancing test with common
sense and sensitivity to ensure that charges are dismissed only when the evidence shows that a
defendant’s actual and asserted interest in a speedy trial has been infringed.” Id. (citing Barker,
407 U.S. at 534–35). “The constitutional right is that of a speedy trial, not dismissal of the
charges.” Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 281.
Balancing all the Barker factors, we conclude that Parr was not denied his right to a speedy
trial. Weighing in favor of finding a violation of Parr’s speedy-trial right is the excessive delay
without sufficient explanation for a majority of the delay. However, weighing against finding a
violation of the right is Parr’s failure to timely assert the right to a speedy trial, his request to
dismiss the charges against him after agreeing to delay the trial, and his failure to demonstrate
prejudice.
11 Balancing the relative weights of the four factors, we conclude that Parr failed to show that
he was entitled to relief for lack of a speedy trial. We therefore hold that the trial court did not err
in denying his motion to dismiss the information based on a speedy-trial violation. Accordingly,
we overrule Parr’s sole point of error.
III. The Fine Listed in the Judgment Is Modified
The plea bargain agreement, terms of community supervision, and oral pronouncement by
the trial court all reflected that Parr was fined $120.00. However, the judgment mistakenly reflects
that the fine was $240.00. Thus, the judgment contains a clerical error.
This Court has authority to modify incorrect judgments when the necessary information is
available to do so. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b) (authorizing court of appeals to modify trial court’s
judgment and affirm it as modified); Bigley v. State, 865 S.W.2d 26, 27–28 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)
(concluding that Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure empower courts of appeals to reform
judgments). Accordingly, we modify the judgment to properly reflect that Parr was fined $120.00.
IV. Conclusion
We modify the trial court’s judgment to reflect a fine of $120.00. As modified, we affirm
the trial court’s judgment.
Ralph K. Burgess Justice
Date Submitted: January 2, 2019 Date Decided: February 8, 2019
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