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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-14769 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:16-cv-14476-RLR
STEVEN KRAUS,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
MARTIN COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE, WILLIAM D. SNYDER, Sheriff, Martin County Sheriff’s Office, MICHAEL GARGAN, DAVID SANSONE,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
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Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Following his arrest for a DUI, Steven Kraus brought this action alleging (1)
excessive-force claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Martin County Deputy
Michael Gargan, Sergeant David Sansone, and Sheriff William Snyder, (2) state-
law battery claims against Sansone and Gargan, and (3) a claim for deliberate
indifference to serious medical needs under § 1983 against Snyder. The district
court granted summary judgment in favor of each defendant as to all claims,
concluding (1) that Sansone and Gargan were entitled to qualified immunity on the
excessive-force claims and statutory immunity under Florida Statute 768.29(9)(a)
on the state-law battery claims, and (2) that Snyder was entitled to summary
judgment because, as a matter of law, Kraus had not demonstrated deliberate
indifference. After careful review, we affirm. 1
I
Although according to Kraus, he had “been drinking and driving [his] whole
life,” 2 it wasn’t until 2012 that he was finally caught and arrested for DUI by
Florida Highway Patrol Trooper R.E. Weber. While in transport to the Martin
1 We review de novo the district court’s ruling on the motions for summary judgment, construing all facts and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Kraus. Perez v. Suszczynski, 809 F.3d 1213, 1216 (11th Cir. 2016). 2 See Dashcam Video at 28:10.
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County Jail for processing, Kraus repeatedly asked Weber to shoot him, telling
Weber just to say that he tried to run away. Once at the jail, Weber reported these
statements to Gargan and Sansone.
During the booking process, Gargan removed Kraus’s handcuffs and asked
him to put his hands on the counter in front of him. Gargan then asked Kraus to
remove various personal items, while Sergeant Sansone watched nearby. Kraus
admits that he threw his belt and necklace on the counter during the process—
because, he says, he was angry that the officers had made derogatory comments
about his sexuality.
The parties disagree about what happened next. Kraus asserts that the
officers instructed him to remove his shoes and that when he removed his hands
from the counter to comply they yelled at him to put his hands back on the counter.
He contends that he then turned calmly towards Gargan to respond to yet another
comment about his sexuality, at which point Gargan “grabbed [him] by [his left]
arm and the back of [his] neck, slammed [his] head down on the counter, placed …
both his legs behind [Kraus’s] legs, and held [him] there in a controlled position.”
According to Kraus, even though he was completely subdued by Gargan’s
maneuver, Sansone “took [his] right arm off the table, twisted it behind his back
and … lifted it straight over [Kraus’s] head in an unnatural manner before
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slamming [his arm] back down towards the table.” Kraus states that he “heard a
snap immediately and knew that his arm had been broken …”
Unfortunately for Kraus, a video recording of the booking process supports
the officers’ contrary account. The footage shows Kraus take his hands from the
booking counter and turn toward Gargan. After this initial act of non-
compliance—which Kraus’s account omits—Gargan put his hand on Kraus’s back
and turned him toward the counter. Kraus then placed his hands on the booking
counter. The video then shows Kraus remove his shoes as instructed and thereafter
place his hands back on the counter for a few seconds. But he then removed his
hands again and turned to face Gargan, at which point the officers reacted.
Gargan grabbed Kraus’s left arm and maneuvered his upper body toward the
booking counter, while Sansone secured Kraus’s right arm behind his back in an
“arm bar.”
Shortly thereafter, Kraus was given a breathalyzer test that showed his blood
alcohol level was .151-.156. He was then transported to Stuart Memorial Hospital
where it was determined that a bone in his right arm had been broken. The hospital
placed his arm in a sling.
Kraus was then returned to the jail and placed in a cell. He was put on
suicide watch, and his sling was removed per Sheriff’s Standard Operating
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Procedure 6.04-3, which requires removal of all personal items of an arrestee on
suicide watch. He was released from jail several hours later and transported to the
Port St. Lucie Medical Center, where he was institutionalized pursuant to Florida’s
Baker Act. He ultimately had surgery to repair his broken arm.
On appeal, Kraus first challenges the district court’s qualified immunity
determination because, he contends, (1) the district court misstated three legal
standards governing the qualified immunity analysis and (2) clearly established
law put defendants on notice that their actions violated Kraus’s constitutional
rights. Kraus then argues that the district court erred in concluding that the officers
were entitled to statutory immunity for the state-law battery claims. Finally, Kraus
asserts that the district court improperly granted summary judgment in favor of
Snyder as to the deliberate-indifference claim.
II
Qualified immunity protects government officials unless they violate
“clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person
would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). Whether a
defendant is entitled to qualified immunity is a question of law decided by the
court. Courson v. McMillian, 939 F.2d 1479, 1486–87 (11th Cir. 1991).
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In order to receive qualified immunity, the officers first must show that they
acted within the scope of their discretionary authority. Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d
1188, 1194 (11th Cir. 2002). Because that is not disputed here, the burden shifts to
Kraus to show that qualified immunity is inappropriate. Id. In order to meet his
burden, Kraus must show (1) that the officers violated his constitutional rights and
(2) that the illegality of their conduct was “clearly established” when the incident
occurred. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009). “These two steps do
not have to be analyzed sequentially; if the law was not clearly established, we
need not decide if the Defendants actually violated the Plaintiffs’ rights, although
we are permitted to do so.” Fils v. City of Aventura, 647 F.3d 1272, 1287 (11th
Cir. 2011).
Kraus challenges two aspects of the district court’s qualified immunity
ruling. First, as a threshold matter, Kraus contends that the district court misstated
three legal standards governing the qualified immunity analysis. Then
separately—and more generally—Kraus argues that the officers were not entitled
to qualified immunity for their actions because clearly established law should have
put them on notice of a constitutional violation. We consider Kraus’s contentions
in turn.
A
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Kraus asserts that the district court committed three discrete legal errors in
its summary judgment order: (1) relying on an unpublished opinion in requiring
him to show that the officers acted with a “sadistic or malicious purpose”; (2)
relying on the same unpublished opinion in requiring him to cite case law with
“indistinguishable facts” in order to show that the law was clearly established at
the time of the incident; and (3) applying the wrong standard for interpreting the
summary judgment facts in light of the video evidence.
Kraus first contends that the district court erred by citing to an unpublished
decision, Shuford v. Conway, 666 F. App’x 811 (11th Cir. 2016), for the
proposition that Kraus had to “establish that [the officers] acted with a malicious or
sadistic purpose to inflict harm.” He argues that the court cited the standard in
error, as after the Supreme Court’s decision in Kingsley v. Hendrickson we now
require plaintiffs pursuing an excessive-force claim to show only that the use of
force was objectively unreasonable. See 135 S. Ct. 2466, 2473 (2015).
Kraus misreads the district court’s order. Although it is true that the court
cited Shuford, it did so merely to state that “[i]n looking at what is clearly
established, the Court is bound by the law at the time of the incident,” Shuford, 666
F. App’x at 817, which is clearly correct. See, e.g., Anderson v. Creighton, 483
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U.S. 635, 639 (1987) (whether an official is protected by qualified immunity is
“assessed in light of the legal rules that were clearly established at the time [the
action] was taken”) (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court went on
to state that, because the incident giving rise to this suit occurred before the
Supreme Court’s ruling in Kingsley, Kraus would have to show that it was clearly
established that the officers’ actions were unlawful under the pre-Kingsley
“sadistic and malicious” standard. That is a correct statement of the then-
prevailing law, and we will not disturb the court’s ruling on this ground.
Kraus next argues that the district court erred by requiring him to provide a
case with “indistinguishable facts” in order to show that the officers violated
clearly established law. Kraus again miscasts the district court’s ruling. Although
the court did ask his counsel to provide it with a case with “indistinguishable
facts,” it made clear both at the hearing and in its order that a plaintiff may show
that a right is clearly established in three ways: (1) case law with “indistinguishable
facts,” (2) “a broad statement of principle within the Constitution, statute, or case
law that clearly establishes” the right, or (3) “conduct so egregious that a
constitutional right was clearly violated,” even in the absence of analogous case
law. The court further clarified that the first way of showing a right is clearly
established requires only that a plaintiff provide case law that is “materially 8 Case: 17-14769 Date Filed: 09/04/2018 Page: 9 of 15
similar.” Moreover, it is clear from the district court’s order that its analysis was
not limited to whether Kraus presented case law with “indistinguishable facts”;
rather, the order expressly considered and concluded that Kraus failed to satisfy his
burden by way of any of the three methods for proving that a right was “clearly
established.” Again, this was a correct statement of the law, see, e.g., Jones v.
Fransen, 857 F.3d 843, 852 (11th Cir. 2017) (describing three ways plaintiff may
demonstrate that a right is clearly established), and we see no reason to disturb the
district court’s ruling on this basis.
Kraus finally argues that the district court applied the wrong standard for
using a video recording as the lens through which to view purportedly disputed
facts at the summary judgment stage. Kraus contends, essentially, that the court
was bound to accept his version of the facts unless they were “clearly contradicted”
by the video evidence, and that because the court did not make an explicit finding
that the video clearly contradicted his account, it must have applied the wrong
standard.
The district court was not required to make an explicit finding that the video
“clearly contradicted” his account before viewing the facts in light of the
recording. The Supreme Court has held that “[w]hen opposing parties tell two
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different stories, one of which is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no
reasonable jury could believe it, a court should not adopt that version of the facts
for ruling on a motion for summary judgment.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372,
380(2007). “For instance, when a video recording exists of the pertinent events—
as in this case—we ‘view[ ] the facts in the light depicted by the videotape.’”
Jones v. Michael, 656 F. App’x 923, 926 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Scott, 550 U.S.
at 381). Kraus points to no case law emanating from either the Supreme Court or
this Circuit that requires the district court to state explicitly that a video “clearly
contradicts” a plaintiff’s version of events before viewing facts as having been
established by a video recording.
Here, the district court clearly implied, correctly, that the video footage
contradicted Kraus’s version of events. The court noted that “[t]he parties disagree
about whether Plaintiff was being compliant during the booking process” before
noting that “the video supports the officers’ description of the events.” The court
then recounted the facts “in the light depicted by the videotape,” just as it has been
instructed to do by both this Circuit and the Supreme Court. So yet again, we are
unpersuaded that the district court’s ruling should be disturbed on this basis.
B
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Kraus also asserts that the officers were not entitled to qualified immunity
for their actions. The district court determined that qualified immunity was
appropriate because Kraus failed to show that the law was clearly established at the
time of the incident. We agree.
Kraus contends that the law at the time of the incident clearly established
“that an officer may not apply physical force strong enough to cause serious injury
when there is no legitimate safety threat and the citizen is compliant.” That is
correct as far as it goes. However, the rights clearly established by Kraus’s cited
cases are of no benefit to him here. As one might expect from the wording of his
argument, each case that Kraus cites for support involves an appellant who was
fully secured and not resisting in any way. See, e.g., Lee, 284 F.3d at 1199
(suspect arrested, handcuffed, and completely secured); Danley v. Allen, 540 F.3d
1298, 1309 (gratuitous force against a prisoner “who has clearly stopped resisting”
unreasonable); Shuford, 666 F. App’x at 818 (need for force “had completely
subsided”). And in fact, his cases even support the proposition that use of force
may be necessary to ensure an inmate’s compliance. See, e.g., Ort v. White, 813
F.2d 318, 325 (11th Cir. 1987) (“Prison officers must … have the authority to use
that amount of force or those coercive measures reasonably necessary to enforce an
inmate's compliance…”) (internal quotation omitted). Because the district court
found based on the video evidence—and we agree—that Kraus was non-compliant
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at the time of the officers’ use of force, these cases fail to clearly establish that the
officers’ actions were unconstitutional at the time of the incident. The district
court, therefore, correctly concluded that they were entitled to qualified
immunity.
III
Kraus next argues that the district court improperly granted summary
judgment in favor of Gargan and Sansone on the state-law battery claims. Under
Florida Statute § 768.28(9)(a), no employee of the state will be held liable for a tort
unless he “acted in bad faith or with malicious purpose or in a manner exhibiting
wanton and willful disregard of human rights, safety, or property.” Kraus asserts
that the derogatory language used against him during the booking process shows
that the officers acted in bad faith. As the district court concluded, however, words
alone do not transform an acceptable use of force into one undertaken in bad faith.
See Evans v. Stephens, 407 F.3d 1272, 1282 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding that it is the
totality of the circumstances, and not words alone, that determines whether an
action is unconstitutional). As Kraus did not show that Gargan and Sansone acted
in bad faith, the district court correctly held that they were entitled to immunity
under Florida Statute § 768.28(9)(a).
IV
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Finally, Kraus contends that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment on his claims against Snyder. Snyder should be liable, Kraus says,
because the sheriff’s office “routinely acted with deliberate indifference to officer
use of force, because the custom and practice of the [sheriff’s office] encouraged
[the officers’] use of excessive force, and because the [sheriff’s office]
affirmatively ratified the conduct of [the officers] in this case.”
Suing a municipal official in his official capacity—as Kraus has done here—
is the functional equivalent of suing the municipality itself. Owens v. Fulton Cty.,
877 F.2d 947, 951 n.5 (11th Cir. 1989). Municipalities may be found liable under
§ 1983 only when a plaintiff shows: “(1) that his constitutional rights were
violated; (2) that the municipality had a custom or policy that constituted deliberate
indifference to that constitutional right; and (3) that the policy or custom caused
the violation.” McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1289 (11th Cir. 2004). “A
policy is a decision that is officially adopted by the municipality, or created by an
official of such rank that he or she could be said to be acting on behalf of the
municipality” and “[a] custom is a practice that is so settled and permanent that it
takes on the force of law.” Sewell v. Town of Lake Hamilton, 117 F.3d 488, 489
(11th Cir. 1997) (internal citation omitted). Thus, in order to prove his claim,
Kraus must show that there was a policy or custom of excessive use of force at the
Martin County Sheriff’s Office. This he fails to do.
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Kraus first asserts that Snyder is liable under a ratification theory, which
allows a municipality to be held liable when it “actively endors[es] or approv[es]
of the conduct of its employees or officials.” Garvie v. City of Ft. Walton Beach,
Fla., 366 F.3d 1186, 1189 (11th Cir. 2004). However, “[w]hen plaintiffs are
relying not on a pattern of unconstitutional conduct, but on a single incident, they
must demonstrate that local government policymakers had an opportunity to
review the subordinate’s decision and agreed with both the decision and the
decision’s basis before a court can hold the government liable on a ratification
theory.” Salvato v. Miley, 790 F.3d 1286, 1296 (11th Cir. 2015). Here “[t]he
sheriff did not review any part of [the officers’] actions before they bec[a]me final,
much less approve the decision and the basis for it.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). Kraus therefore may not pursue his claims against Sheriff Snyder under
a ratification theory.
Nor can his claim succeed under a theory that the sheriff’s office was
deliberately indifferent to excessive-force complaints filed against its officers. To
show deliberate indifference, “a plaintiff must present some evidence that the
municipality knew of a need to train and/or supervise in a particular area and the
municipality made a deliberate choice not to take any action.” Gold v. City of
Miami, 151 F.3d 1346, 1350 (11th Cir. 1998). Kraus argues, essentially, that the
sheriff’s office knew that it needed to better supervise Sansone because of previous
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excessive-force complaints against him and that it failed to investigate and follow
up on those complaints. The record shows, however, that the sheriff’s office
investigated each claim made against Sansone and, in the one incident he was
found to have used excessive force, suspended him without pay. Gargan had no
incidents in which he was found to have used excessive force. The district court,
therefore, was correct in concluding that “there are insufficient facts in the record
to show that the Sheriff’s Office was aware of, and deliberately indifferent to, a
custom of using excessive force.”
V
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.