Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before FILED Jan 10 2012, 8:14 am any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case. CLERK of the supreme court, court of appeals and tax court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
TIMOTHY J. BURNS GREGORY F. ZOELLER Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
IAN MCLEAN Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
STEVEN CUSACK, ) ) Appellant-Defendant, ) ) vs. ) No. 49A05-1106-CR-274 ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT The Honorable Steven J. Rubick, Magistrate Cause No. 49F19-1101-CM-220
January 10, 2012
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
VAIDIK, Judge Case Summary
On multiple occasions, Steven Cusack was denied entrance to an Indianapolis bar
several times and told to leave by the doorman and an off-duty police officer who was
moonlighting as a security guard for the bar. Cusack, however, returned each time and
was eventually arrested by the off-duty police officer. Cusack now appeals his
conviction for Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass, arguing that the evidence is
insufficient. Finding that the evidence is sufficient to prove that Cusack entered the real
property of the bar and that the off-duty police officer was an agent of the bar, we affirm
the trial court.
Facts and Procedural History
The facts most favorable to the judgment reveal that in January 2011, off-duty
Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Officer John Walters was working for Tiki
Bob’s Cantina as an “outside uniformed security person” at its downtown Indianapolis
bar. Tr. p. 5. Specifically, Tiki Bob’s paid Officer Walters to provide security, respond
to disturbances on the premises, and use his discretion to solve any disturbances. Id. at 7,
24-25.
Officer Walters came in contact with Cusack four times during this particular
shift. On the first occasion around midnight, Officer Walters observed Cusack in front of
the entrance to Tiki Bob’s talking to the doorman about entering the bar. Cusack was
denied entrance because of dress-code violations. Cusack was wearing baggy pants
which had “fallen down.” Id. at 32. Cusask, however, would not get out of the entrance
line to the bar and continued arguing with the doorman. Officer Walters approached and
2 told Cusack that “he needed to leave or he’d be arrested for trespass or public intox.” Id.
at 10.
Cusack returned about twenty minutes later and again argued with the doorman
about entering the bar. Officer Walters approached and told Cusack that he needed to
“leave, [he’s] not allowed into the bar tonight, come back another evening.” Id. Again,
Cusack argued with Officer Walters and the doorman, saying it was “bullsh**” and that
the “rule didn’t apply to him.” Id. Cusack reluctantly left once Officer Walters
threatened to take him to jail if he kept arguing with them.
About an hour later, Cusack returned. On this occasion, Cusack “actually got into
the entryway of the building,” that is, “right where . . . the entrance doors are.” Id. at 11.
Officer Walters explained that Cusack did not stay on the sidewalk but rather “br[e]ached
the actual entryway” and was “standing maybe a foot into the door.” Id. at 12, 21. The
doorman, however, “stopped him from entering.” Id. at 11. When Cusack and the
doorman got into another discussion, Officer Walters approached Cusack and said, “hey,
this is your last warning, I’m going to lock you up, get out of here.” Id. at 12. Cusack
grudgingly left.
Cusack returned around 2:15 a.m. for the final time. Cusack approached the
entryway of Tiki Bob’s and was confronted by the doorman again. At this point, Officer
Walters told Cusack that he was going to jail and placed him in handcuffs. Cusack
continued to be belligerent, so Officer Walters had to “walk him forcefully over to [his]
car to get him out of the doorway.” Id. at 14-15.
3 The State charged Cusack with Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass.1 Cusack
testified at his bench trial that he never entered Tiki Bob’s but rather stayed on the
sidewalk. The trial court found that the evidence showed the following:
Mr. Cusack broke the plan[e] of Tiki Bob’s and though [defense counsel] has argued very thoroughly on Mr. Cusack’s behalf, despite the fact that Mr. Cusack claimed otherwise, I find that the Officer’s testimony is sufficient to establish that on at least two (2) occasions after being confronted by the doorman and told to leave, Mr. Cusack broke the plane. Mr. Cusack was given multiple opportunities to simply walk away, but by his own admission came back.
Id. at 44. The trial court thus found Cusack guilty and sentenced him to eight days in the
Marion County Jail.
Cusack now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
Cusack contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for
Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass. When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
to support a conviction, we must consider only the probative evidence and reasonable
inferences supporting the judgment. Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007).
We do not assess witness credibility or reweigh the evidence. Id. When confronted with
conflicting evidence, we consider it most favorably to the trial court’s ruling. Id. We
affirm the conviction unless “no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quotation omitted). It is not necessary
that the evidence overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. Id. at 147. The
1 The State also charged Cusack with public intoxication, but the trial court granted Cusack’s Trial Rule 41(B) dismissal at the conclusion of the State’s case-in-chief. 4 evidence is sufficient if an inference may reasonably be drawn from it to support the
judgment. Id.
To convict Cusack of Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass as charged here, the
State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Cusack, who did not have a
contractual interest in the property, knowingly or intentionally entered the real property
of Tiki Bob’s Cantina after having been denied entry by Tiki Bob’s or its agent.
Appellant’s App. p. 16; see also Ind. Code § 35-43-2-2(a)(1). A person has been denied
entry under subsection (a)(1) when the person has been denied entry by means of
“personal communication, oral or written.” I.C. 35-43-2-2(b)(1).
Cusack first argues that the evidence does not show, “with requisite sufficiency,”
that he entered the real property of Tiki Bob’s after being denied entry. Appellant’s Br.
p. 7. Instead, Cusack maintains that he never left the sidewalk and therefore did not enter
Tiki Bob’s property.
To the contrary, the record is clear that Cusack, who wanted to enter Tiki Bob’s,
was denied entry and told to leave the premises on three separate occasions by the
doorman and Officer Walters. After receiving two of these orders, Cusack ignored them
and walked through the doorway, making it about a foot inside the door.2 Tr. p. 12, 21.
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Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before FILED Jan 10 2012, 8:14 am any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case. CLERK of the supreme court, court of appeals and tax court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
TIMOTHY J. BURNS GREGORY F. ZOELLER Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
IAN MCLEAN Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
STEVEN CUSACK, ) ) Appellant-Defendant, ) ) vs. ) No. 49A05-1106-CR-274 ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT The Honorable Steven J. Rubick, Magistrate Cause No. 49F19-1101-CM-220
January 10, 2012
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
VAIDIK, Judge Case Summary
On multiple occasions, Steven Cusack was denied entrance to an Indianapolis bar
several times and told to leave by the doorman and an off-duty police officer who was
moonlighting as a security guard for the bar. Cusack, however, returned each time and
was eventually arrested by the off-duty police officer. Cusack now appeals his
conviction for Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass, arguing that the evidence is
insufficient. Finding that the evidence is sufficient to prove that Cusack entered the real
property of the bar and that the off-duty police officer was an agent of the bar, we affirm
the trial court.
Facts and Procedural History
The facts most favorable to the judgment reveal that in January 2011, off-duty
Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Officer John Walters was working for Tiki
Bob’s Cantina as an “outside uniformed security person” at its downtown Indianapolis
bar. Tr. p. 5. Specifically, Tiki Bob’s paid Officer Walters to provide security, respond
to disturbances on the premises, and use his discretion to solve any disturbances. Id. at 7,
24-25.
Officer Walters came in contact with Cusack four times during this particular
shift. On the first occasion around midnight, Officer Walters observed Cusack in front of
the entrance to Tiki Bob’s talking to the doorman about entering the bar. Cusack was
denied entrance because of dress-code violations. Cusack was wearing baggy pants
which had “fallen down.” Id. at 32. Cusask, however, would not get out of the entrance
line to the bar and continued arguing with the doorman. Officer Walters approached and
2 told Cusack that “he needed to leave or he’d be arrested for trespass or public intox.” Id.
at 10.
Cusack returned about twenty minutes later and again argued with the doorman
about entering the bar. Officer Walters approached and told Cusack that he needed to
“leave, [he’s] not allowed into the bar tonight, come back another evening.” Id. Again,
Cusack argued with Officer Walters and the doorman, saying it was “bullsh**” and that
the “rule didn’t apply to him.” Id. Cusack reluctantly left once Officer Walters
threatened to take him to jail if he kept arguing with them.
About an hour later, Cusack returned. On this occasion, Cusack “actually got into
the entryway of the building,” that is, “right where . . . the entrance doors are.” Id. at 11.
Officer Walters explained that Cusack did not stay on the sidewalk but rather “br[e]ached
the actual entryway” and was “standing maybe a foot into the door.” Id. at 12, 21. The
doorman, however, “stopped him from entering.” Id. at 11. When Cusack and the
doorman got into another discussion, Officer Walters approached Cusack and said, “hey,
this is your last warning, I’m going to lock you up, get out of here.” Id. at 12. Cusack
grudgingly left.
Cusack returned around 2:15 a.m. for the final time. Cusack approached the
entryway of Tiki Bob’s and was confronted by the doorman again. At this point, Officer
Walters told Cusack that he was going to jail and placed him in handcuffs. Cusack
continued to be belligerent, so Officer Walters had to “walk him forcefully over to [his]
car to get him out of the doorway.” Id. at 14-15.
3 The State charged Cusack with Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass.1 Cusack
testified at his bench trial that he never entered Tiki Bob’s but rather stayed on the
sidewalk. The trial court found that the evidence showed the following:
Mr. Cusack broke the plan[e] of Tiki Bob’s and though [defense counsel] has argued very thoroughly on Mr. Cusack’s behalf, despite the fact that Mr. Cusack claimed otherwise, I find that the Officer’s testimony is sufficient to establish that on at least two (2) occasions after being confronted by the doorman and told to leave, Mr. Cusack broke the plane. Mr. Cusack was given multiple opportunities to simply walk away, but by his own admission came back.
Id. at 44. The trial court thus found Cusack guilty and sentenced him to eight days in the
Marion County Jail.
Cusack now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
Cusack contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for
Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass. When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
to support a conviction, we must consider only the probative evidence and reasonable
inferences supporting the judgment. Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007).
We do not assess witness credibility or reweigh the evidence. Id. When confronted with
conflicting evidence, we consider it most favorably to the trial court’s ruling. Id. We
affirm the conviction unless “no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quotation omitted). It is not necessary
that the evidence overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. Id. at 147. The
1 The State also charged Cusack with public intoxication, but the trial court granted Cusack’s Trial Rule 41(B) dismissal at the conclusion of the State’s case-in-chief. 4 evidence is sufficient if an inference may reasonably be drawn from it to support the
judgment. Id.
To convict Cusack of Class A misdemeanor criminal trespass as charged here, the
State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Cusack, who did not have a
contractual interest in the property, knowingly or intentionally entered the real property
of Tiki Bob’s Cantina after having been denied entry by Tiki Bob’s or its agent.
Appellant’s App. p. 16; see also Ind. Code § 35-43-2-2(a)(1). A person has been denied
entry under subsection (a)(1) when the person has been denied entry by means of
“personal communication, oral or written.” I.C. 35-43-2-2(b)(1).
Cusack first argues that the evidence does not show, “with requisite sufficiency,”
that he entered the real property of Tiki Bob’s after being denied entry. Appellant’s Br.
p. 7. Instead, Cusack maintains that he never left the sidewalk and therefore did not enter
Tiki Bob’s property.
To the contrary, the record is clear that Cusack, who wanted to enter Tiki Bob’s,
was denied entry and told to leave the premises on three separate occasions by the
doorman and Officer Walters. After receiving two of these orders, Cusack ignored them
and walked through the doorway, making it about a foot inside the door.2 Tr. p. 12, 21.
Cusack’s arguments that he testified that he never entered Tiki Bob’s but rather stayed on
the sidewalk are merely an invitation for us to reweigh the evidence, which we will not
do.
2 Because the evidence most favorable to the judgment shows that Cusack entered the property, we need not address Cusack’s argument that the State failed to prove “where [Tiki Bob’s] real estate began in relation to the outside sidewalk.” Appellant’s Br. p. 7. 5 Cusack then asserts that assuming, arguendo, he entered Tiki Bob’s property and
was told to leave by Officer Walters, the State failed to prove that Officer Walters was
acting as Tiki Bob’s agent. Cusack relies on this Court’s recent opinion in Glispie v.
State, 955 N.E.2d 819 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), reh’g denied,3 to prove that Officer Walters
was not an agent of Tiki Bob’s. We, however, find Glispie distinguishable.
In that case, Officer Patrick McPherson arrested Glispie at a business for trespass.
Officer McPherson testified at trial that he had previously given Glispie verbal and
written warnings not to enter the business’s property. Id. at 822. Officer McPherson
further testified that he could act as an agent of such property. Id. We, however, held
that “[m]ore is required” because “[i]t is a well-established rule that agency cannot be
proven by the declaration of the agent alone.” Id.; see also id. at 823 (“Where a criminal
trespass charge is based on communication by the property owner’s agent, the State must
prove all of the elements necessary to show an agency relationship.”).
Here, however, the evidence shows that Officer Walters was an off-duty police
officer who was working as a paid security guard at Tiki Bob’s. In his role as a security
guard for Tiki Bob’s, Officer Walters was given discretion on how to handle any
disturbances that might arise. In Glispie, we found this type of situation to be
distinguishable. Id. at 823 (noting that Bowman v. State, 468 N.E.2d 1064 (Ind. Ct. App.
1984), was “distinguishable because it involves an off-duty police officer who was
working as a security guard at a retail store.”).
3 This Court denied rehearing in Glispie on December 21, 2011. Accordingly, the deadline for petitioning for transfer has not yet passed. Nevertheless, because both parties rely heavily on Glispie for this issue, we analyze it. 6 In addition, the evidence shows that Officer Walters acted in concert with Tiki
Bob’s doorman, who Cusack admitted had authority to admit or deny him access to the
bar. Indeed, Officer Walters told Cusack, “you’re going to go to jail if you keeping
arguing with us,” referring to Officer Walters and the doorman. Tr. p. 10-11. The
evidence shows that Officer Walters had the authority, as Tiki Bob’s agent, to order
Cusack not to enter the bar. We therefore affirm Cusack’s conviction for Class A
misdemeanor criminal trespass.
Affirmed.
ROBB, C.J., and NAJAM, J., concur.