COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Raphael and White Argued at Richmond, Virginia
STEVE THOMAS JURNIGAN, II MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1493-23-2 JUDGE KIMBERLEY SLAYTON WHITE JANUARY 21, 2025 LESLIE S. BYRUM, CO-EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF FRANCIS M. MONAHAN, DECEASED, ET AL.
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SUSSEX COUNTY W. Edward Tomko, III, Judge
J. Daniel Vinson (Riley & Wells, on brief), for appellant.
Bryn L. Clegg (Joseph P. Moriarty; Willcox Savage, P.C., on brief), for appellees Michael H. Stevens, James M. Bowes, and Southampton Bowman Club.
No brief or argument for appellees Leslie S. Byrum and Connie Babb, Co-Executors of the Estate of Francis M. Monahan, Deceased.
In this case, we address the question of whether a lower court may properly grant a plea in
bar based on Code § 8.01-249(6) without conducting a hearing ore tenus, where there are factual
disputes on the record. In 2017, Steve Thomas Jurnigan, II, sued Michael H. Stevens, James M.
Bowes, Southampton Bowman Club (“SBC”) (collectively referred to as “defendants”), and Francis
M. Monahan1 for negligence arising from sexual abuse that he suffered between 1993 and 2000—
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 1 Monahan did not respond to or participate in any proceedings. Monahan was incarcerated while this complaint was filed based on charges related to the conduct alleged in this suit and passed away while this litigation was pending. Jurnigan amended his complaint to substitute Monahan’s Estate as a defendant following his death. Monahan’s Estate also did not respond to or participate in any proceedings. when he was a minor. The defendants filed pleas in bar arguing that Jurnigan’s claims were subject
to a two-year statute of limitations that began to run on the day he reached the age of majority and
were, therefore, time barred as of August 2004. The circuit court agreed and granted the pleas in
bar. Finding that the circuit court improperly granted the pleas in bar, this Court reverses the
judgment of the circuit court and remands for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
This case reaches appeal following the circuit court’s order granting the defendants’ pleas in
bar, which asserted that Jurnigan’s claims are barred by the applicable statute of limitations. Since
the circuit court did not conduct a hearing ore tenus when considering the pleas in bar, this Court
“considers ‘solely the pleadings in resolving the issue presented’ and deems the facts stated in the
complaint to be true.” Doe v. Green, 81 Va. App. 556, 561 (2024) (quoting Fines v. Rappahannock
Area Cmty. Servs. Bd., 301 Va. 305, 312 (2022)).
STATEMENT OF FACTS
On March 13, 2017, Steve Thomas Jurnigan, II, filed a complaint in Sussex County Circuit
Court against Monahan, Stevens, Bowes, and SBC. In his complaint, Jurnigan alleged that he
suffered sexual abuse at the hands of Monahan continuously from 1993 until 2000—from the ages
of 8 to 15—on property leased by SBC while Stevens and Bowes were both members and officers
of the club. Jurnigan asserts that Stevens, Bowes, and SBC knew or should have known of the
abuse and that their acts and omissions contributed to the injuries suffered as a result of Monahan’s
sexual misconduct.
SBC, Stevens, and Bowes each filed pleas in bars. Each defendant argued that Jurnigan’s
claims were barred by Code § 8.01-249(6)’s statute of limitations. The relevant version of Code
§ 8.01-249(6) (“1997 Accrual Statute”) reads:
In actions for injury to the person, whatever the theory of recovery, resulting from sexual abuse occurring during the infancy or -2- incapacity of the person, [the cause of action shall be deemed to accrue] upon removal of the disability of infancy or incapacity as provided in section 8.01-229 or, if the fact of the injury and its causal connection to the sexual abuse is not then known, when the fact of the injury and its causal connection to the sexual abuse is first communicated to the person by a licensed physician, psychologist, or clinical psychologist.
1997 Va. Acts ch. 801.2
The 1997 Accrual Statute provides two ways by which accrual for a cause of action’s time
limit is triggered: either when the minor reaches the age of majority, or, “if the fact of the injury and
its causal connection to the sexual abuse is not then known, when the fact of the injury and its causal
connection to the sexual abuse is first communicated to the person by a licensed physician,
psychologist, or clinical psychologist.” Id. The trial court held a hearing on the pleas in bar, at
which it heard argument and received documentary evidence, including the transcript of Jurnigan’s
deposition, letters written by Jurnigan to law enforcement, and Jurnigan’s answers to
interrogatories. The circuit court did not hear any oral testimony, nor did it conduct any additional
fact-finding inquiries.
The defendants argued that Jurnigan’s cause of action accrued in 2002, when he turned 18,
making Jurnigan’s claims time-barred by the statute of limitations in 2004. The defendants alleged
that Jurnigan’s accrual could not be tolled past the date of his 18th birthday because he knew the
“fact of the injury” as a minor, as he never repressed his memories of the abuse. Statements
Jurnigan made after he turned 18 were introduced to suggest that he knew the causal connection
between his injury and the sexual abuse he experienced as a minor.
Jurnigan argued that his cause of action did not begin to accrue until 2014, when he engaged
in counseling with a licensed psychologist, because he did not “know” the fact of the injury and its
causal connection to the sexual abuse before he reached the age of majority and, because of that,
2 Both parties agree the 1997 statute is appropriate to analyze here. -3- accrual was delayed until the injury and its connection was communicated to him by a healthcare
professional as required by statute.
Relevant to this issue, the lower court considered the following documentary evidence in
deciding whether to grant the pleas in bar based on the statute of limitations: two letters written by
Jurnigan to law enforcement in 2015, a transcript of Jurnigan’s deposition, and Jurnigan’s
interrogatory responses.
In the first 2015 letter written to law enforcement, Jurnigan described academic and
behavioral issues he experienced in high school, explaining that he “couldn’t focus in school” due to
“having flashbacks o[f] different abuse scenarios,” describing “PTSD like symptoms” from mental
images of the sexual abuse “burned” in his mind.
In the second 2015 letter, Jurnigan explained that he first revealed information regarding the
abuses to a close friend in 2003. This close friend passed in 2004, causing Jurnigan to “hit rock
bottom.” In that same letter, Jurnigan wrote that he “made it through [the] funeral but a week or so
after it hit [him] hard.” “[C]ompounded with [his] confusion of [him]self, all the negative things
that [he] endured as a child, late teen[,] and now early adult,” he “couldn’t take it.” He went into a
“deep state of depression.” Jurnigan further explained that “[i]n the midst of this nightmare” he was
“conscious” that he was “not acting normal.” Jurnigan reflected that “everything bad that had ever
happened to [him]” was “replaying in [his] mind like flash cards.” Most of these flashbacks
contained memories of the sexual abuse and he “started to realize just how much of a toll it had
taken on [him].”
Jurnigan then, in the second letter, recounted a series of disclosures about the alleged abuse
he made to former girlfriends beginning in 2003. He described how, towards the end of one of his
former relationships, he had an “emotional breakdown” before disclosing the abuse to his
ex-girlfriend. It was following this disclosure in 2010 that Jurnigan was first encouraged to come
-4- forward about the abuse, but he was “scared for [his] reputation, [his] mental state, [his] family,
etc.” This ex-girlfriend’s insistence that Jurnigan should not be around Monahan and her expressed
distress over Monahan’s presence started to show him that what had happened “needed to be
addressed” and that he “needed help” but that he “wasn’t strong enough to do it.” The letter
recalled Jurnigan’s disclosure of the alleged abuse to his 2014 girlfriend, who convinced Jurnigan to
disclose the information to his family on April 20, 2014.
In 2020, Jurnigan testified to the above information at a deposition. In explaining the
circumstances surrounding his first disclosure to an ex-girlfriend in 2003 or 2004, Jurnigan
described the panic he would experience when his romantic relationships would begin to
deteriorate, believing that his own unfaithful actions were harming his girlfriend or the relationship.
He reflected, opining “maybe something’s wrong with me. Could that be [the] issue? You know,
could the abuse have potentially done something to me?” According to Jurnigan, this ex-girlfriend
indicated to him that “she felt that something was off with [him] as far as sexual tendencies or being
committed in a relationship, and she really couldn’t place it.” Jurnigan further reflected that he was
not sure if the abuse impacted the behaviors he exhibited in his relationship or if “it’s just [him].”
During the deposition, Jurnigan revealed that, following the death of his friend, he attended
several mental health counseling sessions, but did not disclose the abuse he experienced to any
healthcare provider at that time. Instead, it was not until 2014 that Jurnigan disclosed details of the
abuse to a healthcare professional. The disclosure to his 2014 girlfriend, as described in the second
letter, prompted Jurnigan to seek out his primary care physician, hoping to be prescribed medication
to help him cope with revealing the abuse to his family, although he only explained to the medical
staff that “[s]omething big just happened, and I had already, you know, dealt with through the years
depression, stress, and anxiety.” Following this appointment, Jurnigan attended a counseling
session on May 28, 2014, where he, for the first time, discussed the abuse with a mental health
-5- counselor. Thereafter, he was referred to a sexual abuse mental health specialist and ultimately to
Dr. Alanna Hollings, Psy.D., C.S.O.T.P., a licensed clinical psychologist.
Jurnigan testified regarding his treatment with Dr. Hollings:
Q And when you went to that appointment, like the last appointment, you told them that you were, you know, a victim of sexual abuse when you were a child?
A When you said “the last appointment,” you were referring to the first appointment with Dr. Hollings?
Q Yeah, the -- when you went to see Dr. Hollings at the Center for Advanced Psychological Services on August 5, 2014, the same as when you went to Southside Counseling Center in May of 2014, you told them that you were -- you told both of them that you had been a victim of childhood sexual abuse.
A Yes, sir.
Q You provided them both details of the sexual abuse by Mr. Monahan?
A Yes, sir, I did.
Q You knew you were sexually molested as a child before ever going to counseling?
A Yes, but it seems that at that point in time when I was acknowledging everybody’s suggestion, whether it be [my then girlfriend] or my family or the Commonwealth’s Attorney representatives, encouraging me to go, obviously I knew the events that happened to me because they happened to me physically, but in my mind, I guess I wasn’t really -- I hadn’t processed it.
Q Okay. I understand you are claiming in this lawsuit that the first time a health care provider told you that the sexual abuse was related to your psychological and other issues was from Dr. Hollings, and I understand that you are claiming this in this lawsuit.
But my question is more specific to that. Before you ever went and saw the counselors in 2014, you were aware and had knowledge that you had been sexually abused by Mr. Monahan as a child?
-6- A Yes, sir.
Q And you knew that Mr. Monahan, given his age and your age when the occurrences happened, that what he did was illegal?
Q And that’s not -- you know, that abuse that happened to you when you were a child, that’s -- that’s nothing that you -- you forgot or -- about when you were an adult?
A No, sir.
In his answers to interrogatories, Jurnigan recounted his sessions with Dr. Hollings, where,
for the first several sessions, he briefly addressed his “sexual abuse issues.” At this time, Jurnigan
“believed that the abuse was in the past, that such had not affected him, and that he had made peace
with the abuse and moved on,” viewing the counseling “as a means to rectify his relationship
problems.” During a session around November 4, 2014, Jurnigan’s then-girlfriend presented to
Dr. Hollings a list of hurtful things Jurnigan had done during their relationship. It was then that
Dr. Hollings informed Jurnigan that “he was a sex addict and suffered from other major
psychological and self-confidence issues.” Jurnigan explained that, “[u]ntil hearing this revelation,
[he] thought that he was normal in his thought processes and attitude.” During his next session with
Dr. Hollings, Jurnigan was informed that he had been living the past twenty years with “sex
addiction, porn addiction, pathological lying, substance abuse addictions, and alcoholism.”
Jurnigan claimed that it was only then, on or about November 13, 2014, that he realized, accepted
and understood that he “was mentally and emotionally harmed and damaged from the years of
sexual abuse by Frank Monahan as a child.”
Following the hearing, the lower court issued a letter opinion ruling that the two-year statute
of limitations began to run in 2002, when Jurnigan reached adulthood, and expired in 2004. In
making this ruling, the lower court noted that “[a]lthough [Jurnigan] claims that he was not aware of
his injuries and their causal connection to the alleged sexual abuse until receiving psychotherapy, -7- other parts of the record indicate otherwise.” The lower court dismissed Jurnigan’s claims as time
barred as of 2004.
Jurnigan noted a timely appeal. His sole assignment of error asserts that the trial court erred
in granting the pleas in bar of the statute of limitations and dismissing Jurnigan’s claims as time
barred. This Court agrees, reverses the decision of the circuit court, and remands this case for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
ANALYSIS
“A plea in bar asserts a single issue, which, if proved, creates a bar to a plaintiff’s
recovery.” Hawthorne v. VanMarter, 279 Va. 566, 577 (2010). “Two possible standards of
review apply, depending on whether the plea’s proponent elects to meet that burden by
presenting evidence or relying on the pleadings.” Massenburg v. City of Petersburg, 298 Va.
212, 216 (2019). When parties present evidence ore tenus, the trial court’s factual findings will
be accorded the weight of a jury finding and will be given due deference unless the findings are
plainly wrong or without evidentiary support. See id. Where no such evidence is presented, the
trial and appellate courts consider the pleadings alone in resolving whether to grant the plea in
bar. See id. “This approach results in functionally de novo review.” Id.
The proper standard of appellate review is a de novo review.
The parties dispute the correct standard of review to apply to this action. While Jurnigan
advocates for a de novo review, the defendants claim that the circuit court’s factual findings
should not be disturbed unless plainly wrong or without evidence. The defendants’ position is
that the documentary exhibits provided to the circuit court for consideration of the pleas in bar
constitute “taking evidence” for the purposes of establishing the more deferential standard of
review on appeal. This position is mistaken.
-8- Virginia law clearly establishes two scenarios regarding pleas in bar. The first is where
the trial court decides the plea based solely on the allegations within the complaint, taken as true
for purposes of the motion. Under this circumstance, the trial court’s decision is reviewed de
novo. See, e.g., Massenburg, 298 Va. at 216. In that scenario, the plea operates “essentially [as]
a demurrer.” Our Lady in Peace, Inc. v. Morgan, 297 Va. 832, 847 n.4 (2019). The second is
where “the ‘parties present evidence on the plea ore tenus, the circuit court’s factual findings are
accorded the weight of a jury finding and will not be disturbed on appeal unless they are plainly
wrong or without evidentiary support.’” Massenburg, 297 Va. at 216 (quoting Hawthorne, 279
Va. at 577).
While our Supreme Court’s opinions may sometimes suggest that these scenarios are the
only two that ever occur, e.g., id. (“Two possible standards of review apply, depending on
whether the plea’s proponent elects to meet that burden by presenting evidence or relying on the
pleadings.”), defendants sometimes offer evidence in support of a plea in bar beyond the
complaint itself, such as “correspondence” or an “interrogatory” answer, Robinson v. Nordquist,
297 Va. 503, 509 (2019). While “correspondence” or “interrogatory” answers are offered in
support, the trial court does not actually conduct a hearing ore tenus to hear witness testimony or
to resolve disputed facts. See Moore v. Barton, 2024 Ala. Civ. App. LEXIS 61, at *13-15 (May
31, 2024) (explaining that the ore tenus rule applies to disputed issues of fact where at least some
oral testimony is taken by the trial court).
In fact, this is the exact posture in Robinson, where the defendant submitted the parties’
correspondence and an interrogatory answer in support of the plea in bar, which the trial court
sustained. In reversing, however, the Supreme Court applied de novo review, stating “[w]here
no evidence is taken in support of the plea, the trial court, and the appellate court upon review,
-9- must rely solely upon the pleadings in resolving the issue presented.” Robinson, 297 Va. at
513-14 (quoting Tomlin v. McKenzie, 251 Va. 478, 480 (1996)).
Here, the defendants submitted documentary correspondence, deposition transcripts, and
interrogatory answers, along with the pleadings, in support of their pleas in bar against
Jurnigan’s claims. The trial court never held a hearing ore tenus to hear witness testimony or to
resolve disputed facts. For the trial court’s factual determinations to be given deference, the trial
court must have held a hearing ore tenus, taking live testimony to resolve disputed facts. The
correct standard of review for this appeal is thus de novo.
There exists a genuine issue of material fact in dispute.
Where, as here, no evidence is taken in support of the plea in bar, the trial court, and the
appellate court upon review, considers solely the pleadings in resolving the issue presented.
Lostrangio v. Laingford, 261 Va. 495, 496 (2001). As such, the plea in bar operates as a motion
for summary judgment. Just as a circuit court may appropriately grant summary judgment “only
in cases in which no material facts are genuinely in dispute,” Klaiber v. Freemason Assocs., 266
Va. 478, 484 (2003), a circuit court may appropriately grant a plea in bar in this posture only in
cases in which no material facts are genuinely in dispute. A factual issue is genuinely in dispute
when reasonable factfinders could draw different conclusions from the evidence, both the facts
asserted and the reasonable inferences arising from those facts. AlBritton v. Commonwealth, 299
Va. 392, 403 (2021). In determining whether there are any material facts genuinely in dispute,
the circuit court must, in reviewing the plea in bar, accept as true “those inferences from the facts
that are most favorable to the nonmoving party, unless the inferences are forced, strained, or
contrary to reason.” Dickerson v. Fatehi, 253 Va. 324, 327 (1997). In an appeal of a decision
granting a plea in bar on the pleadings, the appellate court reviews de novo the trial court’s
finding that there are no material facts genuinely in dispute and its application of law to the facts.
- 10 - At the plea in bar hearing, the issue before the circuit court was determining whether
Jurnigan knew the fact of the injury and its causal connection to the sexual abuse as a minor. If
Jurnigan was aware of the injury and its causal connection as a minor, then his cause of action
related to the sexual abuse would have begun accruing in 2002 and would have expired in 2004.
Conversely, if Jurnigan was unaware of the fact of the injury and its causal connection,
then his cause of action would have begun accruing in 2014, when the connection was first
communicated to him by Dr. Hollings.3 In 2011, the General Assembly amended the limitations
period for child sexual abuse cases from 2 years to 20 years. Code § 8.01-243(D). Thus, if
Jurnigan’s cause of action did not begin accruing until November 2014, then Jurnigan’s claims
would be subject to the 20-year statute of limitations period contained in Code § 8.01-243(D).4
To determine whether there exists a genuine issue of material fact regarding Jurnigan’s
knowledge, this Court must resolve the dispute surrounding what it means to know the fact of the
injury and its causal connection to the abuse.
Generally, an action for personal injury accrues and the statute of limitations begins to
run on “the date the injury is sustained.” Code § 8.01-230; Kiser v. A.W. Chesterton Co., 285
Va. 12, 22 (2013). Code § 8.01-243(A) provides that “every action for personal injuries,
whatever the theory of recovery . . . shall be brought within two years after the cause of action
accrues.” If a cause of action accrued during infancy, however, “the time during which he is
within the age of minority shall not be counted as any part of the period within which the action
must be brought.” Code § 8.01-229(A)(2)(a). “Ordinarily, the fact that damage has not yet been
3 It is undisputed that Dr. Hollings is a licensed psychologist within the meaning of Code § 8.01-249(6). 4 At oral argument, defendants agreed that, were Jurnigan’s claims deemed to have accrued in 2014, the 20-year statute of limitations period contained within Code § 8.01-243(D) would apply. - 11 - discovered does not affect either the accrual of the cause of action or the running of the
limitations period.” Doe, 81 Va. App. at 566 (citing Code § 8.01-230; Starnes v. Cayouette, 244
Va. 202, 205-06 (1992)).
The timing of when an injury actually occurs becomes irrelevant for the purposes of
accrual where the General Assembly contemplated an exception to the Code § 8.01-230-standard
that extends the accrual period. See Kiser, 285 Va. at 19-20. In 1991, the General Assembly
enacted Code § 8.01-249(6) to permit delayed accrual for claims of childhood sexual abuse. In
2002, when Jurnigan reached the age of majority and his cause of action arose, the version of
Code § 8.01-249(6) in effect provided:
In actions for injury to the person, whatever the theory of recovery, resulting from sexual abuse occurring during the infancy or incapacity of the person, [the cause of action shall be deemed to accrue] upon removal of the disability of infancy or incapacity as provided in section 8.01-229 or, if the fact of the injury and its causal connection to the sexual abuse is not then known, when the fact of the injury and its causal connection to the sexual abuse is first communicated to the person by a licensed physician, psychologist, or clinical psychologist.
1997 Va. Acts ch. 801 (emphasis added).5
Jurnigan asserts that, to trigger accrual of his causes of action under the 1997 Accrual
Statute, “‘communica[tion] to the person by a licensed physician, psychologist, or clinical
psychologist’ is the only manner in which an individual can acquire the knowledge of ‘the fact of
the injury and its causal connection to the sexual abuse.’”
Defendants argue, however, that Jurnigan possessed sufficient knowledge to trigger the
accrual of his causes of action while he was a minor because he never repressed memories of the
suffered abuse and because the 1997 Accrual Statute’s knowledge requirement did not
necessitate that the fact of the injury and its causal connection to the sexual abuse be
5 It is undisputed that the 1997 Accrual Statute is the applicable statute for this action. - 12 - communicated by a licensed physician, psychologist, or clinical psychologist while the plaintiff
was a minor for accrual to begin when the plaintiff reaches the age of majority. Defendants
contend that if a plaintiff is “actually aware of the alleged abuse when he or she reaches the age
of majority,” then the knowledge requirement of the 1997 Accrual Statute is satisfied and accrual
for the statute of limitations will begin to run when the plaintiff reaches the age of majority.
“We review issues of statutory interpretation de novo.” Taylor v. Commonwealth, 77
Va. App. 149, 162 (2023). “This same de novo standard of review applies to determining the
proper definition of a particular word in a statute.” Id. (quoting Miller v. Commonwealth, 64
Va. App. 527, 537 (2015)). Where the statutory language is unambiguous, this Court is “bound
by the plain meaning of that statutory language.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 412, 415
(2018) (quoting Alston v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 759, 769 (2007)).
Interpreting the knowledge requirement—specifically, what is meant by “is not then
known”—in the 1997 Accrual Statute, this Court finds that delayed accrual applies when the fact
of the plaintiff’s injury and its causal connection to the sexual abuse is not known by the plaintiff
before he reaches the age of majority, see 1997 Va. Acts ch. 801; that communication to the
plaintiff by a licensed physician, psychologist, or clinical psychologist before the plaintiff
reaches the age of majority is not necessary to determine “knowledge” of the fact of the injury
and its causal connection to the sexual abuse in determining whether accrual is delayed; and that
the plaintiff need not have repressed his or her memory of the sexual abuse to delay accrual.
The most current version of the Accrual Statute, enacted in 2021, provides:
In actions for injury to the person, whatever the theory of recovery, resulting from sexual abuse occurring during the infancy or incapacity of the person, [the cause of action shall be deemed to accrue] upon the later of the removal of the disability of infancy or incapacity as provided in § 8.01-229 or when the fact of the injury
- 13 - and its causal connection to the sexual abuse is first communicated to the person by a licensed physician, psychologist, or clinical psychologist.
2021 Va. Acts Spec. Sess. I ch. 195.
This Court has recently held that, because the 2021 Accrual Statute omits the knowledge
requirement that is included in the 2005 version of the Accrual Statute, the 2021 Accrual Statute
permits a claim to begin running when a psychologist first communicates the fact of a plaintiff’s
injury regardless of his or her prior awareness of the injury and its causal connection to the
abuse. Doe, 81 Va. App. at 566.
In that case, the Court examined the 2005 version of the Accrual Statute, which includes
an identical knowledge requirement to the 1997 Accrual Statute at issue here. See 2005 Va. Acts
ch. 213. The knowledge requirement in the 2005 Accrual Statute (and the 1997 Accrual Statute)
“imposed a significant restriction as it conditioned the application of the delayed accrual date on
the plaintiff’s lack of knowledge of ‘the fact of injury and its causal connection to the sexual
abuse’ before reaching the age of majority.” Doe, 81 Va. App. at 572. Interpreting the 1997
Accrual Statute through its plain language, this Court held that the legislative intent was to
“prevent plaintiffs from reviving otherwise time-barred actions for which they had prior
knowledge but did not act.” Id.6
What is apparent from the plain language of the statute is that the plaintiff must have
possessed knowledge of both the injury and its causal connection to the sexual abuse—not just of
the fact of the sexual abuse. An “injury” in tort is commonly understood to be a “positive,
6 Defendants cite Ackerman v. Ackerman, 42 Va. Cir. 103 (Fairfax Cnty. 1997), to suggest a requirement that a child-sexual abuse victim must have repressed memories to qualify for tolling under the 1997 Accrual Statute. Defendants rely on Ackerman’s assertion that “[t]he legislature’s 1991 amendment was directed toward providing a remedy to victims of child abuse who suffered from repressed memories relating to the abuse.” Id. at 106. Based on the 1997 Accrual Statute’s plain language, there is no requirement for the purposes that the plaintiff had repressed his memory of the alleged sexual abuse. - 14 - physical or mental hurt.” Nunnally v. Artis, 254 Va. 247, 252 (1997). This Court recognizes that
sexual abuse suffered by a plaintiff “inherently caused [his] injury when it occurred.” Haynes v.
Haggerty, 291 Va. 301, 306 (2016). The plain language of the 1997 Accrual Statute, however,
“creates a distinction between the existence of such a physical or psychological ‘injury’ and the
act that caused the injury.” Doe, 81 Va. App. at 572.
Where a statutory phrase uses the conjunction “and,” it is readily and naturally assumed
that the legislature intended the word to “have its ordinary, literal conjunctive meaning.” Id.
(quoting Barr v. Atl. Coast Pipeline, LLC, 295 Va. 522, 552 (2018)). Furthermore, “by ‘use of
the conjunctive “and,” the statute is clear that both’ of the conditions separated by the
conjunction must be met to satisfy a statutory requirement.” Id. (quoting Varga v.
Commonwealth, 260 Va. 547, 551 (2000)). As is true of the 2005 Accrual Statute, the
conjunctive use of the word “and” in the phrase “if the fact of injury and causal connection to the
sexual abuse is not then known” indicates that the “injury” of which the plaintiff lacks
knowledge is “something other than the sexual abuse itself.” Id. at 572-73.
This Court disagrees with Jurnigan’s contention that communication of the injury and its
causal connection to the sexual abuse by one of the statutorily named professionals is the only
way in which Jurnigan could have obtained the requisite knowledge prior to reaching the age of
majority. While communication by a healthcare professional may be sufficient to provide the
requisite knowledge for accrual to begin when the plaintiff reaches majority, it is not a necessary
precondition for a finding that a minor possessed knowledge of the fact and the connection under
the 1997 Accrual Statute.
Given the lack of appellate guidance on how to apply the delayed accrual provision in a
similar posture to the case before us, this Court looks to an Eastern District of Virginia decision
applying Code § 8.01-249(6) in the motion to dismiss stage. In B.T. v. Silver Diner Dev., LLC,
- 15 - 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 146916 (E.D. Va. Aug. 16, 2022), the court denied a motion to dismiss
asserting the statute of limitations for a claim of child sexual abuse. Id. at *13. There, the
plaintiff described psychological injuries she incurred as a result of the sexual abuse she endured
as a minor but did not provide any facts to indicate that these injuries had manifested before she
reached the age of majority rather than later in life. Id. at *2-3.
The plaintiff in B.T. also did not describe any events or circumstances to suggest that she
had known that the injuries were connected to the sexual abuse before being informed of this fact
by a psychologist many years after she reached the age of majority. Id. Given the lack of details
establishing a definitive timeline for the plaintiff’s awareness, the court concluded that it was
“plausible” that she had not known of her injuries or the cause of those injuries before reaching
adulthood. Id. at *13-14. The district court denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss because “it
[was] not clear from the face of the complaint that Plaintiff was aware of the causal connection
between her abuse and her injuries before she met with a mental health professional in 2020.”
Id. at *13. The district court explained that “dismissal of the complaint because of a statute of
limitations defense is ‘rare,’ and it should only occur if the time bar ‘clearly appears on the face
of the complaint.’” Id. at *14 (first quoting Goodman v. Praxair, Inc., 494 F.3d 458, 464 (4th Cir.
2007); and then quoting Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac R.R. Co. v. Forst, 4 F.3d 244,
250 (4th Cir. 1993)).
This Court distinguished B.T. in Doe v. Green, where the defendant’s plea in bar based on
the 2005 Accrual Statute was granted. In Doe, the circuit court considered undisputed facts set
forth in the pleadings. Doe, 81 Va. App. at 571. The plaintiff’s argument hinged on the assertion
that, to have been aware of the fact of the injury to start accruing when she reached the age of
majority, she must have received a formal diagnosis of a specific injury as a minor. Id. at 574.
Based on the plain meaning of the statute, this Court held that the term “injury” as included in
- 16 - Code § 8.01-249(6) does not need to be a formal diagnosis. Instead, the “injury” can be a
manifestation of symptoms of which the plaintiff is aware are causally connected to the sexual
abuse. Id. In Doe, the undisputed facts established the plaintiff manifested several symptoms as
a minor and, as a minor, was “clearly” aware of the “causal origin” of her conditions. Id.
Jurnigan’s position is similar to the plaintiff’s in B.T. Like the district court in B.T., the
circuit court was confronted with conflicting evidence when considering whether to grant the
defendants’ pleas in bar. To be sure, here, the circuit court’s letter opinion acknowledged as
such, recognizing that, while the record includes Jurnigan’s allegations regarding his lack of
knowledge, “other parts of the record indicate otherwise.” Defendants, in support of their pleas in
bar, highlighted a myriad of statements made by Jurnigan in his deposition, written letters to law
enforcement, and interrogatories to demonstrate that he possessed knowledge of his injuries and
their causal connection to the sexual abuse as a minor.
Importantly, however, is that all these statements were made by Jurnigan shortly after
Dr. Hollings first communicated to him the causal connection between his injuries and the sexual
abuse. It is “plausible” that Jurnigan’s reflections upon the specific impact the sexual abuse had
on his mental state and behavior as a child, teen, and early adult were influenced by
Dr. Hollings’ revelation. Additionally, Jurnigan’s statement that, “[u]ntil hearing this revelation,
[he] thought that he was normal in his thought processes and attitude,” directly contradicts any
contention that Jurnigan understood the causal connection between the injury and the sexual abuse
as a minor. Furthermore, Jurnigan expressed his belief that he was attending counseling not to
address the sexual abuse and the effects of it, but to “rectify his relationship problems.”
Without a hearing ore tenus, the circuit court was not entitled to resolve this factual dispute.
Because there exists a genuine issue of material fact in dispute, the trial court’s decision to grant the
pleas in bar was error.
- 17 - CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s decision granting the pleas in bar is reversed.
This matter is remanded to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
- 18 -