WING, J.
It is claimed that the resolution of September 10th, which purports to authorize the committee named, to hold the investigation in the course of which the commitment, the legality of which is under consideration, was made, is invalid because it involves the expenditure of money, and also because some of the prerequisites to such legislation as are required by section 1545-3, were omitted.
The resolution may be invalid as an authorization for the expenditure of money, but is not necessarily invalid as an authority to investigate.
The investigation contemplated by the resolution might be had without expense.
A law may be valid in part, although invalid in other parts if such parts may be separated.
The Court, therefore, holds the resolution so far as it authorizes investigation, to be valid notwithstanding the objection made.
It is further urged for the petitioner that section 1545-11 Revised Statutes gives, by its terms, no power to a committee of the council to commit for contempt, and, that section 1687 Revised Statutes, is not operative in the city of Cleveland necause repealed by the act of March 16, 1891, commonly called the federal plan act.
The repealing clause of the last mentioned act provides that only such statutes of the state which conflict with any provisions of the act, are thereby repealed; and further provides that the latter act shall be held to supersede such statutes only as to matters of inconsistency. The language of this repealing section 85 gives character to the whole act. From it, we gather that the intention of the legislature was to pass an act for the government of cities of the grade and class mentioned, which should be more efficient as its title states, without repealing existing laws applicable thereto, which would not prevent the operation of the provisions of the new act.
Section 11 does not, in terms, prevent the operation of section 1687 and, hence, does not conflict and is not inconsistent with it. If, by the latter act, a different way of punishing contumacious witnesses was provided for the city of Cleveland than existed in other parts of the state its constitutionality might be open' to grave question. In the case of the State ex rel. Crawford v. McGregor, 44 Ohio St., 628, in which there was evident conflict between earlier and later statutes, the opinion of the court on page 634, suggests this last consideration:
“And whereas in this case, the special provisions of one section, operating as an exception to the general provisions of another, are uniform in their operation throughout the state, they are not in conflict, with the constitutional provision requiring all laws of a general nature to have such operation.”
In Dillon on Municipal Corporations, section 88, it is said:
“The presumption is not lightly to be indulged that the legislature has, by implication, repealed, as respects a particular municipality or as repects all municipalities, laws of a general nature elsewhere enforced throughout the state. Yet a statute or special act, passed subsequent to the general law and plainly irreconcilable with it, will, to the extent of the conflict, operate as a repeal' of the latter by implication:”
The court holds that section 1687 Revised Statutes, has operation in the city of Cleveland notwithstanding the passage of the federal plan act, so-called.
The case before the court may be briefly stated ás follows:
By resolution of the council of the city of Cleveland, a committee from its number was directed to investigate charges, made by various persons, of corruption in connection with the awarding of a contract. The language of the resolution in that regard is, “to investigate the truth concerning the charge made by various persons to the effect that corrupt methods have been resorted to for the purpose of securing contracts from the city of Cleveland with The Gamewell Fire-Alarm and Telegraph Company.”
The committee, in the discharge of the duty thus_ imposed, called, among other witnes_ses, its presiding officer, D. B. Steuer, the petitioner. Many questions were put to him, the relevancy of which the court cannot appreciate. The record shows that the following question was put: “Were you in the city [206]*206clerk’s office in said city on the afternoon of the 21 st day of August last.” The witness refused to answer. He did not state his reasons other than that he refused under advice of his counsel. He stated affirmatively, "I will say that I am eager to answer, but I am in the hands of my attorney and will act under this advice. I have come here to testify and am eager to testify, but I am acting under the advice of my attorney.” The question was put to him, “Do you refuse to answer the question because it will tend to criminate you.” Thereupon, Mr. Dawley, counsel for witness, said, “You need not answer that. His answer would not criminate him. We rely solely upon the proposition that this committee has no power to subpoena here before the committee, anybody against whom they say charges are pending or likely to be pending, who stands in the light of the defendant, and compel him to give evidence in this matter.”
Dawlev, Foran, Collister & Heisley, for Petitioner.
Hogsett, Beacon, Exceu & Gage and Judge Blandin, for Defendant.
The witness, persisting in his refusal to answer, was committed to jail until he should purge himself of contempt by making answer.
. From these facts, which are undisputed, I gather:
First. That the council, in appointing and authorizing the committee, was in the performance of one of its highest functions, to-wit making investigation to find out whether it needed cleansing from corrupt influences.
• Second. That the witness, not only omitted to invoke any privilege, but decided that he did not need the protection of the privilege.
In Warner v. Lucas, 10 Ohio R., 337, it is held, that the witness is his own judge as to whether an answer will, either directly or indirectly, criminate him.
By the decision of Councilman v. Hitchcock, 142 U. S. 547, either section 1687 Revised Statutes, or section 1545-n would be held unconstitutional if invoked as the au- . thority for compelling an unwilling witness to give an answer which he deemed to have a tendency to incriminate him, for the reason that such sections do not provide complete immunity for those who are compelled to make disclosures.
This question of unconstitutionalicy cannot be raised by one who is not a formal party to a case, criminal in is nature, when it appears that, in his own opinion, the answer would not tend to criminate him.
Both sections referred to, are constitutional in so far as they do not invade the right of an individual, guaranteed to him by the loth section of the Bill of Rights of Ohio.
There is full legislative power to compel answer from witnesses generally, subject to this exception:
'“The extent to which the witness is compelled to answer such questions as do not fix upon him a criminal culpability, is within the control of the legislature.”
State v. Nowell, 58 N. H. 314. This case is quoted with approval in Brown v. Walker, 161 U. S., 591. In the last case referred to, on page 597, it is said:
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WING, J.
It is claimed that the resolution of September 10th, which purports to authorize the committee named, to hold the investigation in the course of which the commitment, the legality of which is under consideration, was made, is invalid because it involves the expenditure of money, and also because some of the prerequisites to such legislation as are required by section 1545-3, were omitted.
The resolution may be invalid as an authorization for the expenditure of money, but is not necessarily invalid as an authority to investigate.
The investigation contemplated by the resolution might be had without expense.
A law may be valid in part, although invalid in other parts if such parts may be separated.
The Court, therefore, holds the resolution so far as it authorizes investigation, to be valid notwithstanding the objection made.
It is further urged for the petitioner that section 1545-11 Revised Statutes gives, by its terms, no power to a committee of the council to commit for contempt, and, that section 1687 Revised Statutes, is not operative in the city of Cleveland necause repealed by the act of March 16, 1891, commonly called the federal plan act.
The repealing clause of the last mentioned act provides that only such statutes of the state which conflict with any provisions of the act, are thereby repealed; and further provides that the latter act shall be held to supersede such statutes only as to matters of inconsistency. The language of this repealing section 85 gives character to the whole act. From it, we gather that the intention of the legislature was to pass an act for the government of cities of the grade and class mentioned, which should be more efficient as its title states, without repealing existing laws applicable thereto, which would not prevent the operation of the provisions of the new act.
Section 11 does not, in terms, prevent the operation of section 1687 and, hence, does not conflict and is not inconsistent with it. If, by the latter act, a different way of punishing contumacious witnesses was provided for the city of Cleveland than existed in other parts of the state its constitutionality might be open' to grave question. In the case of the State ex rel. Crawford v. McGregor, 44 Ohio St., 628, in which there was evident conflict between earlier and later statutes, the opinion of the court on page 634, suggests this last consideration:
“And whereas in this case, the special provisions of one section, operating as an exception to the general provisions of another, are uniform in their operation throughout the state, they are not in conflict, with the constitutional provision requiring all laws of a general nature to have such operation.”
In Dillon on Municipal Corporations, section 88, it is said:
“The presumption is not lightly to be indulged that the legislature has, by implication, repealed, as respects a particular municipality or as repects all municipalities, laws of a general nature elsewhere enforced throughout the state. Yet a statute or special act, passed subsequent to the general law and plainly irreconcilable with it, will, to the extent of the conflict, operate as a repeal' of the latter by implication:”
The court holds that section 1687 Revised Statutes, has operation in the city of Cleveland notwithstanding the passage of the federal plan act, so-called.
The case before the court may be briefly stated ás follows:
By resolution of the council of the city of Cleveland, a committee from its number was directed to investigate charges, made by various persons, of corruption in connection with the awarding of a contract. The language of the resolution in that regard is, “to investigate the truth concerning the charge made by various persons to the effect that corrupt methods have been resorted to for the purpose of securing contracts from the city of Cleveland with The Gamewell Fire-Alarm and Telegraph Company.”
The committee, in the discharge of the duty thus_ imposed, called, among other witnes_ses, its presiding officer, D. B. Steuer, the petitioner. Many questions were put to him, the relevancy of which the court cannot appreciate. The record shows that the following question was put: “Were you in the city [206]*206clerk’s office in said city on the afternoon of the 21 st day of August last.” The witness refused to answer. He did not state his reasons other than that he refused under advice of his counsel. He stated affirmatively, "I will say that I am eager to answer, but I am in the hands of my attorney and will act under this advice. I have come here to testify and am eager to testify, but I am acting under the advice of my attorney.” The question was put to him, “Do you refuse to answer the question because it will tend to criminate you.” Thereupon, Mr. Dawley, counsel for witness, said, “You need not answer that. His answer would not criminate him. We rely solely upon the proposition that this committee has no power to subpoena here before the committee, anybody against whom they say charges are pending or likely to be pending, who stands in the light of the defendant, and compel him to give evidence in this matter.”
Dawlev, Foran, Collister & Heisley, for Petitioner.
Hogsett, Beacon, Exceu & Gage and Judge Blandin, for Defendant.
The witness, persisting in his refusal to answer, was committed to jail until he should purge himself of contempt by making answer.
. From these facts, which are undisputed, I gather:
First. That the council, in appointing and authorizing the committee, was in the performance of one of its highest functions, to-wit making investigation to find out whether it needed cleansing from corrupt influences.
• Second. That the witness, not only omitted to invoke any privilege, but decided that he did not need the protection of the privilege.
In Warner v. Lucas, 10 Ohio R., 337, it is held, that the witness is his own judge as to whether an answer will, either directly or indirectly, criminate him.
By the decision of Councilman v. Hitchcock, 142 U. S. 547, either section 1687 Revised Statutes, or section 1545-n would be held unconstitutional if invoked as the au- . thority for compelling an unwilling witness to give an answer which he deemed to have a tendency to incriminate him, for the reason that such sections do not provide complete immunity for those who are compelled to make disclosures.
This question of unconstitutionalicy cannot be raised by one who is not a formal party to a case, criminal in is nature, when it appears that, in his own opinion, the answer would not tend to criminate him.
Both sections referred to, are constitutional in so far as they do not invade the right of an individual, guaranteed to him by the loth section of the Bill of Rights of Ohio.
There is full legislative power to compel answer from witnesses generally, subject to this exception:
'“The extent to which the witness is compelled to answer such questions as do not fix upon him a criminal culpability, is within the control of the legislature.”
State v. Nowell, 58 N. H. 314. This case is quoted with approval in Brown v. Walker, 161 U. S., 591. In the last case referred to, on page 597, it is said:
“Thus if the witness himself elected to waive his privilege, as he may doubtless do, since the privilege is for his protection, and not for that of other parties. This is supported by many cited authorities.
In Emery’s case, 107 Mass., relied upon by counsel for petitioner, in the conclusion of the opinion on page 187, it is said:
‘ The result is that in appealing to his privilege as an exemption from his obligation to answer the inquiries put to him, the ’ petitioner was in the exercise of his constitutional right; and his refusal on tha t ground” could not be regarded as contempt.
In the case of United States v. James, 60 Fed. Reporter, 257411 which Judge Grosscup delivers one of the most ably written opinions I have ever read, it is held, “That the 5th amendment to the federal constitution secures a privilege.”
The recusant witness in that case avowed his reason for not answering, that the answer would tend to criminate him.
The general law is that all witnesses must answer all questions authoritatively asked, which are pertinent to the objects of an examination.
The common law rule, made more permannent by the 5th amendment to the constitution anid section 10 of the Bill of Rights of Ohio and other provisions of similar character in the organic law of the several states, furnishes an exception to this general rule. The exception is in the nature of an exemption to the witness under certain circumstances. It is for his own benefit only, and relieves him from doing what otherwise would be his duty to do.
All of the authorities appear to treat the right of the witness as a privilege to be used or waived by him as he may choose.
. When the witness himself declares that he is eager to testify, there is no duty resting upon any tribunal to prevent him from so-doing. Authority for this view may be found in State v. Allen, 107 N. C. 805; Crause v. Sentinel Co., 62 Wis. 660; San Antonio Ry. Co. v. Muth, 7 Tex. Civ. App. 443; Lothrop v. Roberts, 16 Calif. 250.
The court holds that the legislature of Ohio has constitutional power to vest the city council or a committee thereof, with authority to commit a witness who may refuse to answer pertinent questions put in, the course of an investigation which is confined within the proper limits of its lawful functions.
So far as the investigation referred to in this opinion is confined to finding out wnelher or not corrupt methods have been used or attempted to be used ■ in the procuring of the Gamewell contract, so-called, it is legitimate.
I feel bound to express to counsel in this cause my high appreciation of the most able manner in which they have assisted the court by argument and citation.
The writ is denied, and the petitioner is remanded.