SEVERENS, Circuit Judge,
having made the foregoing statement of the cases, delivered the opinion of the court. *
The preliminary question which we have to determine upon these appeals is whether, upon the evidence before him, the referee, and the judge, in reviewing his determination, reached conclusions which he was justified in finding in regard to the facts; and upon this point we have no hesitation in saying that, in our opinion, the findings of the-referee are amply sustained by the proofs exhibited by the record. We find no resting place for a doubt that a scheme such as is above-set forth was formed by the persons named as parties thereto for surreptitiously taking out of the assets of the insolvent debtor, for a wholly inadequate consideration, a goodly share thereof, paying the-appellants arid two other favored creditors one-half of their claims,, and turning the surplus over to the debtor;. and that this programme was substantially carried out- as planned. The controlling question of [503]*503law in the cases is whether these facts constitute a preference within the meaning of that term in the bankruptcy act. The word is not in set terms defined by the act, but we have no doubt that, so far as- the nature of the property transferred is concerned, it includes everything' which has capacity for being taken and appropriated to the satisfaction of debts provable under the act. It may be. of a legal or of an equitable nature. In respect to the means by which the transfer is effected there is no limitation. However devious the method, if the result is that, but for the act, the creditor acquires property from the debtor which is subject at law or in equity to be appropriated to the satisfaction of the debtor’s obligations, that is a transfer within the meaning of the law. Coll. Bankr. (3d Ed.) 356; Loveland, Bankr. 464. By section 60b it is provided that the trustee may recover the property, or the value thereof, transferred to effect an unlawful preference, from the person receiving it. In legal contemplation the persons who received the property of the bankrupt for the purpose of accomplishing a preference in the present instance were the appellants. It was in consequence of their interference that the property was unlawfully diverted to their own use. Stern was an agent simply. It is not material to know whether he had authority from the appellants to do what he did at the time the agreement was perfected. Their subsequent adoption of it by accepting its fruits made them equally responsible for it as if they had prearranged it, and put him forward to act in their place. , Unless the circumstance that the goods were sold under an order of the court affects his right or the trustee has done some act which estops him from now holding the appellants for the goods or their value, it must follow that he is entitled to treat the appellants as having received them by way of unlawful preference and as having converted them to their own use.
It is contended for the appellants that the Jefferson circuit court had jurisdiction of the goods and authority to order them sold, and that whatever was done in the exercise of that authority must be held valid by the bankruptcy court, which has since taken possession of the fund which represents the proceeds of the sale. We do not doubt that the general proposition thus advanced is sound. But there are some important considerations which prevent its application here. The proceedings taken to obtain the order from the court were tainted with the fraud of the parties. The court itself was imposed upon by misrepresentation of the quantity and value of the goods. The interest of the creditors other than those conspiring in the agreement was not represented. ' It was not an adversary proceeding. The order was procured upon the petition of the assignee, who had become the instrument of the appellants in effecting the unlawful purpose they intended. Moreover, the doings of the parties after obtaining the order were never brought to the attention of the court, and the propriety and validity thereof were never adjudged. Even if the order of sale had been free from taint, enough remains in what was subsequently done under cover of it to bring into condemnation the sale and the ultimate disposition of the goods by the appellants. It is true that these preferences did not proceed from’ the insolvent in the usual manner. The property had been assigned by it for the benefit of [504]*504creditors. The trust was in course of execution. With the assent' of the assignee, the assignor resumed control of this portion of the assigned property, and converted it to the assignor’s* own uses and-purposes. Undoubtedly, the creditors who were not preferred in this breach of the trust could have complained; but the appellants ob^ tained the property, not under the trust, but in fraud of it. They dealt directly with the assignor; and the assignee, abandoning his place as such, promoted the purposes of those parties. There is no solid ground for any distinction which the appellants can stand upon in- the fact that the property received had been the subject of a trust for general creditors. The assignment itself was defeasible, and the insolvent took the very property which would have come, and did eventually come, as his own to the trastee, wherewith to make the preferences. The mere fact that at that time the legal title was not in him cannot, in our opinion, alter the essential character of the transaction.
The other barrier which the appellants interpose is that the trustee, having received the fund which had been brought into the state court,, including the $15,000 paid at the sale of the goods, and still retaining the same, has ratified the sale, and cannot be heard to complain of it. But we do not think that consequence necessarily follows. The trustee had the right, if he should elfect to do so, to treat the sale as void, and pursue the appellants for the value of the goods in an action in trover, the goods themselves having been scattered beyond recovery. And it is not shown that he has done anything which precludes his exercise of that privilege, or that the appellants have been prejudiced by delay. Was he bound, as a condition to his election to-treat the sale as void, to restore the money which had been paid at the sale? Some of the earlier precedents and many dicta of judges-’ upon the subject of rescission would seem to favor' the conclusion that he was. This was upon a somewhat technical interpretation of the rule that the parties should be put in statu quo. And doubtless there are many instances in which nothing less than a literal compliance with the rule would meet the requirements of justice. But there is a growing tendency in modern decisions to consider the special facts of the case, and inquire whether the restoration of the purchase money is indispensable, or whether all the rights to which the other party is justly entitled may be protected without the purchase price being tendered back, and, when this is seen to be practicable, to dispense with it as an unnecessary formality. 2 Mechem, Sales Pers. Prop. § 919, and the following cases there cited: Ladd v. Moore, 3 Sandf. 589; Warner v. Vallily, 13 R. I. 483; Crossen v. Murphy, 31 Or. 114, 49 Pac. 858; Poor v. Woodburn, 25 Yt. 234. See, also, Pierce v. Wood, 3 Fost. 519. The cases now under consideration seem to show that the conditions are such that the modification of the rule just adverted to has a fitting application. The goods converted were of much' greater value than the sum which the trustee has received of the moneys of the appellants. His damages -for the conversion may properly be diminished by the sum already in his hands.
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SEVERENS, Circuit Judge,
having made the foregoing statement of the cases, delivered the opinion of the court. *
The preliminary question which we have to determine upon these appeals is whether, upon the evidence before him, the referee, and the judge, in reviewing his determination, reached conclusions which he was justified in finding in regard to the facts; and upon this point we have no hesitation in saying that, in our opinion, the findings of the-referee are amply sustained by the proofs exhibited by the record. We find no resting place for a doubt that a scheme such as is above-set forth was formed by the persons named as parties thereto for surreptitiously taking out of the assets of the insolvent debtor, for a wholly inadequate consideration, a goodly share thereof, paying the-appellants arid two other favored creditors one-half of their claims,, and turning the surplus over to the debtor;. and that this programme was substantially carried out- as planned. The controlling question of [503]*503law in the cases is whether these facts constitute a preference within the meaning of that term in the bankruptcy act. The word is not in set terms defined by the act, but we have no doubt that, so far as- the nature of the property transferred is concerned, it includes everything' which has capacity for being taken and appropriated to the satisfaction of debts provable under the act. It may be. of a legal or of an equitable nature. In respect to the means by which the transfer is effected there is no limitation. However devious the method, if the result is that, but for the act, the creditor acquires property from the debtor which is subject at law or in equity to be appropriated to the satisfaction of the debtor’s obligations, that is a transfer within the meaning of the law. Coll. Bankr. (3d Ed.) 356; Loveland, Bankr. 464. By section 60b it is provided that the trustee may recover the property, or the value thereof, transferred to effect an unlawful preference, from the person receiving it. In legal contemplation the persons who received the property of the bankrupt for the purpose of accomplishing a preference in the present instance were the appellants. It was in consequence of their interference that the property was unlawfully diverted to their own use. Stern was an agent simply. It is not material to know whether he had authority from the appellants to do what he did at the time the agreement was perfected. Their subsequent adoption of it by accepting its fruits made them equally responsible for it as if they had prearranged it, and put him forward to act in their place. , Unless the circumstance that the goods were sold under an order of the court affects his right or the trustee has done some act which estops him from now holding the appellants for the goods or their value, it must follow that he is entitled to treat the appellants as having received them by way of unlawful preference and as having converted them to their own use.
It is contended for the appellants that the Jefferson circuit court had jurisdiction of the goods and authority to order them sold, and that whatever was done in the exercise of that authority must be held valid by the bankruptcy court, which has since taken possession of the fund which represents the proceeds of the sale. We do not doubt that the general proposition thus advanced is sound. But there are some important considerations which prevent its application here. The proceedings taken to obtain the order from the court were tainted with the fraud of the parties. The court itself was imposed upon by misrepresentation of the quantity and value of the goods. The interest of the creditors other than those conspiring in the agreement was not represented. ' It was not an adversary proceeding. The order was procured upon the petition of the assignee, who had become the instrument of the appellants in effecting the unlawful purpose they intended. Moreover, the doings of the parties after obtaining the order were never brought to the attention of the court, and the propriety and validity thereof were never adjudged. Even if the order of sale had been free from taint, enough remains in what was subsequently done under cover of it to bring into condemnation the sale and the ultimate disposition of the goods by the appellants. It is true that these preferences did not proceed from’ the insolvent in the usual manner. The property had been assigned by it for the benefit of [504]*504creditors. The trust was in course of execution. With the assent' of the assignee, the assignor resumed control of this portion of the assigned property, and converted it to the assignor’s* own uses and-purposes. Undoubtedly, the creditors who were not preferred in this breach of the trust could have complained; but the appellants ob^ tained the property, not under the trust, but in fraud of it. They dealt directly with the assignor; and the assignee, abandoning his place as such, promoted the purposes of those parties. There is no solid ground for any distinction which the appellants can stand upon in- the fact that the property received had been the subject of a trust for general creditors. The assignment itself was defeasible, and the insolvent took the very property which would have come, and did eventually come, as his own to the trastee, wherewith to make the preferences. The mere fact that at that time the legal title was not in him cannot, in our opinion, alter the essential character of the transaction.
The other barrier which the appellants interpose is that the trustee, having received the fund which had been brought into the state court,, including the $15,000 paid at the sale of the goods, and still retaining the same, has ratified the sale, and cannot be heard to complain of it. But we do not think that consequence necessarily follows. The trustee had the right, if he should elfect to do so, to treat the sale as void, and pursue the appellants for the value of the goods in an action in trover, the goods themselves having been scattered beyond recovery. And it is not shown that he has done anything which precludes his exercise of that privilege, or that the appellants have been prejudiced by delay. Was he bound, as a condition to his election to-treat the sale as void, to restore the money which had been paid at the sale? Some of the earlier precedents and many dicta of judges-’ upon the subject of rescission would seem to favor' the conclusion that he was. This was upon a somewhat technical interpretation of the rule that the parties should be put in statu quo. And doubtless there are many instances in which nothing less than a literal compliance with the rule would meet the requirements of justice. But there is a growing tendency in modern decisions to consider the special facts of the case, and inquire whether the restoration of the purchase money is indispensable, or whether all the rights to which the other party is justly entitled may be protected without the purchase price being tendered back, and, when this is seen to be practicable, to dispense with it as an unnecessary formality. 2 Mechem, Sales Pers. Prop. § 919, and the following cases there cited: Ladd v. Moore, 3 Sandf. 589; Warner v. Vallily, 13 R. I. 483; Crossen v. Murphy, 31 Or. 114, 49 Pac. 858; Poor v. Woodburn, 25 Yt. 234. See, also, Pierce v. Wood, 3 Fost. 519. The cases now under consideration seem to show that the conditions are such that the modification of the rule just adverted to has a fitting application. The goods converted were of much' greater value than the sum which the trustee has received of the moneys of the appellants. His damages -for the conversion may properly be diminished by the sum already in his hands. If he should have already restored the money, and should get judgment for the entire value, he would take back a sum' [505]*505which he had restored included in the judgment. The purchaser would pay out of one hand what he had received .by the other. It is not difficult to see that it might often happen that this course in obtaining a remedy against wrongdoers would best subserve the interests of justice,—as where the wrongdoer is insolvent. The doctrine, as explained, commends itself to our approval. The trustee is therefore entitled to have the surplus of value beyond that which he has received paid to him as part of the assets of the 'bankrupts; and, as the appellants received it by way of unlawful preference, we see no reason why they should not be required to restore it before they are allowed to prove their claims against the estate. It is manifest that the bankruptcy court is authorized to inquire and determine the extent of the liability of the appellants. It must do so in every such case, else it cannot be known what sum the preferred creditor must restore to entitle him to prove his claim.
It may be that a more complete statement of the grounds of the objection by the trustee 'would have been better suited to the trial of the controversy. But the appellants seem to have understood the nature of the issue, and to have adapted their course to it. If more ample specifications were required by them, no’ doubt the court would have ordered them.
We think, however, that the order of the referee should have specified the sums which the respective appellants should be required to restore- to the estate in order to entitle them to an allowance of their claims. The order will be affirmed, with a modification that there be incorporated in it the sums which the appellants, respectively, are required to restore before allowance of their claims. This may be ascertained upon the testimony which formed the basis of the order appealed from.
The appellants must pay the costs of their appeals.