The opinion of the court was delivered by
Smith, J.:
Prior to May 13, 1891, one John Patton,, father of appellant Nelson M. Patton, was the owner of the land which is the subject of this action in partition. John Patton and his wife, Maria, had no-children from their marriage, but each had children by a former marriage and each was at this time advanced in years. At the date stated John Patton executed, and caused to be recorded, a deed conveying the: land to his wife, Maria, reserving to himself a life [381]*381estate therein. There is evidence that soon after the recording of the deed both parties thereto stated, in effect, that there was a mistake in the deed and that it was the intention of each that John Patton should convey a life estate in the land to Maria Patton and retain the fee in the land in himself. Maria Patton died March 13, 1893, and John Patton died April 29, 1893. Upon the death of his father, appellant Nelson M. Patton bought the interests of his brothers and sisters, the only heirs at law of John Patton, took possession of the land, and for more than fourteen years before the commencement of this action continued in the exclusive possession thereof. During the years 1906-1907 one of the appellees, Stephenson, procured quitclaim deeds of some of the heirs of Maria Patton to their interests in the land, and on July 2, 1907, commenced this action for a partition and for an accounting of the rents and profits thereof. Nelson M. Patton and wife answered as follows: (1) General denial; (2) exclusive possession for more than fifteen years; (3) mutual mistake in the making of the deed from John Patton to Maria Patton; (4) that in the settlement of the estate of John Patton, the heirs of Maria Patton agreed to make no claim to any part of the estate; that acting thereon, Nelson M. Patton took possession of the land as his own, made improvements thereon, and the plaintiffs were estopped thereby; (5) that Nelson M. Patton had acquired title to the land by a tax deed, and (6), by way of cross-petition, asked for a reformation of the deed from John Patton to Maria Patton. The prayer of the answer was that the title be ■ quieted in Nelson M. Patton, or if the court should find that he was not the exclusive owner thereof, that he be allowed for taxes paid and improvements made thereon.
A reply was filed as follows: (1) General denial; (2) that the allegations of mutual mistake made in the deed of May 13, 1891, were barred by the statute of [382]*382.limitations; (3) that within ninety days from the execution of the deed of May 13, 1891, John and Maria Patton had full knowledge of the terms and provisions thereof and with such knowledge allowed such deed to stand and remain unchanged, and thereby ratified and confirmed the same.
The trial of the action was without a jury, and the court found that the tract of land contained thirty-two and one-half acres, more or less. It also found that a deed thereto was made from John Patton to Maria Patton but made no finding of fact as to the alleged mistake in the deed; that upon the death of Maria Patton, John Patton became the owner of an undivided one-half interest in the premises and each of her five children became the owner of an undivided one-tenth thereof; chat during the year 1893 Nelson M. Patton acquired the interests of all his brothers and sisters and thereby became the owner of an undivided one-half interest therein and took possession thereof; that at the commencement of this action, Nelson M. Patton owned an undivided forty-eight-eightieths of the real estate and the appellees thirty-two-eightieths thereof; that appellant had paid the taxes from 1893 to 1908, inclusive, amounting to $219.72, and had placed improvements thereon of the value of $1100; that the appellant had had the use and occupation of the premises from 1894 to 1906, and the rental value of the premises for these years was $125 per annum; and for'the years 1907, 1908 and 1909 the rental value was $150 per an-num. The court also found that appellant had full knowledge of the deed from his father to Maria Patton and the interests of her heirs in the premises; that the taxes on the land, for which the tax deed was issued, accrued while the appellant was in -possession and while it was his duty to pay them; that the appellees’ grantors did nothing to induce appellant to believe they had waived their rights to the land; that they were all nonresidents of the state of Kansas and had had no [383]*383actual knowledge of the improvements made upon the land by the appellant. •
As conclusions of law the court found that the ap-pellees were seized in fee of thirty-two-eightieths interest in the premises and the appellant forty-eight-eightieths thereof; that the appellee was entitled to recover of the appellant $292.67 after deducting improvements and taxes, and the sum is declared to be a lien on the interest of the appellant in the land. Partition was awarded and costs divided according to the interests as found.
It is contended by appellant that the undisputed evidence shows that the deed from John Patton to Maria Patton on May 13, 1891, did not effect the intentions of the parties thereto but by mutual mistake conveyed the fee in the land to Maria Patton and reserved a life estate therein to John Patton, and that appellant in an action more than fourteen years thereafter could have the mistake corrected. The court held that this claim of appellant was barred by the statute of limitations. The evidence shows that both parties, to the deed lived for nearly two years after the alleged discovery of the mistake, and in the absence of evidence to the contrary they will be presumed to have been competent to have rectified the mistake. Under such circumstances it will be presumed that they changed their minds and ratified the deed as recorded. This presumption debars the appellant at any time after his father’s death from maintaining an action to correct the mistake.
Although legal conclusions seem commingled with the findings of fact, the findings as to the respective interests of the parties in the land seem to be in accord with the evidence.
The court found that appellant has made improvements on the land in good faith and honestly, of the reasonable value of $1100, and has paid taxes amounting to $219.72; also, in effect, that the value of the use-[384]*384of the premises from the time the appellant commenced his occupation thereof to the time of the trial is $825, and still renders judgment against appellant for $219.67. Whether interest was allowed on either side does not appear.
Rent is expressly allowed from 1894 to 1909, and it as clearly appears from the findings that appellee Stephenson acquired the several interests of the heirs of Maria Patton in the land in the years 1906 and 1907.
Generally a claim for rent is a chose in action .and, of course, can not be a lien against the land of the claimant for the use of which the claim arises. Even “a quitclaim deed of the leased premises from a lessor to a lessee does not operate as a release of the rent which had accrued at the date of such deed.” (Johnson et al. v. Muzzy, 42 Vt. 708, syl.)
A quitclaim deed conveys only the grantor’s title to the land described therein. (Young v. Clippinger, 14 Kan. 148; Knight v. Dalton, 72 Kan. 131, 83 Pac. 124; 13 Cyc.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Smith, J.:
Prior to May 13, 1891, one John Patton,, father of appellant Nelson M. Patton, was the owner of the land which is the subject of this action in partition. John Patton and his wife, Maria, had no-children from their marriage, but each had children by a former marriage and each was at this time advanced in years. At the date stated John Patton executed, and caused to be recorded, a deed conveying the: land to his wife, Maria, reserving to himself a life [381]*381estate therein. There is evidence that soon after the recording of the deed both parties thereto stated, in effect, that there was a mistake in the deed and that it was the intention of each that John Patton should convey a life estate in the land to Maria Patton and retain the fee in the land in himself. Maria Patton died March 13, 1893, and John Patton died April 29, 1893. Upon the death of his father, appellant Nelson M. Patton bought the interests of his brothers and sisters, the only heirs at law of John Patton, took possession of the land, and for more than fourteen years before the commencement of this action continued in the exclusive possession thereof. During the years 1906-1907 one of the appellees, Stephenson, procured quitclaim deeds of some of the heirs of Maria Patton to their interests in the land, and on July 2, 1907, commenced this action for a partition and for an accounting of the rents and profits thereof. Nelson M. Patton and wife answered as follows: (1) General denial; (2) exclusive possession for more than fifteen years; (3) mutual mistake in the making of the deed from John Patton to Maria Patton; (4) that in the settlement of the estate of John Patton, the heirs of Maria Patton agreed to make no claim to any part of the estate; that acting thereon, Nelson M. Patton took possession of the land as his own, made improvements thereon, and the plaintiffs were estopped thereby; (5) that Nelson M. Patton had acquired title to the land by a tax deed, and (6), by way of cross-petition, asked for a reformation of the deed from John Patton to Maria Patton. The prayer of the answer was that the title be ■ quieted in Nelson M. Patton, or if the court should find that he was not the exclusive owner thereof, that he be allowed for taxes paid and improvements made thereon.
A reply was filed as follows: (1) General denial; (2) that the allegations of mutual mistake made in the deed of May 13, 1891, were barred by the statute of [382]*382.limitations; (3) that within ninety days from the execution of the deed of May 13, 1891, John and Maria Patton had full knowledge of the terms and provisions thereof and with such knowledge allowed such deed to stand and remain unchanged, and thereby ratified and confirmed the same.
The trial of the action was without a jury, and the court found that the tract of land contained thirty-two and one-half acres, more or less. It also found that a deed thereto was made from John Patton to Maria Patton but made no finding of fact as to the alleged mistake in the deed; that upon the death of Maria Patton, John Patton became the owner of an undivided one-half interest in the premises and each of her five children became the owner of an undivided one-tenth thereof; chat during the year 1893 Nelson M. Patton acquired the interests of all his brothers and sisters and thereby became the owner of an undivided one-half interest therein and took possession thereof; that at the commencement of this action, Nelson M. Patton owned an undivided forty-eight-eightieths of the real estate and the appellees thirty-two-eightieths thereof; that appellant had paid the taxes from 1893 to 1908, inclusive, amounting to $219.72, and had placed improvements thereon of the value of $1100; that the appellant had had the use and occupation of the premises from 1894 to 1906, and the rental value of the premises for these years was $125 per annum; and for'the years 1907, 1908 and 1909 the rental value was $150 per an-num. The court also found that appellant had full knowledge of the deed from his father to Maria Patton and the interests of her heirs in the premises; that the taxes on the land, for which the tax deed was issued, accrued while the appellant was in -possession and while it was his duty to pay them; that the appellees’ grantors did nothing to induce appellant to believe they had waived their rights to the land; that they were all nonresidents of the state of Kansas and had had no [383]*383actual knowledge of the improvements made upon the land by the appellant. •
As conclusions of law the court found that the ap-pellees were seized in fee of thirty-two-eightieths interest in the premises and the appellant forty-eight-eightieths thereof; that the appellee was entitled to recover of the appellant $292.67 after deducting improvements and taxes, and the sum is declared to be a lien on the interest of the appellant in the land. Partition was awarded and costs divided according to the interests as found.
It is contended by appellant that the undisputed evidence shows that the deed from John Patton to Maria Patton on May 13, 1891, did not effect the intentions of the parties thereto but by mutual mistake conveyed the fee in the land to Maria Patton and reserved a life estate therein to John Patton, and that appellant in an action more than fourteen years thereafter could have the mistake corrected. The court held that this claim of appellant was barred by the statute of limitations. The evidence shows that both parties, to the deed lived for nearly two years after the alleged discovery of the mistake, and in the absence of evidence to the contrary they will be presumed to have been competent to have rectified the mistake. Under such circumstances it will be presumed that they changed their minds and ratified the deed as recorded. This presumption debars the appellant at any time after his father’s death from maintaining an action to correct the mistake.
Although legal conclusions seem commingled with the findings of fact, the findings as to the respective interests of the parties in the land seem to be in accord with the evidence.
The court found that appellant has made improvements on the land in good faith and honestly, of the reasonable value of $1100, and has paid taxes amounting to $219.72; also, in effect, that the value of the use-[384]*384of the premises from the time the appellant commenced his occupation thereof to the time of the trial is $825, and still renders judgment against appellant for $219.67. Whether interest was allowed on either side does not appear.
Rent is expressly allowed from 1894 to 1909, and it as clearly appears from the findings that appellee Stephenson acquired the several interests of the heirs of Maria Patton in the land in the years 1906 and 1907.
Generally a claim for rent is a chose in action .and, of course, can not be a lien against the land of the claimant for the use of which the claim arises. Even “a quitclaim deed of the leased premises from a lessor to a lessee does not operate as a release of the rent which had accrued at the date of such deed.” (Johnson et al. v. Muzzy, 42 Vt. 708, syl.)
A quitclaim deed conveys only the grantor’s title to the land described therein. (Young v. Clippinger, 14 Kan. 148; Knight v. Dalton, 72 Kan. 131, 83 Pac. 124; 13 Cyc. 652.) The quitclaim deeds, produced in evidence by Stephenson, conveyed to him all the interest which the grantor in each deed had in the title to the land, including whatever right the grantor had to the possession thereof; but such deeds did not convey to Stephenson any claim for rents which had accrued to 'the grantors, severally, prior to the execution and delivery of each deed.
It is equitable, in an action for partition between a cotenant or cotenants out of actual possession, and a cotenant in possession, that the respective claims for taxes and improvements should be set off from time to time as justice may require. In an action such as this, where the cotenants out of possession have a different proportion of interest in the title to the land and to the possession thereof, and have held such interests for different lengths of time, the adjustment should be made severally as to each of such cotenants, and not jointly, regard being had to the proportion of interest [385]*385held by each in the land, and the time each interest was acquired and held.
No error is predicated thereon, but it appears from the findings of fact and conclusions of law that the rights of one cotenant, having one-eightieth interest in the land, were entirely ignored.
The court properly held the tax deed void, which appellant had acquired while he was in possession of the land and in duty bound to pay the taxes; but, of course, the appellant is entitled to credit for the taxes upon which the tax deed is based, as if the tax deed had not been issued.
No exception seems to be taken to the findings as to the respective interests of the parties in the land except the one claim of appellant that he was entitled to reform the deed from his father to his step-mother and thus perfect entire title in himself. This, as we have seen, is not permissible, and the findings of the court as to the respective interests are approved.
With reference to the improvements the court made the following finding:
“Said defendant Nelson M. Patton has also made necessary and proper repairs and improvements on said premises which were fully worth about $700.00 at the time of the commencement of this action, and has also made improvements on said premises, which were not necessary but which were made in good faith and honestly made for the purpose of improving the property, and the same were at the commencement of this action reasonably worth the sum of $400.00.”
We construe this to mean that the improvements add to the value of the premises $1100, and . that the appellant should have credit for that amount.
The -judgment is reversed and the case is remanded with instructions to compute and determine the interests of the parties in the rents and profits in accordance with the views herein expressed; and to off-set the same as to each appellee against the amount to which the appellant is entitled for taxes and improvements, [386]*386and to award partition in accordance with the provisions of the statute, and also to tax the costs, attorneys’ fees and other expenses which may have accrued in accordance with section 648 of the civil code.