IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-18-00367-CR
STEPHENE RAY WESTBROOK, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 249th District Court Johnson County, Texas Trial Court No. DC-F201800406
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Stephene Ray Westbrook was found guilty by a jury of possession of
between one and four grams of methamphetamine. The trial court found an
enhancement allegation true and assessed Westbrook’s punishment at fifteen years’
incarceration in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division. In two
issues, Westbrook asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel and that the
trial court erred in the admission of exhibits at the punishment phase. We will affirm. Background
The evidence at trial reflects that Westbrook was arrested after coming to the
attention of the police when the manager of a motel where Westbrook was visiting
requested that Westbrook and his hostess be issued a trespass warning for failing to pay
the room rental. After running Westbrook’s name, the investigating officer discovered
that there was an active parole warrant for Westbrook’s arrest. The officer handcuffed
Westbrook and found bags of marijuana and methamphetamine in Westbrook’s pocket.
Westbrook’s companion was also arrested and was in possession of additional amounts
of methamphetamine.
At trial, Westbrook did not dispute that he was in possession of methamphetamine
but argued that the amount he actually possessed was less than one gram. The only
support for Westbrook’s defense was his own testimony. The jury was instructed on the
lesser-included-offense of possession of less than one gram of methamphetamine. By
their verdict, the jury did not find Westbrook’s testimony that he possessed less than one
gram of methamphetamine credible.
The indictment against Westbrook contained an enhancement allegation that
alleged a prior felony drug conviction. At the punishment phase, the State offered
evidence of that conviction as well as Westbrook’s other convictions. The State
additionally presented the testimony of an investigator who took Westbrook’s
fingerprints the day trial started. The investigator testified that the fingerprints he had
taken matched the fingerprints attached to State’s Exhibit 10 (the penitentiary packet that
included Westbrook’s three prior felony drug convictions) and State’s Exhibit 13 (the
Westbrook v. State Page 2 penitentiary packet for a state-jail felony evading arrest conviction). The investigator was
unable to match Westbrook’s fingerprints to those on two other certified judgments—
State’s Exhibits 14 and 15. Exhibits 14 and 15 are the judgments from Westbrook’s state-
jail convictions for possession of a forged check and evading arrest or detention with a
prior conviction. The investigator testified that Westbrook was the person named in
Exhibits 14 and 15 due to his distinctive name and due to the identical state identification
number on Exhibits 10, 14, and 15.
Discussion
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel. In his first issue, Westbrook asserts that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel due to his attorney’s failure to request a hearing
and pursue a ruling on a pre-trial motion to examine and re-test the methamphetamine
recovered from Westbrook at the time of his arrest. Westbrook argues that it was
imperative for counsel to request a hearing and a ruling because “the issue of the weight
of the controlled substance allegedly possessed by Appellant was the central issue in the
case and determined the punishment range of the offense.” While Westbrook filed a
motion for new trial, he did not raise ineffective assistance of counsel in his motion.
To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the familiar Strickland test
must be met. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 521, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 2535, 156 L.Ed.2d 471
(2003) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d
674 (1984)); Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 101 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (same). Under
Strickland, the appellant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1)
counsel's performance was deficient; and (2) the defense was prejudiced by counsel's
Westbrook v. State Page 3 deficient performance. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 521, 123 S.Ct. at 2535; Strickland, 466 U.S. at
687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064; Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 101. Absent both showings, an appellate
court cannot conclude that the conviction resulted from a breakdown in the adversarial
process that renders the result unreliable. Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 101.
Trial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain his or her
actions before being denounced as ineffective. Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2003). When the record is silent regarding the reasons for counsel's conduct,
a finding that counsel was ineffective requires impermissible speculation by the appellate
court. State v. Frias, 511 S.W.3d 797, 810 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2016, pet. ref’d). Therefore,
absent specific explanations for counsel's decisions, a record on direct appeal will rarely
contain sufficient information to evaluate or decide an ineffective-assistance claim. See
Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). “Thus[,] an application for a writ
of habeas corpus is the more appropriate vehicle to raise ineffective assistance of counsel
claims.” Rylander, 101 S.W.3d at 110. In the absence of a developed record, counsel
should be found ineffective only if his or her conduct was “so outrageous that no
competent attorney would have engaged in it.” Prine v. State, 537 S.W.3d 113, 117 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2017) (quoting Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)).
The record on appeal is insufficient to evaluate or decide Westbrook’s ineffective
assistance claim. Counsel’s failure to obtain either a hearing or a ruling on a pre-trial
motion is not categorically deemed ineffective assistance. See Hudson v. State, 128 S.W.3d
367, 381 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.); Mares v. State, 52 S.W.3d 886, 891 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. ref’d); Willis v. State, 867 S.W.2d 852, 857 (Tex. App.—
Westbrook v. State Page 4 Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d). Counsel could well have elected not to pursue re-
weighing the methamphetamine as a viable strategy.
The weight of the methamphetamine taken from Westbrook’s pocket was 2.26
grams, as established through the testimony of the forensic chemist who analyzed the
drugs submitted by the investigating officer and the forensic chemist’s report. Counsel
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IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-18-00367-CR
STEPHENE RAY WESTBROOK, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 249th District Court Johnson County, Texas Trial Court No. DC-F201800406
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Stephene Ray Westbrook was found guilty by a jury of possession of
between one and four grams of methamphetamine. The trial court found an
enhancement allegation true and assessed Westbrook’s punishment at fifteen years’
incarceration in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division. In two
issues, Westbrook asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel and that the
trial court erred in the admission of exhibits at the punishment phase. We will affirm. Background
The evidence at trial reflects that Westbrook was arrested after coming to the
attention of the police when the manager of a motel where Westbrook was visiting
requested that Westbrook and his hostess be issued a trespass warning for failing to pay
the room rental. After running Westbrook’s name, the investigating officer discovered
that there was an active parole warrant for Westbrook’s arrest. The officer handcuffed
Westbrook and found bags of marijuana and methamphetamine in Westbrook’s pocket.
Westbrook’s companion was also arrested and was in possession of additional amounts
of methamphetamine.
At trial, Westbrook did not dispute that he was in possession of methamphetamine
but argued that the amount he actually possessed was less than one gram. The only
support for Westbrook’s defense was his own testimony. The jury was instructed on the
lesser-included-offense of possession of less than one gram of methamphetamine. By
their verdict, the jury did not find Westbrook’s testimony that he possessed less than one
gram of methamphetamine credible.
The indictment against Westbrook contained an enhancement allegation that
alleged a prior felony drug conviction. At the punishment phase, the State offered
evidence of that conviction as well as Westbrook’s other convictions. The State
additionally presented the testimony of an investigator who took Westbrook’s
fingerprints the day trial started. The investigator testified that the fingerprints he had
taken matched the fingerprints attached to State’s Exhibit 10 (the penitentiary packet that
included Westbrook’s three prior felony drug convictions) and State’s Exhibit 13 (the
Westbrook v. State Page 2 penitentiary packet for a state-jail felony evading arrest conviction). The investigator was
unable to match Westbrook’s fingerprints to those on two other certified judgments—
State’s Exhibits 14 and 15. Exhibits 14 and 15 are the judgments from Westbrook’s state-
jail convictions for possession of a forged check and evading arrest or detention with a
prior conviction. The investigator testified that Westbrook was the person named in
Exhibits 14 and 15 due to his distinctive name and due to the identical state identification
number on Exhibits 10, 14, and 15.
Discussion
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel. In his first issue, Westbrook asserts that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel due to his attorney’s failure to request a hearing
and pursue a ruling on a pre-trial motion to examine and re-test the methamphetamine
recovered from Westbrook at the time of his arrest. Westbrook argues that it was
imperative for counsel to request a hearing and a ruling because “the issue of the weight
of the controlled substance allegedly possessed by Appellant was the central issue in the
case and determined the punishment range of the offense.” While Westbrook filed a
motion for new trial, he did not raise ineffective assistance of counsel in his motion.
To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the familiar Strickland test
must be met. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 521, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 2535, 156 L.Ed.2d 471
(2003) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d
674 (1984)); Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 101 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (same). Under
Strickland, the appellant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1)
counsel's performance was deficient; and (2) the defense was prejudiced by counsel's
Westbrook v. State Page 3 deficient performance. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 521, 123 S.Ct. at 2535; Strickland, 466 U.S. at
687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064; Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 101. Absent both showings, an appellate
court cannot conclude that the conviction resulted from a breakdown in the adversarial
process that renders the result unreliable. Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 101.
Trial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain his or her
actions before being denounced as ineffective. Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2003). When the record is silent regarding the reasons for counsel's conduct,
a finding that counsel was ineffective requires impermissible speculation by the appellate
court. State v. Frias, 511 S.W.3d 797, 810 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2016, pet. ref’d). Therefore,
absent specific explanations for counsel's decisions, a record on direct appeal will rarely
contain sufficient information to evaluate or decide an ineffective-assistance claim. See
Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). “Thus[,] an application for a writ
of habeas corpus is the more appropriate vehicle to raise ineffective assistance of counsel
claims.” Rylander, 101 S.W.3d at 110. In the absence of a developed record, counsel
should be found ineffective only if his or her conduct was “so outrageous that no
competent attorney would have engaged in it.” Prine v. State, 537 S.W.3d 113, 117 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2017) (quoting Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)).
The record on appeal is insufficient to evaluate or decide Westbrook’s ineffective
assistance claim. Counsel’s failure to obtain either a hearing or a ruling on a pre-trial
motion is not categorically deemed ineffective assistance. See Hudson v. State, 128 S.W.3d
367, 381 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.); Mares v. State, 52 S.W.3d 886, 891 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. ref’d); Willis v. State, 867 S.W.2d 852, 857 (Tex. App.—
Westbrook v. State Page 4 Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d). Counsel could well have elected not to pursue re-
weighing the methamphetamine as a viable strategy.
The weight of the methamphetamine taken from Westbrook’s pocket was 2.26
grams, as established through the testimony of the forensic chemist who analyzed the
drugs submitted by the investigating officer and the forensic chemist’s report. Counsel
could well have concluded that re-weighing the methamphetamine would yield the same
result, bolstering the State’s case and compromising Westbrook’s defense. Such a
strategy is not “so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.”
Prine, 537 S.W.3d at 117. We overrule Westbrook’s first issue.
B. Evidentiary Rulings. In his second issue, Westbrook asserts the trial court erred
in overruling his objection to two of the State’s exhibits related to his criminal record.
Specifically, Westbrook contends that the judgments in Exhibits Number 14 and 15
“could not be linked to defendant by his fingerprints and were inadmissible because they
constituted extraneous offenses and were not proven by the state beyond a reasonable
doubt.”
As noted, Exhibits 14 and 15 are certified copies of judgments from two of
Westbrook’s prior convictions, neither of which is the enhancement offense charged in
the indictment. Westbrook was identified as the defendant in Exhibits 14 and 15 by the
investigator who compared Westbrook’s personal information to that contained in
Exhibit 10. Exhibit 10 also included photographs of Westbrook.
In imposing sentence, the trial court noted:
Westbrook v. State Page 5 The Court has considered the evidence admitted in the guilt-or-innocence phase of the trial, as well as the punishment phase of the trial. Considering the Defendant's prior criminal record, as well as the facts of this case, the Court will sentence the Defendant Stephene Ray Westbrook to serve a sentence of 15 years in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and will give him credit for having served 223 days in jail.
We review the trial court’s ruling on the admission of evidence for an abuse of
discretion. Gonzalez v. State, 544 S.W.3d 363, 370 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). “Under this
standard, the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence will be upheld as long as
it was within the ‘zone of reasonable disagreement.’” Beham v. State, 559 S.W.3d 474, 478
(Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (citing McGee v. State, 233 S.W.3d 315, 318 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
After a defendant has been found guilty, the Code of Criminal Procedure provides
that evidence may be offered by either party as to any matter that the court deems
relevant to sentencing. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, §3(a)(1); see also Bluitt v.
State, 137 S.W.3d 51, 54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Article 37.07 specifically permits the state
to introduce a defendant’s prior criminal record:
[E]vidence may be offered by the state and the defendant as to any matter the court deems relevant to sentencing, including but not limited to the prior criminal record of the defendant, his general reputation, his character, an opinion regarding his character, the circumstances of the offense for which he is being tried, and, notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of Evidence, any other evidence of an extraneous crime or bad act that is shown beyond a reasonable doubt by evidence to have been committed by the defendant or for which he could be held criminally responsible, regardless of whether he has previously been charged with or finally convicted of the crime or act.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, §3(a)(1). When proving up a defendant’s criminal
record, the state must show beyond a reasonable doubt that an earlier conviction exists
Westbrook v. State Page 6 and that the defendant is linked to that conviction. Haas v. State, 494 S.W.3d 819, 822-23
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.). No specific document or mode of proof
is required to prove these elements. Flowers v. State, 220 S.W.3d 919, 921 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007).
Certified copies of a judgment and sentence are sufficient to establish a
defendant’s previous conviction so long as the state provides independent evidence
linking the documents to the defendant on trial. Beck v. State, 719 S.W.2d 205, 209 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1986). As the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained, the proof that
is adduced to establish this connection resembles a jigsaw puzzle—the trier of fact fits the
pieces together, weighs the credibility of each piece, and determines if the pieces fit
together sufficiently to complete the puzzle. Flowers, 220 S.W.3d at 923. “Just as there is
more than one way to skin a cat, there is more than one way to prove a prior conviction.”
Id. at 922.
Exhibits 14 and 15 are certified copies of the judgments and were properly
admitted under Rule 902. TEX. R. EVID. 902. The State sufficiently linked Westbrook to
the convictions in Exhibits 14 and 15. The investigator’s testimony and a review of the
records reflects that Westbrook’s name, which has a distinctive spelling (Stephene) and
Westbrook’s state identification number is on State’s Exhibit 10 as well as on Exhibits 14
and 15. Additionally, Exhibit 10 included Westbrook’s photograph, which the trial court
could compare to the defendant on trial. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting Exhibits 14 and 15 and in using those convictions to calculate Westbrook’s
sentence. We overrule Westbrook’s second issue.
Westbrook v. State Page 7 Conclusion
Having overruled both of Westbrook’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
MATT JOHNSON Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Neill, and Justice Johnson Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed May 26, 2021 Do not publish [CR25]
Westbrook v. State Page 8