Stephen Murray v. Janelle Taylor

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
• Decided: January 16, 2026
• Docket: 25-11744
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

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NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 25-11744 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

STEPHEN LYNCH MURRAY, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus

JANELLE IRWIN TAYLOR, PETER D. SCHORSCH, EXTENSIVE ENTERPRISES MEDIA, LLC., Defendants-Appellees. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 6:24-cv-00006-CEM-LHP ____________________

Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and KIDD, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 25-11744 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 01/16/2026 Page: 2 of 8

2 Opinion of the Court 25-11744

Stephen Murray, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal with prejudice of his amended complaint, which alleged free-speech and due-process violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. He argues that the district court gave inadequate notice and instructions on how to amend his complaint so it would not contain shotgun pleading deficiencies and did not read his amended complaint properly. After careful review, we affirm. I. In January 2024, Murray, proceeding pro se in federal court, filed a sprawling complaint, spanning 258 pages and roughly 800 paragraphs, against Janelle Irwin Taylor, Peter D. Schorsch, and Extensive Enterprises Media, LLC. The complaint appears to be based on a February 2021 article written by Taylor and published by Schorsch to a politics website operated by Extensive Enterprises Media (“EEM”). The content of the article discussed Murray’s ar- rest for the alleged cyberstalking of a spouse of a Florida legislator, and for sending vulgar and threatening emails about the spouse. Murray sought retraction of the story, but was refused, and then filed a lawsuit against Taylor, Schorsch, and EEM for defamation in state court. The state court dismissed the action on the merits. Based on these allegations and a deluge of other vague, im- material, and conclusory statements, Murray brought claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Taylor, Schorsch, and EEM. 1 He alleged

1 In August 2021, Murray also filed a complaint in federal district court alleging

that a state attorney and a state legislator, among others, retaliated against him for his protected speech by causing the police to unlawfully track, search, and USCA11 Case: 25-11744 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 01/16/2026 Page: 3 of 8

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that these defendants were “state actors” who deprived him of pro- tected liberty interests without due process and violated his rights to free speech, in violation of the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments. The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint, alleging that Murray’s complaint was a “shotgun pleading,” that his claims were barred by claim and issue preclusion, and that he failed to state a plausible claim in part because the defendants were not state actors subject to suit under § 1983. A magistrate judge recommended the district court dismiss the complaint as a shotgun pleading, but with leave to amend. The magistrate judge explained that the complaint was deficient be- cause it did not identify which factual allegations related to which claim; it was replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts; and it failed to specify which defendant was responsible for which acts. The judge noted that the complaint included more than 250 pages of assertions, arguments, and legal conclusions “without ever clearly connecting any allegations to a specific cause of action beyond conclusory references to the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments and certain case law regarding defama- tion.”

arrest him without probable cause. The district court dismissed the complaint as a shotgun pleading, and we affirmed on appeal. Murray v. Archer, No. 22- 13155, 2023 WL 6381523 (11th Cir. Oct. 2, 2023). USCA11 Case: 25-11744 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 01/16/2026 Page: 4 of 8

4 Opinion of the Court 25-11744

Finding that these features of the complaint made it impos- sible to ascertain the factual or legal basis for Murray’s claims, the magistrate judge recommended that the complaint be dismissed as a shotgun pleading, but with leave to amend given Murray’s pro se status. The judge provided Murray additional guidance about pleading standards and the elements of a cause of action under § 1983. Murray filed objections, but the district court overruled them, dismissing the complaint without prejudice and with leave to amend. Murray timely filed an amended complaint, reducing its length to 121 pages and 286 paragraphs. The defendants again moved to dismiss, asserting that the amended complaint remained a shotgun pleading that failed to state a plausible claim. The magistrate judge agreed that the amended complaint remained a shotgun pleading, and recommended dismissal without further leave to amend. The judge noted that the gist of Murray’s amended complaint was that the defendants “defamed him and vi- olated his rights by publishing an article about his arrest,” but that “a substantial portion of the amended complaint [was] a lengthy narrative addressing several tangential issues unrelated to the spe- cific conduct of Defendants.” What’s more, according to the mag- istrate judge, the amended complaint still failed to identify with any clarity the claims being asserted or their factual support, was re- plete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously connected to any cause of action, and failed to specify which de- fendant was responsible for which acts. Accordingly, the USCA11 Case: 25-11744 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 01/16/2026 Page: 5 of 8

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magistrate judge recommended that the amended complaint be dismissed as a shotgun pleading without further opportunity to re- plead. The judge also agreed with the defendants that Murray failed to allege that they had engaged in “state action” cognizable under § 1983, and that he appeared to be alleging a state-law defa- mation claim, which previously had been resolved against him in state court. The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s recom- mendation over Murray’s objections and dismissed the action with prejudice. Murray now appeals. II. We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s decision to dismiss a complaint as an impermissible shotgun pleading. Vibe Micro, Inc. v. Shabanets, 878 F.3d 1291, 1294 (11th Cir. 2018). “[P]ro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally construed.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). Yet despite giving “liberal construction to the pleadings of pro se litigants, we nevertheless have required them to conform to proce- dural rules.” Albra v. Advan, Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir. 2007). The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). They also require that such claims be set forth “in numbered paragraphs, each limited as far as practi- cable to a single set of circumstances,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b). “Shot- gun pleadings” are complaints that violate federal pleading rules by USCA11 Case: 25-11744 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 01/16/2026 Page: 6 of 8

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“fail[ing] to one degree or another, and in one way or another, to give the defendants adequate notice of the claims against them and the grounds upon which each claim rests.” Weiland v. Palm Beach Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, 792 F.3d 1313, 1320 (11th Cir. 2015); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) & 10(b). We have “little tolerance for shotgun plead- ings” because they “waste judicial resources, inexorably broaden the scope of discovery, wreak havoc on appellate court dockets, and undermine the public’s respect for the courts.” Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1295 (cleaned up). We have identified four rough types of shotgun pleadings. Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1321–24. A complaint may qualify as a shot- gun pleading if it (1) “contain[s] multiple counts where each count adopts the allegations of all preceding counts”; (2) is “replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously connected to any particular cause of action”; (3) does not separate “each cause of action or claim for relief” into a different count; or (4) “assert[s] multiple claims against multiple defendants without specifying which of the defendants are responsible for which acts or omis- sions, or which of the defendants the claim is brought against.” Id. At bottom, though, the inquiry is not about pleading technicalities but rather whether the complaint provides defendants fair “notice of the specific claims against them and the factual allegations that support those claims.” Id. at 1325. “A district court has the inherent authority to control its docket and ensure the prompt resolution of lawsuits, which in- cludes the ability to dismiss a complaint on shotgun pleading USCA11 Case: 25-11744 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 01/16/2026 Page: 7 of 8

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grounds.” Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1295 (quotation marks omitted). Before dismissing a complaint on shotgun-pleading grounds, though, the court must “sua sponte allow a litigant one chance to remedy such deficiencies.” Id. The court should “explain how the offending pleading violates the shotgun pleading rule” and order the plaintiff to replead the case. Id. at 1295–96. “If that chance is afforded and the plaintiff fails to remedy the defects, the district court does not abuse its discretion in dismissing the case with prej- udice on shotgun pleading grounds.” Jackson v. Bank of America, N.A., 898 F.3d 1348, 1358 (11th Cir. 2018). Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in dis- missing the amended complaint as a shotgun pleading. Murray’s amended complaint fails “to identify his claims with sufficient clar- ity to enable the defendant[s] to frame a [responsive] pleading.” Sledge v. Goodyear Dunlop Tires N. Am., Ltd., 275 F.3d 1014, 1018 n.8 (11th Cir. 2001). It is “replete with conclusory, vague, and imma- terial facts not obviously connected to any particular cause of ac- tion,” because it was written in sprawling, narrative form in which his political musings and opinions were intermingled with accusa- tions against the defendants, making it difficult to follow. Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1321–23. The gist of Murray’s lawsuit is that the defendants wronged him by uncritically reporting police statements about his arrest, which he says were untrue. But his allegations reflect that a state court has rejected his contention that the defendants defamed him, and a substantial portion of his pleading concerns alleged USCA11 Case: 25-11744 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 01/16/2026 Page: 8 of 8

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wrongdoing by others, including a state attorney and a state legis- lator. Moreover, despite numerous conclusory assertions of collu- sive behavior, Murray fails to identify any viable grounds for con- cluding that the individual journalist defendants or a private media outlet could be considered “state actors” subject to suit for due- process and free-speech violations. See Harvey v. Harvey, 949 F.2d 1127, 1130 (11th Cir. 1992) (“Only in rare circumstances can a pri- vate party be viewed as a ‘state actor’ for section 1983 purposes.”); Snow v. DirecTV, Inc., 450 F.3d 1314, 1318 (11th Cir. 2006) (stating that “vague and conclusory allegations” need not be credited). Ac- cordingly, we agree with the district court that the amended com- plaint, which was replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously connected to any cause of action, failed to iden- tify with any clarity the claims being asserted or their factual sup- port. Finally, because the district court provided Murray notice and an opportunity to cure the deficiencies in his original com- plaint, and Murray failed to remedy the deficiencies, the district court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing the amended com- plaint with prejudice. See Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1356–57. We reject Murray’s arguments that the court failed to provide adequate no- tice of the deficiencies in his pleading or a meaningful opportunity to present his claims. AFFIRMED.