USCA11 Case: 19-14123 Date Filed: 11/03/2020 Page: 1 of 16
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-14123 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:16-cv-01558-KOB
STEPHEN HAMMONDS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ROBERT THEAKSTON, et al.,
Defendant-Appellee. ________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(November 3, 2020)
Before GRANT, LUCK, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
I. USCA11 Case: 19-14123 Date Filed: 11/03/2020 Page: 2 of 16
On September 29, 2014, Stephen Hammonds, a Type 1 diabetic who takes
insulin, was arrested on charges of possession of a controlled substance, possession
of drug paraphernalia, and failure to appear – domestic violence third degree; he
was booked into the DeKalb County Correctional Center later that day. Jail
personnel confiscated short-acting R insulin and long-acting N insulin from
Hammonds when he was booked. 1
Dr. Robert Theakston treated Hammonds at the DeKalb County Correctional
Center. He placed Hammonds on an insulin sliding scale regimen in which
medical staff checked Hammonds’s blood sugar twice a day. When his blood
sugar was unhealthy, medical staff would administer a dose of short-acting insulin.
The sliding scale regimen involved only short-acting insulin and no long-acting
insulin.
Hammonds alleges that jail staff knew that he required both short- and long-
acting insulin because (1) he had both types of insulin in his possession when he
was arrested; (2) he told the arresting police officer, booking officer, nurses,
jailers, and others that he needed both insulins; and (3) he had been held and
1 Short-acting insulin counteracts the spike in glucose that occurs when eating. Long- acting insulin helps maintain a healthy baseline glucose level. 2 USCA11 Case: 19-14123 Date Filed: 11/03/2020 Page: 3 of 16
treated at DeKalb County Correction Center twice before, and on both occasions
Dr. Theakston was the jail physician. 2
Five days into his incarceration, on October 3, 2014, Hammonds felt “very
sick” and feared that he “might not live.” He called his parents and said he might
die. Hammonds’s mother called 911 to report that Hammonds was having a
medical emergency at the jail. The 911 operator reported the same to Chief Jail
Administrator Matthew Martin. According to an affidavit from Hammonds’s
mother, Martin called Hammonds’s mother back and said that “he was going to
make some arrests if anyone called 911 again and that he was tired of having his
supper interrupted.” Hammonds alleges that jail staff then brought him to a phone
so that Martin could tell him that he would be placed in solitary confinement if his
family called 911 again, after which “things would get worse for [Hammonds] and
[his] family.”3
Over the next two days, jail medical staff struggled to treat Hammonds’s
high blood sugar, and on October 5, Dr. Theakston ordered jail medical staff to
transport Hammonds to the DeKalb County Regional Medical Center emergency
2 In 2007, Hammonds was in the DeKalb County Correction Center and was treated with both short- and long-acting insulin. In 2013, Hammonds was treated at the DeKalb County Correction Center and—although he reported that he needed both short- and long-acting insulin—he was only given short-acting insulin (without incident). 3 Martin disputes the facts alleged by Hammonds. For the purposes of summary judgment, we accept Hammonds’s version of the facts as true. See Case v. Eslinger, 555 F.3d 1317, 1324–25 (11th Cir. 2009) 3 USCA11 Case: 19-14123 Date Filed: 11/03/2020 Page: 4 of 16
room for diabetic ketoacidosis. The diabetic ketoacidosis was resolved by
October 8, 2014. The hospital discharged Hammonds back to the DeKalb County
Correctional Center and instructed jail medical staff to administer a mixture of
short- and long-acting insulin twice a day and to call the hospital if Hammonds’s
blood glucose level exceeded 400 mg/dl.
In the eight days following Hammonds’s discharge from the hospital, he
twice had a blood glucose level above 400 mg/dl. Jail personnel did not call the
hospital on either occasion. Additionally, medical records indicate that jail staff
sometimes administered a dose of short-acting insulin smaller or larger than the
dose required by the hospital’s instructions. The DeKalb County Correctional
Center released Hammonds on October 16, 2014, eight days after he was
discharged by the hospital.
Hammonds now suffers from diabetic peripheral neuropathy, which he
alleges was caused by the diabetic ketoacidosis that he suffered at the DeKalb
County Correctional Center. Hammonds brought a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
against Dr. Theakston and Martin in their individual capacities, alleging that they
violated his Eighth Amendment right to be free from deliberate indifference to his
serious medical needs. U.S. Const. amend. VIII.
Dr. Theakston and Martin moved for summary judgment. The District Court
granted summary judgment to both defendants, finding that both Dr. Theakston
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and Martin are entitled to qualified immunity. In reaching its conclusion, the
District Court did not address whether Dr. Theakston or Martin violated
Hammonds’s constitutional rights. Instead, the District Court addressed only
qualified immunity. Hammonds appeals.
II.
We review “de novo the district court’s disposition of a summary judgment
motion based on qualified immunity, resolving all issues of material fact in favor
of Plaintiffs and then answering the legal question of whether Defendants are
entitled to qualified immunity under that version of the facts.” Case v. Eslinger,
555 F.3d 1317, 1324–25 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting West v. Tillman, 496 F.3d 1321,
1326 (11th Cir. 2007)).
Government officials are shielded by qualified immunity when they act
within the scope of their discretionary authority, Courson v. McMillian, 939 F.2d
1479, 1487 (11th Cir. 1991), and when “their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would
have known,” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 2738
(1982).
III.
A.
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On appeal, Hammonds argues that the District Court erred by addressing
qualified immunity first and not addressing Hammonds’s allegations that Dr.
Theakston and Martin violated his constitutional rights. We disagree. It is well
settled in this Circuit that we may address the two core questions in a qualified
immunity case—that is, (1) whether the official violated the plaintiff’s
constitutional rights, and (2) if so, whether those rights were clearly established—
“in either order.” Waldron v. Spicher, 954 F.3d 1297 (11th Cir. 2020) (quoting
Maddox v. Stephens, 727 F.3d 1109, 1120 (11th Cir. 2013)).4
B.
Hammonds also argues that the District Court erred in granting Dr.
Theakston qualified immunity on the basis that Hammonds failed to show that Dr.
4 The U.S. Supreme Court has held that “the better approach to resolving cases in which the defense of qualified immunity is raised is to determine first whether the plaintiff has alleged a deprivation of a constitutional right at all.” County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 841 n.5, 118 S. Ct. 1708, 1714 n.5 (1998) (citing Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226, 232, 111 S. Ct. 1789, 1793 (1991)). As we have explained, however:
We do not understand [County of Sacramento] as an absolute requirement that lower courts must always follow this “normally” “better approach.” In County of Sacramento, the district court decided the case strictly on qualified immunity grounds, that is, on the ground of the unsettled nature of the law; but the Supreme Court never said the district court erred. And if the Supreme Court intended to impose an absolute requirement on lower courts always to address the merits of constitutional issues even where qualified immunity obviously applies and readily resolves the case, we believe the Supreme Court would have said so more directly.
Santamorena v. Ga. Military Coll., 147 F.3d 1337, 1343 (11th Cir. 1998) (footnote omitted).
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Theakston violated a clearly established right. For the following reasons, we agree
with the District Court.
We have identified three ways for a plaintiff to prove that a particular
constitutional right is clearly established: (1) “[A] plaintiff can show that a
materially similar case has already been decided,” (2) “a plaintiff can also show
that a broader, clearly established principle should control the novel facts of a
particular case,” or (3) “a plaintiff could show that the case fits within the
exception of conduct which so obviously violates the Constitution that prior case
law is unnecessary.” Waldron, 954 F.3d at 1304–05 (citations omitted) (internal
quotation marks omitted) (alterations adopted).
To demonstrate that his right to receive more than just short-acting insulin
was clearly established, Hammonds makes two arguments. First, Hammonds
argues that a single case, Flowers v. Bennett, 123 F. Supp. 2d 595 (N.D. Ala.
2000), establishes that Dr. Theakston’s treatments constituted deliberate
indifference. We can dispose of this argument quickly: “[C]learly established law
consists of holdings of the Supreme Court [of the United States], the Eleventh
Circuit, or the highest court of the relevant state.” Sebastian v. Ortiz, 918 F.3d
1301, 1307 (11th Cir. 2019). Because it is a district court opinion, Flowers is
insufficient to clearly establish the law for Hammonds’s claim.
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Second, Hammonds argues that existing law clearly established the broad
principle that “jail officials should not act with deliberate indifference to the
serious medical needs of pretrial detainees.” We agree that, as a general matter,
the deliberate disregard of a pretrial detainee’s serious medical needs violates the
detainee’s constitutional rights. See Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S. Ct.
285, 291 (1976). But cases addressing deliberate indifference to serious medical
needs “are very fact specific,” Youmans v. Gagnon, 626 F.3d 557, 564 (11th Cir.
2010), and we hold that Estelle’s general rule does not obviously apply to the
specific circumstances of this case—treatment of Type 1 diabetes with only short-
acting insulin.
To demonstrate that a principle is “clearly established,” a plaintiff must
show that “preexisting law [] make[s] it obvious that the defendant’s acts violated
the plaintiff’s rights in the specific set of circumstances at issue.” Youmans, 626
F.3d at 563 (emphasis added). The unlawfulness of the defendant’s acts must be
“made truly obvious, rather than simply implied, by the preexisting law.” Id. And
to prevail on a claim of deliberate indifference to serious medical need, a plaintiff
must demonstrate (1) a serious medical need and (2) “that the prison official acted
with an attitude of ‘deliberate indifference’ to that serious medical need.”
Farrow v. West, 320 F.3d 1235, 1243 (11th Cir. 2003).
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The first prong, “a serious medical need,” is objective. Id. “A serious
medical need is one that has been diagnosed by a physician as mandating treatment
or one that is so obvious that even a lay person would easily recognize the
necessity for a doctor’s attention.” Mann v. Taser Int’l, Inc., 588 F.3d 1291, 1307
(11th Cir. 2009) (quotations omitted). For either of these situations, the medical
need must be “one that, if left unattended, ‘pos[es] a substantial risk of serious
harm.’” Farrow, 320 F.3d at 1243 (alteration in original) (quoting Taylor v.
Adams, 221 F.3d 1254, 1257 (11th Cir. 2000)).
The “deliberate indifference” prong, on the other hand, is subjective. Id. To
meet the “onerous” deliberate indifference standard, Goodman v. Kimbrough, 718
F.3d 1325, 1332 (11th Cir. 2013), a plaintiff must demonstrate “(1) subjective
knowledge of a risk of serious harm; (2) disregard of that risk; (3) by conduct that
is more than [gross] negligence.” Townsend v. Jefferson Cnty., 601 F.3d 1152,
1158 (11th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted) (alteration in original). The Constitution
does not require that a detainee’s medical care be “perfect, the best obtainable, or
even very good.” Harris v. Thigpen, 941 F.2d 1495, 1510 (11th Cir. 1991).
Rather, for treatment (or lack thereof) to amount to deliberate indifference, it must
be “so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or
to be intolerable to fundamental fairness.” Id. at 1505 (quotation omitted). For
example, we have held that “[w]hen the need for treatment is obvious, medical care
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which is so cursory as to amount to no treatment at all may amount to deliberate
indifference.” Brown v. Johnson, 387 F.3d 1344, 1351 (11th Cir. 2004) (alteration
in original) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Likewise, “[d]eliberate
indifference may be established by a showing of grossly inadequate care as well as
by a decision to take an easier but less efficacious course of treatment.” Id.
(citations omitted).
On the “serious medical condition” prong, we find that Hammonds’s Type 1
diabetes is a “serious medical condition” within the meaning of our precedents, and
Dr. Theakston does not meaningfully contest this point. Appellees’ Br. at 24–27
(focusing on the “deliberate indifference” prong and calling Hammonds’s Type 1
diabetes “his serious medical need”). The evidence shows that Hammonds was
diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes by a physician in 1994 and that Hammonds
generally managed his blood sugar levels by administering himself a mixture of
insulin. The evidence also reveals that Hammonds’s diabetes led to hypoglycemic
and hyperglycemic episodes, and he required emergency medical care for his
diabetes on multiple occasions. This evidence is sufficient to show that
Hammonds had a serious medical need.
But the subjective prong, “deliberate indifference,” is a very high bar:
Hammonds must show that the treatment he received from Dr. Theakston was
“grossly inadequate” or “so cursory as to amount to no treatment at all.” Brown,
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387 F.3d at 1351. In an effort to make this showing, Hammonds relies on the
testimony of his expert, Dr. Venters, who stated that he had “almost never seen a
patient who is known to be insulin dependent be given only short-acting insulin”
and that it was his “sense” that short-acting insulin alone would be insufficient
treatment. By contrast, one of Dr. Theakston and Martin’s experts, Dr. Trippe,
testified that treating Type 1 diabetes with short-acting insulin alone was a
“reasonable” protocol given the difficulties of providing medical treatment to
inmates. And Dr. Theakston and Martin’s other expert, Dr. Jones, testified that
treating Hammonds with only short-acting insulin was “reasonable” until a
“baseline insulin need” was established.
We have recognized that courts have a difficult job in these “battle of the
expert” situations: “Confronted with an inmate who has a serious medical
condition, a reviewing court hears from experts about measures that (in their view)
would provide the most effective treatment. When the court then sees evidence
that prison authorities aren’t taking those measures—that perhaps they could be
doing more, doing better—it concludes that liability must presumably follow.”
Hoffer v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 973 F.3d 1263, 1271 (11th Cir. 2020). But we
do not operate under a “perhaps they could be doing more” standard. See id.
Instead, the question before us is whether preexisting case law—that is, case law
predating September 29, 2014—made it obvious that Dr. Theakston’s treatment of
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Hammonds’s diabetes with only short-acting insulin would be conscience-
shocking. See Harris, 941 F.2d at 1505. For at least three reasons, we conclude
that it did not.
First, Hammonds’s expert’s testimony does not establish that Dr.
Theakston’s course of treatment was so grossly inadequate or cursory “as to
amount to no treatment at all.” Brown, 387 F.3d at 1351 (emphasis added).
Hammonds’s expert, Dr. Venters, hedged that he had “almost never seen” an
insulin-dependent patient treated with only short-acting insulin. (emphasis added).
And the mere fact that Dr. Venters had a “sense” that short-acting insulin alone
was inadequate is not enough: “[W]here a prisoner has received some medical
attention and the dispute is over the adequacy of the treatment, federal courts are
generally reluctant to second guess medical judgments.” Harris, 941 F.2d at 1507
(emphasis added) (quoting Westlake v. Lucas, 537 F.2d 857, 860 n.5 (6th Cir.
1976)). It is undisputed that Dr. Theakston provided Hammonds with some
medical care (short-acting insulin), and we will not second-guess Dr. Theakston’s
medical judgment now.
Second, jail officials are not required to provide a detainee with the precise
treatment the detainee requests. See Hamm v. DeKalb Cnty., 774 F.2d 1567, 1575
(11th Cir. 1985) (“Although [the inmate] may have desired different modes of
treatment, the care the jail provided did not amount to deliberate indifference.”).
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That is exactly what happened here: Dr. Theakston may not have provided
Hammonds with the precise treatment that Hammonds wanted (a combination of
short- and long-acting insulin), but he did not turn a blind eye to Hammonds’s
medical needs. This falls well short of conscience-shocking conduct.
Third, and relatedly, Dr. Theakston treated Hammonds’s diabetes in 2013
with only short-acting insulin without incident. It is difficult to imagine how—
after treating Hammonds with only short-acting insulin in the past—an objectively
reasonable prison official in Dr. Theakston’s place could “have been on advance
notice that [his] acts in this case would certainly violate the Constitution.”
Youmans, 626 F.3d at 564 (emphasis added). As a matter of common sense, it
would be an odd result for us to deny Dr. Theakston qualified immunity because,
after successfully managing Hammonds’s diabetes with only short-acting insulin in
2013, he decided to follow the same course of treatment in 2014. Dr. Theakston’s
decision “‘is a classic example of a matter for medical judgment’ and therefore not
an appropriate basis for grounding liability under the Eighth Amendment.”
Adams v. Poag, 61 F.3d 1537, 1545 (11th Cir. 1995) (quoting Estelle, 429 U.S. at
107, 97 S. Ct. at 293).
As a result, we hold that the law did not clearly establish that providing
Hammonds with only short-acting insulin would amount to deliberate indifference
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to Hammonds’s serious medical need. We accordingly affirm the District Court’s
grant of qualified immunity to Dr. Theakston.
C.
Hammonds also appeals the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of Martin. Hammonds argues that Martin, a nonmedical official who
supervised Dr. Theakston, knew Hammonds was a Type 1 diabetic, knew he was
in medical need, and did nothing. Hammonds’s argument is foreclosed by Keith v.
DeKalb County, 749 F.3d 1034 (11th Cir. 2014).
In Keith, a DeKalb County Jail pretrial detainee, Godfrey Cook, was
murdered by his cellmate. Id. at 1038. The administrator of Cook’s estate, Nadine
Keith, brought a § 1983 claim against DeKalb County Sheriff Thomas Brown. Id.
The DeKalb County Jail placed inmates in holding cells upon booking and then
classified the inmates to determine where to place them. Id. at 1039. Inmates were
classified based on criminal history and medical and mental health risk. Id.
Medical staff spearheaded the medical and mental health risk assessments and sent
inmates with mental health problems to one of three locations in the jail. Id. at
1040. Jail medical staff “alone decided whether an inmate should be housed in”
one of the three locations. Id. (emphasis added).
One of the three locations, called 3SW, was for mental health inmates who
did not present a risk of harm to themselves or other inmates. Id. Cook and his
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cellmate were housed in 3SW, despite Cook’s cellmate’s history of violent
criminal behavior. Id. at 1042–43.
Keith argued that Sheriff Brown was deliberately indifferent to Cook’s
serious medical need by failing to separate inmates who had committed violent
crimes—like Cook’s cellmate—from inmates charged with nonviolent crimes—
like Cook. Id. at 1050. We summarized Keith’s argument thus: “Sheriff Brown
created a substantial risk of harm by relying on [the medical] staff’s
determination[] that an inmate did not pose a substantial risk of harm to other
inmates.” Id. Keith therefore “aim[ed] to hold Sheriff Brown liable for not
disregarding the expert medical opinions of [medical] staff.” Id.
We held that “Keith’s theory of liability does not square with the law.
Simply put, the law does not require that Sheriff Brown ignore the determination
and recommendation of [medical] staff.” Id.
Hammonds’s argument here is analogous to the argument in Keith.
Hammonds argues that Martin—a nonmedical official—is liable for not
disregarding Dr. Theakston’s determination and recommendation to treat
Hammonds’s Type 1 diabetes with only short-acting insulin and for not intervening
by supplying Hammonds with additional medication—long-acting insulin. Here,
as in Keith, Martin was not required by law to ignore Dr. Theakston’s
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determination and recommendation regarding the proper treatment of Hammonds’s
Type 1 diabetes.5
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of Dr. Theakston and Martin.
AFFIRMED.
5 That a 911 operator called Martin to report Hammonds’s medical condition does not change the outcome here. Martin was still entitled by law to rely on his medical staff to determine how to treat Hammonds’s diabetes. 16