MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Feb 17 2017, 7:47 am regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT APPELLEE PRO SE Bruce P. Clark Ronald E. Smith Bruce P. Clark & Associates Fort Wayne, Indiana Saint John, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Steak ‘n Shake No. 315, February 17, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 02A03-1604-SC-890 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court, Small Claims Division Ronald E. Smith, The Honorable Brian D. Cook, Appellee-Plaintiff Magistrate Trial Court Cause No. 02D01-1507-SC-11221
Mathias, Judge.
[1] This is an appeal from a $250 judgment won by Ronald E. Smith (“Smith”)
from Steak ‘n Shake No. 315 (“the Restaurant”) in the small claims division of
Allen Superior Court. The Restaurant argues the evidence was insufficient to
sustain judgment in Smith’s favor. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 1 of 6 [2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural Posture
[3] On July 6, 2015, Smith visited the Restaurant in Fort Wayne, Indiana. There,
Smith used the restroom. The restroom had a paper towel dispenser and a metal
trash can mounted as one unit to the wall. As he was washing up, Smith tried to
draw a paper towel from the dispenser, but the trash can came loose and fell,
striking him on the leg. Smith suffered bleeding and bruising but did not see a
doctor.
[4] On July 20, 2015, Smith filed a notice of claim in the small claims division of
Allen Superior Court, seeking $6,000 damages. A bench trial was set for August
31, 2015. Smith proceeded pro se; a week before the trial date, the Restaurant
retained a local law firm. On the Restaurant’s motion, trial was continued, and
the magistrate permitted limited discovery by the Restaurant from Smith.
[5] On November 16, 2015, a bench trial was held. Smith testified that, on July 6,
2015, one of the Restaurant’s employees told him that Restaurant employees
knew the trash can’s locking or latching mechanism was broken. “The [c]ourt
found th[is] testimony to be very credible.” Appellant’s App. p. 22. After the
close of evidence, the Restaurant’s lawyer asked the court to hold the case
under advisement for sixty days while the parties discussed settlement. The
court agreed.
[6] After sixty days and no news, court staff called the lawyer’s firm to ask for an
update. The call was not returned. A second call to the firm was returned, but Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 2 of 6 the lawyer no longer worked there. On February 10, 2016, the court entered a
$250 judgment in favor of Smith. Notice of the judgment was inadvertently sent
to the Restaurant directly rather than to counsel, who did not receive the notice
until March 21, 2016.
[7] On April 20, 2016, the Restaurant moved to set aside the judgment and for an
extension of time to appeal. See Ind. Trial Rule 72(E) (“When the service [on a
party under T.R. 5(B)] of a copy of the entry [of judgment] by the Clerk is not
evidenced by a note made by the Clerk upon the Chronological Case Summary,
the Court, upon application for good cause shown, may grant an extension of
any time limitation within which to contest such . . . judgment to any party who
was without actual notice [of the judgment] . . . .”). The court denied the
motion to set aside, but, forthrightly acknowledging its mistaken service on the
Restaurant, granted the motion for an extension. Appellant’s App. p. 22. This
newly timely appeal followed.
Standard of Review
[8] We review judgments following a bench trial for clear error. Trinity Homes, LLC
v. Fang, 848 N.E.2d 1065, 1067 (Ind. 2006). We neither reweigh the evidence
nor re-evaluate witness credibility. City of Dunkirk Water & Sewage Dep’t v. Hall,
657 N.E.2d 115, 116 (Ind. 1995). Rather, we view the facts and the reasonable
inferences from them in the light most favorable to the judgment below. Id. If a
reasonable trier of fact could have found for the appellee by a preponderance of
the evidence, we affirm. Id. Appellate deference “is particularly important in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 3 of 6 small claims actions, where trials are informal, with the sole objective of
dispensing speedy justice between the parties according to the rules of
substantive law.” Fang, 848 N.E.2d at 1067-68 (internal citation and quotation
omitted). We review the trial court’s legal conclusions de novo. Id. at 1068.
[9] Smith has filed no brief. Because we will not undertake to argue on his behalf,
we will reverse on a showing of prima facie error under the standard set out
above, that is, error apparent “at first sight, on first appearance, or on the face
of it.” Id.
Discussion and Decision
[10] An owner or occupier of real property has a duty to business invitees to keep
the property in a reasonably safe condition, Douglass v. Irvin, 549 N.E.2d 368,
369 (Ind. 1990), or, put differently, to exercise reasonable care for invitees’
protection. Harradon v. Schlamadinger, 913 N.E.2d 297, 300-01 (Ind. Ct. App.
2009), trans. denied. Breach of this duty subjects the owner to liability for injuries
to invitees foreseeably caused by it. Id.
[11] If plaintiff invitee’s injuries were allegedly caused by an unsafe condition on
defendant owner’s property, the plaintiff must show the defendant’s actual or
constructive knowledge of the condition to prove negligent breach by failure to
remedy or warn of it. Id. Further, a plaintiff’s showing of breach may be
defeated by evidence that the unsafe condition was obvious, and that the
defendant reasonably expected the plaintiff to discover, realize, and avoid the
danger posed by it. Douglass v. Irvin, 549 N.E.2d 368, 370 (Ind. 1990).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 4 of 6 [12] Here, we find sufficient evidence to sustain judgment in favor of Smith. The
Restaurant owed Smith a duty as a business invitee to exercise reasonable care
for his safety. In the context of a wall-mounted unit, a broken locking or
latching mechanism creates the foreseeable risk that the unit will fall off the wall
when used and injure its user. See Appellant’s App. p. 8 (trial court found
same). Smith testified, and the trial court found credible, id. p. 22, that the
Restaurant’s employees had actual knowledge of the defective mechanism on
July 6, 2015. No record evidence tends to show that such a defect would be
obvious to an ordinary user of the dispenser and trash can, nor that the
Restaurant reasonably expected its customer invitees to discover, realize, and
avoid the danger posed by it.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Feb 17 2017, 7:47 am regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT APPELLEE PRO SE Bruce P. Clark Ronald E. Smith Bruce P. Clark & Associates Fort Wayne, Indiana Saint John, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Steak ‘n Shake No. 315, February 17, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 02A03-1604-SC-890 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court, Small Claims Division Ronald E. Smith, The Honorable Brian D. Cook, Appellee-Plaintiff Magistrate Trial Court Cause No. 02D01-1507-SC-11221
Mathias, Judge.
[1] This is an appeal from a $250 judgment won by Ronald E. Smith (“Smith”)
from Steak ‘n Shake No. 315 (“the Restaurant”) in the small claims division of
Allen Superior Court. The Restaurant argues the evidence was insufficient to
sustain judgment in Smith’s favor. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 1 of 6 [2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural Posture
[3] On July 6, 2015, Smith visited the Restaurant in Fort Wayne, Indiana. There,
Smith used the restroom. The restroom had a paper towel dispenser and a metal
trash can mounted as one unit to the wall. As he was washing up, Smith tried to
draw a paper towel from the dispenser, but the trash can came loose and fell,
striking him on the leg. Smith suffered bleeding and bruising but did not see a
doctor.
[4] On July 20, 2015, Smith filed a notice of claim in the small claims division of
Allen Superior Court, seeking $6,000 damages. A bench trial was set for August
31, 2015. Smith proceeded pro se; a week before the trial date, the Restaurant
retained a local law firm. On the Restaurant’s motion, trial was continued, and
the magistrate permitted limited discovery by the Restaurant from Smith.
[5] On November 16, 2015, a bench trial was held. Smith testified that, on July 6,
2015, one of the Restaurant’s employees told him that Restaurant employees
knew the trash can’s locking or latching mechanism was broken. “The [c]ourt
found th[is] testimony to be very credible.” Appellant’s App. p. 22. After the
close of evidence, the Restaurant’s lawyer asked the court to hold the case
under advisement for sixty days while the parties discussed settlement. The
court agreed.
[6] After sixty days and no news, court staff called the lawyer’s firm to ask for an
update. The call was not returned. A second call to the firm was returned, but Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 2 of 6 the lawyer no longer worked there. On February 10, 2016, the court entered a
$250 judgment in favor of Smith. Notice of the judgment was inadvertently sent
to the Restaurant directly rather than to counsel, who did not receive the notice
until March 21, 2016.
[7] On April 20, 2016, the Restaurant moved to set aside the judgment and for an
extension of time to appeal. See Ind. Trial Rule 72(E) (“When the service [on a
party under T.R. 5(B)] of a copy of the entry [of judgment] by the Clerk is not
evidenced by a note made by the Clerk upon the Chronological Case Summary,
the Court, upon application for good cause shown, may grant an extension of
any time limitation within which to contest such . . . judgment to any party who
was without actual notice [of the judgment] . . . .”). The court denied the
motion to set aside, but, forthrightly acknowledging its mistaken service on the
Restaurant, granted the motion for an extension. Appellant’s App. p. 22. This
newly timely appeal followed.
Standard of Review
[8] We review judgments following a bench trial for clear error. Trinity Homes, LLC
v. Fang, 848 N.E.2d 1065, 1067 (Ind. 2006). We neither reweigh the evidence
nor re-evaluate witness credibility. City of Dunkirk Water & Sewage Dep’t v. Hall,
657 N.E.2d 115, 116 (Ind. 1995). Rather, we view the facts and the reasonable
inferences from them in the light most favorable to the judgment below. Id. If a
reasonable trier of fact could have found for the appellee by a preponderance of
the evidence, we affirm. Id. Appellate deference “is particularly important in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 3 of 6 small claims actions, where trials are informal, with the sole objective of
dispensing speedy justice between the parties according to the rules of
substantive law.” Fang, 848 N.E.2d at 1067-68 (internal citation and quotation
omitted). We review the trial court’s legal conclusions de novo. Id. at 1068.
[9] Smith has filed no brief. Because we will not undertake to argue on his behalf,
we will reverse on a showing of prima facie error under the standard set out
above, that is, error apparent “at first sight, on first appearance, or on the face
of it.” Id.
Discussion and Decision
[10] An owner or occupier of real property has a duty to business invitees to keep
the property in a reasonably safe condition, Douglass v. Irvin, 549 N.E.2d 368,
369 (Ind. 1990), or, put differently, to exercise reasonable care for invitees’
protection. Harradon v. Schlamadinger, 913 N.E.2d 297, 300-01 (Ind. Ct. App.
2009), trans. denied. Breach of this duty subjects the owner to liability for injuries
to invitees foreseeably caused by it. Id.
[11] If plaintiff invitee’s injuries were allegedly caused by an unsafe condition on
defendant owner’s property, the plaintiff must show the defendant’s actual or
constructive knowledge of the condition to prove negligent breach by failure to
remedy or warn of it. Id. Further, a plaintiff’s showing of breach may be
defeated by evidence that the unsafe condition was obvious, and that the
defendant reasonably expected the plaintiff to discover, realize, and avoid the
danger posed by it. Douglass v. Irvin, 549 N.E.2d 368, 370 (Ind. 1990).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 4 of 6 [12] Here, we find sufficient evidence to sustain judgment in favor of Smith. The
Restaurant owed Smith a duty as a business invitee to exercise reasonable care
for his safety. In the context of a wall-mounted unit, a broken locking or
latching mechanism creates the foreseeable risk that the unit will fall off the wall
when used and injure its user. See Appellant’s App. p. 8 (trial court found
same). Smith testified, and the trial court found credible, id. p. 22, that the
Restaurant’s employees had actual knowledge of the defective mechanism on
July 6, 2015. No record evidence tends to show that such a defect would be
obvious to an ordinary user of the dispenser and trash can, nor that the
Restaurant reasonably expected its customer invitees to discover, realize, and
avoid the danger posed by it.
[13] In short, a reasonable trier of fact could have found that the Restaurant owed a
duty to Smith to keep its property safe for his use; the Restaurant negligently
breached that duty by failing to remedy or warn of a defect of which it had
actual knowledge; and the Restaurant’s breach foreseeably caused the trash can
to become unmounted and fall when the unit was used, striking Smith, injuring
him, and causing him damages in the amount of $250.
[14] The Restaurant argues that Smith “failed to present any evidence” that it had
actual or constructive knowledge of the defect, Appellant’s Br. p. 6, but this is
not so. Appellant’s App. p. 22 (trial court found actual knowledge on basis of
Smith’s testimony). The Restaurant argues further that it presented contrary
evidence, Appellant’s Br. p. 6, but we have no record of it, and in any event the
trial court was free to discredit it. The Restaurant argues further that the danger
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 5 of 6 created by the defect was not foreseeable, id. p. 10, but offers us no evidence
from which to conclude that the trial court’s contrary finding was clearly
erroneous. Finally, the Restaurant argues that “it was just as, if not more
likely,” that Smith caused his own injuries, id., but this is mere speculation we
will not entertain. The Restaurant makes no argument as to damages.
Conclusion
[15] For the above reasons, the judgment below is affirmed.
[16] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1604-SC-890 | February 17, 2017 Page 6 of 6