State v. Yellowhair

Opinion

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. NO. 33,764 5 KENDREA YELLOWHAIR, 6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 8 John A. Dean, Jr., District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Maris Veidemanis, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM

12 for Appellee

13 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender 14 Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Santa Fe, NM

16 for Appellant 17 MEMORANDUM OPINION 18 VANZI, Judge.

1 {1} Defendant Kendrea Yellowhair appeals her conviction for child abuse by 2 endangerment of her child, K.Y., challenging the sufficiency of the evidence offered 3 at trial. In particular, Defendant asserts that the State did not establish that she acted 4 with the reckless disregard necessary to support her conviction. We affirm. 5 {2} In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, the appellate courts must 6 determine “whether substantial evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature 7 exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every 8 element essential to a conviction.” State v. Sutphin, 1988-NMSC-031, ¶ 21, 107 N.M. 9 126, 753 P.2d 1314. “A reviewing court must view the evidence in the light most 10 favorable to the state, resolving all conflicts therein and indulging all permissible 11 inferences therefrom in favor of the verdict.” Id. The appellate courts do “not weigh 12 the evidence and may not substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder so long as 13 there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” Id. Further, when assessing the 14 sufficiency of the evidence to support a jury verdict, we analyze the evidence 15 presented in light of the instructions given to the jury defining the offense charged. 16 See State v. Smith, 1986-NMCA-089, ¶ 7, 104 N.M. 729, 726 P.2d 883 (noting that 17 “[j]ury instructions become the law of the case against which the sufficiency of the 18 evidence is to be measured”). In relevant part, the instructions given at Defendant’s 19 trial required the jury to find that:

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1 1. [Defendant] caused [K.Y.] to be placed in a situation which 2 endangered the life or health of [K.Y.]; [and]

3 2. [D]efendant acted intentionally or with reckless disregard and 4 without justification. To find that [D]efendant acted with reckless 5 disregard, you must find that [D]efendant knew or should have 6 known [D]efendant’s conduct created a substantial and 7 foreseeable risk, [D]efendant disregarded that risk and 8 [D]efendant was wholly indifferent to the consequences of the 9 conduct and to the welfare and safety of [K.Y.]

10 {3} During its case in chief, the State presented the testimony of Farmington Police 11 Officer Donovan Stearns who described a traffic stop involving a white minivan. 12 Officer Stearns testified that when he pulled over the minivan, it was being driven by 13 Thyron Begay, who was ultimately arrested for driving while intoxicated. Three other 14 adults and two children were also in the minivan when Office Stearns pulled it over. 15 Defendant was riding in the back seat, with an unsecured car seat holding Begay’s 16 infant son to her left and another woman seated to her right. K.Y., who was less than 17 two years old, was standing between Defendant’s legs on the floor of the minivan. A 18 fifth passenger, Defendant’s brother, was riding in the front passenger’s seat. 19 {4} During the course of the traffic stop, Defendant was asked to identify herself. 20 She gave Officer Stearns a false name, said that Begay was her boyfriend, and also 21 claimed to be the mother of not only K.Y. but also Begay’s infant son. At one point 22 in the encounter, Defendant asserted that the baby boy was hungry, pulled up her shirt, 23 and began to simulate breastfeeding him. Defendant’s mother then arrived, and the

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1 police allowed Defendant, the other woman who was in the minivan, and both 2 children to leave with her. After the women and children left, Begay tried to explain 3 to the police that Defendant was not the mother of his child. Although they initially 4 did not believe him, the police eventually understood what Begay was saying and 5 recovered his infant son, returned him to his actual mother, and arrested Defendant on 6 charges of concealing her identity, custodial interference, and child abuse by 7 endangerment. At trial, Defendant was acquitted of custodial interference, and in this 8 appeal, she does not challenge her conviction for concealing identity. The only issue 9 before us, therefore, is her conviction for child abuse by endangerment. 10 {5} In challenging her conviction, Defendant asserts that her motivation for getting 11 into the minivan was to prevent Begay, who she described as being too drunk to 12 “know what he was doing,” from driving off with his infant son on board. Thus, she 13 says she acted in a reasonable manner to protect the child and was completely unaware 14 that bringing K.Y. with her was dangerous. In contrast, the State’s theory of the case 15 was that Defendant simply got into that minivan with K.Y. intending that they become 16 passengers. Specifically, the State contends that Defendant knew Begay was going to 17 drive off and that she wanted to leave the house before the police arrived because she 18 had an outstanding warrant and did not want to get arrested. It was the jury’s role at 19 Defendant’s trial to determine which of these theories it believed, and when there is 20 evidence to support the version of events found by a jury, we do not second-guess the

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1 findings made. See State v. Nichols, 2006-NMCA-017, ¶ 9, 139 N.M. 72, 128 P.3d 2 500 (noting that “we do not substitute our judgment for that of the fact[]finder 3 concerning the credibility of witnesses or the weight to be given their testimony” 4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Based on the testimony at trial, we 5 conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the State’s theory of the case. 6 {6} Citing to State v. Consaul, 2014-NMSC-030, 332 P.3d 850, Defendant argues 7 that the State did not establish intentional or reckless conduct as would be necessary 8 to support a conviction for child abuse by endangerment. In Consaul, our Supreme 9 Court explicitly held that the child abuse statute is “intended to punish acts done with 10 a reckless state of mind consistent with its objective of punishing morally culpable 11 acts and not mere inadvertence.” Id. ¶ 36. Consaul stated that a defendant must 12 “consciously disregard a substantial and unjustifiable risk of such a nature and degree 13 that its disregard involves a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a law- 14 abiding person would observe.” Id. ¶ 37 As such, the Supreme Court expressed 15 concerns about “the continued vitality of ‘knew or should have known’ ” in the jury 16 instruction, given the phrase’s “close association with principles of civil negligence 17 and ordinary care.” Id. ¶¶ 39-40. Following Consaul, our Supreme Court issued a 18 revised uniform jury instruction clarifying reckless disregard as the minimum required 19 mens rea for child abuse and removing the phrase “knew or should have known” from 20 the recklessness standard. See UJI 14-612 NMRA.

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1 {7} In this appeal, Defendant specifically asserts that the State did not establish that 2 she “(1) realized the risk that her instinctual conduct involved [because] she was 3 unaware that Begay would abruptly drive off with her and K.Y.—virtual 4 strangers—still in the minivan; or, (2) that she purposefully entered the minivan with 5 K.Y. with the intent to become passengers in it.” This argument, however, requires 6 that the jury believed Defendant’s version of events: that she took K.Y into the 7 minivan for the sole purpose of protecting Begay’s child. Clearly, the jury rejected 8 Defendant’s explanation. Rather, it accepted the State’s assertion that she wanted to 9 get in the minivan to avoid arrest. Further, given that the minivan was ultimately 10 pulled over carrying Begay and five passengers—all of whom presumably boarded 11 at the same time as Defendant—the jury could reasonably have concluded that 12 Defendant intended to get in the minivan and did not believe Defendant’s explanation 13 that Begay drove off too abruptly for her to get back out. 14 {8} Similarly, Defendant asserts that there was no evidence to establish that she 15 “intentionally or recklessly exposed [K.Y.] to a substantial and foreseeable risk[.]” 16 Defendant’s own testimony, however, belies this assertion. She testified that she knew 17 both that Begay was “not able to safely operate a motor vehicle” and that he was about 18 to drive away when she got into the minivan. Thus, there was no question that Begay 19 represented a danger and that Defendant was aware of that danger. It appears that the 20 main question raised by Defendant’s version of events is whether her motive to protect

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1 Begay’s son justified her decision to place K.Y. within the zone of that danger. Thus, 2 in deciding whether to accept Defendant’s version of events, the jury was tasked with 3 determining whether her decision to place K.Y. in danger was justified by the 4 circumstances surrounding that decision. In this case, the jury either did not accept 5 Defendant’s explanation of her motives or determined that her concern for another 6 child did not justify the decision she made to take K.Y. into the minivan. 7 {9} Because, it is the sole province of the jury to decide what weight is to be given 8 to the evidence, Defendant’s arguments on appeal do not lead to a conclusion that the 9 jury made any findings that were unsupported by the evidence. We are not persuaded 10 by her contention that the jury should have accepted her version of events and, 11 therefore, her conviction must be reversed. See generally State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC- 12 001, ¶ 19, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829 (noting that “[c]ontrary evidence supporting 13 acquittal does not provide a basis for reversal because the jury is free to reject [the 14 d]efendant’s version of the facts”). 15 {10} We also note that the jury had reason to question Defendant’s credibility given 16 the fact that she lied to the police during the traffic stop. And, when questioned at trial 17 about her dishonestly, Defendant explained that there was a warrant for her arrest at 18 the time of the stop and that she “had [her] child with [her] and [she] wasn’t willing 19 at any cost to lose [her] child for anything.” A jury could reasonably infer from such 20 evidence both that Defendant’s dishonesty, including pretending to breastfeed Begay’s

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1 son, was intended to cut short her interaction with the police and that Defendant’s 2 actions manifested her own consciousness of guilt. See State v. Martinez, 2002- 3 NMCA-043, ¶ 17, 132 N.M. 101, 45 P.3d 41 (noting that a jury may interpret a 4 defendant’s dishonesty with law enforcement officers “as evincing a consciousness 5 of guilt”); State v. Faubion, 1998-NMCA-095, ¶ 13, 125 N.M. 670, 964 P.2d 834 6 (describing lies to the police as evidence of consciousness of guilt). 7 {11} Ultimately, Defendant contends that her actions were motivated by a desire to 8 protect Begay’s son. If accepted as truth, such motivations might have convinced a 9 jury that Defendant’s actions were justified. However, insofar as the jury was free to 10 accept or reject the testimony received at trial, Defendant’s arguments on appeal 11 provide no basis for this Court to reverse her conviction. We conclude that the 12 evidence offered was sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Defendant acted 13 intentionally or with reckless disregard and without justification as necessary to 14 support a conviction for child abuse by endangerment. 15 CONCLUSION 16 {12} Defendant’s conviction is affirmed.

17 {13} IT IS SO ORDERED.

18 __________________________________ 19 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge

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1 WE CONCUR:

2 _________________________________ 3 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge

4 _________________________________ 5 STEPHEN G. FRENCH, Judge