The opinion of the court was delivered by
Veazey, J.
This is an indictment charging the respondents jointly with the murder of one Luman A. Smith. The respondent Alma R. Smith was the wife of Luman A. In support of the indictment the State offered in evidence the dying declarations made by said Luman, and reduced to writing in the form of question and answer. After detailing the account of the fatal affray, this question was asked : “ Had either of them threatened to injure you before ” ? Answer. “ Yes, my wife has threatened a hundred times to kill me before. She threatened to kill me before she went away the last time. She went away in July ; I think, though, it was August 10th. She came back day before yesterday.” This dying declaration was made October 23d, the same day of the affray. To the admission of this question and answer, the respondents, objected. We think its admission was error.
The admission of dying declarations is an exception to the rule rejecting hearsay evidence. Their admissibility is subject to several well-defined conditions ; one is, that the circumstances of the death shall be the subject of the declaration. This was so held in the early and leading case of Rex v. Mead, 2 Barn, and Cres. 605; s. c. 9 Eng. Com. Law Rep. 196. This proposition has been incorporated into the elementary works on criminal law, and is adhered to in the reported cases where the question has arisen. There seems in some cases to have been more or less confusion of the grounds on which dying declarations are admissible. Some writers and courts have apparently overlooked the full force of the restriction announced by Abbott, Ch. J., in Rex v. Mead, supra, in contemplation of the other proposition of Lord Chief Baron Eyre, in Rex v. Woodcock, 2 Leach Crim. Cas. 256, 567, where he asserts that the general principle on which this species of evidence, is admissible is, that dying declarations are made in extremity, when the party is at the point of death, and when every hope of this world is gone, and every motive to [564]*564falsehood is silenced, and the mind is induced by the most powerful considerations to speak the truth.
This proposition is sound, but is not the test as to what dying declarations are admissible. The true ground of their admissibility is that of necessity, in order to prevent murder going unpunished. And although it is not indispensable that there should be no other evidence of the same facts, the rule is regarded as founded upon the presumption that in the majority of cases there will be no other equally satisfactory proof of the same facts. “The usual and ordinary rule of evidence must, from the necessity of the case, be departed from,” is the remark of Shaw, Ch. J., in discussing this subject in Com. v. Casey, 11 Cush. 417, 421. Such declarations are necessary to identify the prisoner and establish the circumstances of the res gestee, or direct transactions from which the death results. If therefore, they relate to the other, former, distinct matters, they do not come within the reason of the rule. They are without the sanctity of an oath, or the opportunity for cross-examination, a proceeding often quite as essential to the eliciting of all the truth as the obligation of an oath, or its equivalent. The law regards the situation of the individual, being in danger of impending death without hope or expectation of recovery, however slight, as equivalent to the sanction of an bath ; and has wisely said that the oath and cross-examination must be dispensed with in this instance on account of the public necessity of bringing murdei'ers to justice in order to preserve the lives of the community. But coux-ts have refused to extend the rule beyond the cause and circumstances of the death, or to former distinct transactions which stand for proof like any ordinary facts. “ Speaking for myself,” said Lord Chief Barón Pollock, “ I must say that the reception of this kind of evidence is clearly an anomalous exception to the law of England, which I think ought not to be extended.” Regina v. Hinds, Bell, C. C. p. 256. In our own court Aldis, J., says : “ The rule that dying declarations should point distinctly to the cause of death, and to the circumstances producing and attending it, is one that should not be relaxed.” State v. Center et al., 85 Vt. 386. To similar pui’port are the remarks of Mr. Justice Btles in Regina v. Jenkins, [565]*565Law Rep. 1 C. C. p. 193; and Alderson, B. in Rex v. Ashton, 2 Lewis C. C. J. 147. See Hackett v. The People, 54 Barb. Sup. Ct. Rep. 370; Ben v. The State, 37 Ala.-; Mose v. The State, 35 Ala. 421; State v. Shelton, 5 Jones Law (N. C.) 360; Nelson v. The State, 7 Hump. 542; State v. Varney, 8 Boston Law Rep. 562; 1 Greenl. Ev. s. 156.
The threats stated by the declarant were not admissible as a part of the res gestee. The law upon this subject is clearly stated by Royce, J., in the late case of State v. Carlton, 48 Vt. 636, where it was held that a statement of the deceased as to where the respondent shot him, made about two minutes after the affray, and some eleven rods from the scene thereof, was inadmissible. The learned judge says : “ It is well settled in this State, that to make such matter admissible, it must have been concurrent with the act or transaction in issue, and a part of it; and that the narrative of a transaction completed and finished when the narrative is given, though made while fresh in memory, and so soon after that the party had not time probably to imagine or concoct a false account, is inadmissible ” ; and he cites numerous cases in support of that proposition.
II. On the trial the respondents offered evidence to show that Luman A., the declarant, did not believe in a future state of existence and of rewards and punishment, for the purpose of discrediting his dying declarations and as affecting the weight to be given them by the jury. The court ruled that such evidence was not admissible and excluded it, to which the respondents excepted.
As we are informed the question will not be raised in another trial for the reason that there was no foundation in fact for the offer of the evidence rejected, although counsel then understood otherwise, we announce no decision upon it now.
III. We think the exception to the charge of the court to the jury in response to the sixth request must be sustained. The evidence on the part of the State showed that Luman A. died from [566]*566the effects of the wound inflicted by Alma, and not from that inflicted by Wood; and their evidence tended to show that there was no concert between them, but that each acted independently.
The court instructed the jury in substance that although Lu-man A. died of the wound inflicted by Alma and not from that inflicted by Wood, and although there was no concert between them, and each acted independently, and they were therefore only responsible for their own acts respectively, still if the wound inflicted by Wood was mortal, and would in course of time have killed Luman A., if he had not previously died from the wound inflicted by Alma, and although he did not die of the wound by Wood, yet the latter could be convicted of murder.
The court was in error in the assumption that a man can be convicted of murder although his act does not cause the death. The question does not turn upon the moral aspect of the case.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Veazey, J.
This is an indictment charging the respondents jointly with the murder of one Luman A. Smith. The respondent Alma R. Smith was the wife of Luman A. In support of the indictment the State offered in evidence the dying declarations made by said Luman, and reduced to writing in the form of question and answer. After detailing the account of the fatal affray, this question was asked : “ Had either of them threatened to injure you before ” ? Answer. “ Yes, my wife has threatened a hundred times to kill me before. She threatened to kill me before she went away the last time. She went away in July ; I think, though, it was August 10th. She came back day before yesterday.” This dying declaration was made October 23d, the same day of the affray. To the admission of this question and answer, the respondents, objected. We think its admission was error.
The admission of dying declarations is an exception to the rule rejecting hearsay evidence. Their admissibility is subject to several well-defined conditions ; one is, that the circumstances of the death shall be the subject of the declaration. This was so held in the early and leading case of Rex v. Mead, 2 Barn, and Cres. 605; s. c. 9 Eng. Com. Law Rep. 196. This proposition has been incorporated into the elementary works on criminal law, and is adhered to in the reported cases where the question has arisen. There seems in some cases to have been more or less confusion of the grounds on which dying declarations are admissible. Some writers and courts have apparently overlooked the full force of the restriction announced by Abbott, Ch. J., in Rex v. Mead, supra, in contemplation of the other proposition of Lord Chief Baron Eyre, in Rex v. Woodcock, 2 Leach Crim. Cas. 256, 567, where he asserts that the general principle on which this species of evidence, is admissible is, that dying declarations are made in extremity, when the party is at the point of death, and when every hope of this world is gone, and every motive to [564]*564falsehood is silenced, and the mind is induced by the most powerful considerations to speak the truth.
This proposition is sound, but is not the test as to what dying declarations are admissible. The true ground of their admissibility is that of necessity, in order to prevent murder going unpunished. And although it is not indispensable that there should be no other evidence of the same facts, the rule is regarded as founded upon the presumption that in the majority of cases there will be no other equally satisfactory proof of the same facts. “The usual and ordinary rule of evidence must, from the necessity of the case, be departed from,” is the remark of Shaw, Ch. J., in discussing this subject in Com. v. Casey, 11 Cush. 417, 421. Such declarations are necessary to identify the prisoner and establish the circumstances of the res gestee, or direct transactions from which the death results. If therefore, they relate to the other, former, distinct matters, they do not come within the reason of the rule. They are without the sanctity of an oath, or the opportunity for cross-examination, a proceeding often quite as essential to the eliciting of all the truth as the obligation of an oath, or its equivalent. The law regards the situation of the individual, being in danger of impending death without hope or expectation of recovery, however slight, as equivalent to the sanction of an bath ; and has wisely said that the oath and cross-examination must be dispensed with in this instance on account of the public necessity of bringing murdei'ers to justice in order to preserve the lives of the community. But coux-ts have refused to extend the rule beyond the cause and circumstances of the death, or to former distinct transactions which stand for proof like any ordinary facts. “ Speaking for myself,” said Lord Chief Barón Pollock, “ I must say that the reception of this kind of evidence is clearly an anomalous exception to the law of England, which I think ought not to be extended.” Regina v. Hinds, Bell, C. C. p. 256. In our own court Aldis, J., says : “ The rule that dying declarations should point distinctly to the cause of death, and to the circumstances producing and attending it, is one that should not be relaxed.” State v. Center et al., 85 Vt. 386. To similar pui’port are the remarks of Mr. Justice Btles in Regina v. Jenkins, [565]*565Law Rep. 1 C. C. p. 193; and Alderson, B. in Rex v. Ashton, 2 Lewis C. C. J. 147. See Hackett v. The People, 54 Barb. Sup. Ct. Rep. 370; Ben v. The State, 37 Ala.-; Mose v. The State, 35 Ala. 421; State v. Shelton, 5 Jones Law (N. C.) 360; Nelson v. The State, 7 Hump. 542; State v. Varney, 8 Boston Law Rep. 562; 1 Greenl. Ev. s. 156.
The threats stated by the declarant were not admissible as a part of the res gestee. The law upon this subject is clearly stated by Royce, J., in the late case of State v. Carlton, 48 Vt. 636, where it was held that a statement of the deceased as to where the respondent shot him, made about two minutes after the affray, and some eleven rods from the scene thereof, was inadmissible. The learned judge says : “ It is well settled in this State, that to make such matter admissible, it must have been concurrent with the act or transaction in issue, and a part of it; and that the narrative of a transaction completed and finished when the narrative is given, though made while fresh in memory, and so soon after that the party had not time probably to imagine or concoct a false account, is inadmissible ” ; and he cites numerous cases in support of that proposition.
II. On the trial the respondents offered evidence to show that Luman A., the declarant, did not believe in a future state of existence and of rewards and punishment, for the purpose of discrediting his dying declarations and as affecting the weight to be given them by the jury. The court ruled that such evidence was not admissible and excluded it, to which the respondents excepted.
As we are informed the question will not be raised in another trial for the reason that there was no foundation in fact for the offer of the evidence rejected, although counsel then understood otherwise, we announce no decision upon it now.
III. We think the exception to the charge of the court to the jury in response to the sixth request must be sustained. The evidence on the part of the State showed that Luman A. died from [566]*566the effects of the wound inflicted by Alma, and not from that inflicted by Wood; and their evidence tended to show that there was no concert between them, but that each acted independently.
The court instructed the jury in substance that although Lu-man A. died of the wound inflicted by Alma and not from that inflicted by Wood, and although there was no concert between them, and each acted independently, and they were therefore only responsible for their own acts respectively, still if the wound inflicted by Wood was mortal, and would in course of time have killed Luman A., if he had not previously died from the wound inflicted by Alma, and although he did not die of the wound by Wood, yet the latter could be convicted of murder.
The court was in error in the assumption that a man can be convicted of murder although his act does not cause the death. The question does not turn upon the moral aspect of the case. The intent to murder may be never so plain, yet if something intervenes to prevent the consummation of the intent, if death does not follow from the act of the accused, he is not in law a murderer. All of the definitions of murder found in the books involve the idea and fact of a killing. This must have reference, when a man is on trial, to a killing by him. If one inflicts a mortal wound, but before death ensues, another kills the same person by an independent act, without concert with, or procurement of, the first man, how can he be said to have done the killing ? The second person could be convicted of murder, if he killed with malice aforethought, and to convict the first man would be assuming that he killed the same person at another time. See State v. Seates, 5 Jones Law, (N. C.) 425.
Upon the supposition contained in the request and charge, and upon the showing made by the State that Luman A. died from the shot given by Alma and not by that given by Wood, the latter could not be convicted of any crime under this indictment. The statute, s. 12, ch. 120, Gen. Sts., providing that a person put on trial for murder may be acquitted of that, and found guilty of manslaughter, would not apply to Wood’s case, because upon the supposition stated, there was no death from his act. The evidence on the part of the State, as assumed in the supposition, [567]*567tends to ‘show that Wood is guilty of an assault with intent to kill, being armed with a dangerous weapon. The statute does not provide that a person may be found guilty of this crime under an indictment for murder.
IV. We do not think there is substance enough in the exception to the charge. upon the 14th request, and to the refusal to charge according to that request, to warrant discussion of it. That the charge was as favorable a presentation of that branch of the case to the jury, in law and fact, as the respondent Wood was entitled to, seems to us beyond question.
V. Respondents’ counsel also excepted to that part of the charge wherein the court instructed the jury in reference to what the law requires to constitute murder in the first and second degrees. It is claimed that the statute establishing different degrees of murder has not changed the definition or elements of murder as defined by the common law, and that the court below did not recognize this fact or proposition, but charged as though malice aforethought was not an essential ingredient of murder in the second degree. We do not think this exception can be sustained. The statute states in somewhat general terms what shall constitute murder of the first degree, and then says all other murder shall he deemed murder of the second degree. The line of distinction or demarkation between them is, as stated by the learned chief justice in his charge, not clearly defined by the law. In a case like this one the point would turn on the amount of deliberation shown. The court called attention generally and by illustration to the distinction recognized in the statute and said, “ to constitute the crime of murder at all, it must be done with what the law terms malice aforethought, which means a certain degree of deliberation, design, intent, determination.” The complaint is that the last clause, defining malice aforethought, tended to mislead the jury ; that this was in effect dividing malice aforethought into degrees, when no division is recognized in the books. We do not think such refinement of reasoning has any application to the practical work of giving instructions to a jury. Moreover the [568]*568court made its meaning clear and practical by extended' elucidation of the subject, and put the distinction between the two degrees on true ground and in a way that the jury could not fail to understand.
Verdict set aside, and new trial granted.