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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 31,512
5 BOBBY JOE WILLIAMS,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 8 John A. Dean, Jr., District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 Joel Jacobsen, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Bennett J. Baur, Acting Chief Public Defender 15 Eleanor Brogan, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 SUTIN, Judge. 1 Defendant Bobby Joe Williams appeals from his conviction for shoplifting over
2 $500 and conspiracy to commit shoplifting over $500. He contends that there was
3 insufficient evidence to support his conviction and that the district court erred in
4 denying his motion for a mistrial based on prosecutorial misconduct during closing
5 argument. We affirm.
6 BACKGROUND
7 On June 4, 2010, Defendant drove to a Target store in Farmington, New
8 Mexico, with two people, identified at Defendant’s trial as Rachel Lanier and Felix
9 Martinez. Defendant’s actions were recorded on a surveillance video, an edited
10 version of which was played for the jury and admitted into evidence at Defendant’s
11 trial. Lanier exited Defendant’s vehicle and entered the store by herself. Defendant
12 then parked the vehicle, and Defendant and Martinez entered the store together.
13 Defendant, Martinez, and Lanier met up at various points in the store and
14 appeared to be shopping together, at least to some degree. Lanier at some point joined
15 Defendant and Martinez in the electronics department and placed an item Defendant
16 was looking at in her cart. Defendant then looked at a universal remote control
17 secured to a locking peg, which is a device designed to prevent theft of high-value
18 items. Lanier forcefully removed the remote control from the locking peg and placed
19 it in the cart while Defendant watched. Lanier later placed the remote control
2 1 packaging on a shelf in the sporting goods department in the presence of Defendant
2 and with Martinez nearby. Defendant placed multiple items into Lanier’s cart.
3 Defendant helped Lanier select items in the sporting goods department, while
4 Martinez waited nearby.
5 After spending almost thirty minutes in the store, Lanier pushed her cart past
6 the checkout aisles and on to the snack bar, where she purchased a fountain drink.
7 Lanier then pushed her fully loaded cart out through the automatic doors, having paid
8 for nothing, other than her beverage. Martinez was with her the entire time.
9 Defendant exited the store with another person, who paid for the items in her cart,
10 approximately four minutes later. Defendant, Martinez, and Lanier left the parking
11 lot together in Defendant’s vehicle.
12 On June 5, 2010, a Target employee discovered the remote control packaging
13 that Lanier had placed on a shelf in the sporting goods department. Valerie Simpson,
14 a Target security department employee, reviewed surveillance video to determine who
15 had taken the remote control. She ultimately determined Defendant, Lanier, and
16 Martinez were involved in shoplifting various items. She calculated the value of the
17 items in Lanier’s cart at $918.73, including the remote control, a blu-ray player and
18 an air mattress. Simpson contacted the police department with the information and
3 1 provided them with a copy of the edited surveillance video. The police were able to
2 identify Defendant from the video, but were unable to identify Martinez or Lanier.
3 Defendant was charged by criminal information with one count of shoplifting
4 over $500 and one count of conspiracy to commit shoplifting over $500. The case
5 was tried before a jury on April 26, 2011. David King, the investigating police
6 officer, and Valerie Simpson testified for the State. Simpson testified regarding her
7 role in the investigation and regarding organized retail crime in general. She testified
8 that Defendant, Martinez, and Lanier fit the profile of multiple-party shoplifters taking
9 items for resale, rather than personal use. They entered the store separately, left
10 separately, and met up on occasion. Defendant and Lanier appeared to select the
11 merchandise while Martinez served as the lookout.
12 Defendant moved for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s evidence. The
13 district court denied the motion. Lanier then testified for the defense. She admitted
14 to shoplifting at Target and identified herself in the video, but claimed she acted alone.
15 She testified that Defendant gave her $300 to purchase some items for a fishing trip.
16 She said Defendant did not participate in the shoplifting or know of her intentions.
17 Lanier claimed that after Defendant was arrested, he contacted her, and she told him
18 she had not paid for the items. Prior to Defendant’s trial, Lanier did not tell the police
19 her version of the events. Lanier admitted to having five prior charges for shoplifting.
4 1 At the conclusion of the State’s evidence, Defendant moved for a directed
2 verdict. The district court denied the motion. The jury was instructed that, to find
3 Defendant guilty of shoplifting, the State had to prove the following elements beyond
4 a reasonable doubt.
5 1. . . . [D]efendant took possession of merchandise owned by Target;
6 2. This merchandise had a market value of over $500.00[;]
7 3. This merchandise was offered for sale to the public in a store;
8 4. At the time he took this merchandise, . . . [D]efendant intended to 9 take it without paying for it;
10 5. This happened in New Mexico on or about the 4[th] day of June[] 11 2010.
12 The jury was instructed that it could find Defendant guilty if he “helped, encouraged[,]
13 or caused the crime to be committed.” The jury was instructed that, to find Defendant
14 guilty of conspiracy to commit shoplifting, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable
15 doubt, that, among other things, “[D]efendant and another person by words or acts
16 agreed together to commit shoplifting” and “intended to commit shoplifting[.]”
17 After the jury was instructed, the attorneys made their closing arguments. In
18 closing, the prosecutor remarked on Defendant’s failure to take any action to have
19 Lanier identify herself and/or talk to the authorities following his arrest. Defendant
20 objected and moved for a mistrial. The district court denied Defendant’s request and
5 1 provided a curative instruction to the jury. The prosecutor continued his closing
2 argument and did not comment further on Defendant’s post-arrest silence.
3 The jury found Defendant guilty of shoplifting and conspiracy to commit
4 shoplifting. Defendant filed a motion for a new trial arguing, among other things, that
5 the district court should have granted a mistrial following the prosecutor’s “highly
6 prejudicial and inflammatory remarks” during closing argument. The district court
7 denied the motion. Defendant filed a motion to reconsider that the district court
8 denied. The district court sentenced Defendant to two concurrent terms of eighteen
9 months of imprisonment, enhanced by four years for being a habitual offender.
10 DISCUSSION
11 Defendant makes two arguments on appeal. He contends: (1) the evidence was
12 insufficient to support his conviction for shoplifting and conspiracy to commit
13 shoplifting, and (2) the district court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial based
14 on prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument. We review each argument in
15 turn.
16 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
17 “[O]ur review for sufficiency of the evidence is deferential to the jury’s
18 findings.” State v. Garcia, 2011-NMSC-003, ¶ 5, 149 N.M. 185, 246 P.3d 1057. We
19 review direct and circumstantial evidence “in the light most favorable to the guilty
6 1 verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence
2 in favor of the verdict.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “So long
3 as a rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt the essential facts
4 required for a conviction, we will not upset a jury’s conclusions.” Id. (internal
5 quotation marks and citation omitted).
6 1. Shoplifting
7 Defendant was convicted of felony shoplifting in violation of NMSA 1978,
8 Section 30-16-20 (2006). In pertinent part, this statute defines the offense as
9 “willfully taking possession of merchandise with the intention of converting it without
10 paying for it[.]” Section 30-16-20(A)(1). Under our accessory statute, “[a] person
11 may be . . . convicted of [a] crime as an accessory if he procures, counsels, aids[,] or
12 abets in its commission and although he did not directly commit the crime and
13 although the principal who directly committed such crime has not been prosecuted or
14 convicted[.]” NMSA 1978, § 30-1-13 (1972). The jury was instructed it could find
15 Defendant guilty if he “helped, encouraged[,] or caused the [shoplifting] to be
16 committed.”
17 Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction
18 for shoplifting because the State introduced neither direct nor circumstantial evidence
7 1 indicating he intended the crime to occur or knew about Lanier’s plan. He argues his
2 involvement “is only supported by speculation and conjecture.” We disagree.
3 “[W]e have a duty to assure that the basis of a conviction is not mere
4 speculation.” State v. Vigil, 2010-NMSC-003, ¶ 19, 147 N.M. 537, 226 P.3d 636
5 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Here, the jury was properly instructed
6 that its verdict “should not be based on speculation, guess[,] or conjecture.” The jury
7 was also instructed that “[w]hether . . . [D]efendant acted intentionally may be inferred
8 from all of the surrounding circumstances, such as the manner in which he acts, the
9 means used, his conduct[,] and any statements made by him.” Based on the evidence
10 presented, the jury did not have to speculate to find that Defendant helped,
11 encouraged, or caused Lanier to shoplift more than $500 worth of goods. See § 30-1-
12 13.
13 This Court has previously recognized that intent “is rarely subject to direct
14 proof” and “may be prove[d] by circumstantial evidence.” State v. Wasson, 1998-
15 NMCA-087, ¶ 12, 125 N.M. 656, 964 P.2d 820. The State presented evidence that
16 Defendant drove Lanier to and from Target; assisted her with selecting items in the
17 store; placed some items in the cart; and observed her removing the universal remote
18 control from a locked peg and was in very close proximity when she removed it from
19 its packaging that she left on the bottom shelf in the sporting goods department. In
8 1 addition, the State presented an interpretation of Defendant’s actions that made his
2 otherwise somewhat unusual behavior seem “perfectly logical, sensible[,] and
3 thought-out.” The jury heard testimony that the conduct of Defendant, Lanier, and
4 Martinez revealed they were acting in concert, even though Defendant was not with
5 Lanier when she walked past the checkout aisles and pushed her cart out the door.
6 The jury heard Lanier testify that she acted alone, but it was within its province to
7 disbelieve her testimony. See State v. Foster, 1999-NMSC-007, ¶ 42, 126 N.M. 646,
8 974 P.2d 140 (“[T]he jury has the privilege to believe or to disbelieve any testimony
9 it hears.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)), abrogation on other
10 grounds recognized by Kersey v. Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, 148 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d
11 683.
12 It is not the appellate courts’ role to “re-weigh the evidence to determine if there
13 was another hypothesis that would support innocence[.]” State v. Garcia, 2005-
14 NMSC-017, ¶ 12, 138 N.M. 1, 116 P.3d 72. Nor is it our role to supplant the fact-
15 finder’s view of the evidence with our own. See id. Instead, we must “at all times”
16 remain “mindful of the jury’s fundamental role as fact[-]finder in our system of
17 justice[.]” State v. Gallegos, 2011-NMSC-027, ¶ 15, 149 N.M. 704, 254 P.3d 655
18 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Mindful of our role, we conclude
9 1 there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could rationally find Defendant
2 guilty of shoplifting.
3 2. Conspiracy to Commit Shoplifting
4 Defendant was convicted of conspiracy to commit shoplifting in violation of
5 NMSA 1978, Section 30-28-2 (1979), which defines the offense as “knowingly
6 combining with another for the purpose of committing a felony within or without this
7 state.” Section 30-28-2(A). The jury was instructed that to find Defendant guilty of
8 conspiracy the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that, among other things,
9 “[D]efendant and another person by words or acts agreed together to commit
10 shoplifting” and “intended to commit shoplifting[.]”
11 Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction
12 for conspiracy because the jury had to speculate that there was an agreement and
13 intent. He also argues that even if the evidence was sufficient to establish a
14 conspiracy, it was insufficient to establish it was a conspiracy to shoplift over $500
15 worth of merchandise. The State contends the same circumstantial evidence
16 supporting the substantive charge, in particular, “coordinated activities captured on
17 video,” supports the conspiracy charge. The State also argues there was sufficient
18 evidence from which the jury could find the conspiracy involved an agreement to
19 shoplift more than $500 worth of goods.
10 1 We agree with the State. “In order to be convicted of conspiracy, the defendant
2 must have the requisite intent to agree and the intent to commit the offense that is the
3 object of the conspiracy.” State v. Trujillo, 2002-NMSC-005, ¶ 62, 131 N.M. 709, 42
4 P.3d 814 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The agreement “may be
5 established by circumstantial evidence” and “may be shown to exist by acts which
6 demonstrate that the alleged co-conspirator knew of and participated in the scheme.”
7 Id. Disregarding Lanier’s testimony, there was sufficient circumstantial evidence
8 from which the jury could find the requisite agreement and intent. The jury heard
9 testimony that the actions of Defendant, Lanier, and Martinez revealed they were
10 participating in the same scheme. In addition, the jury was able to make this
11 determination for itself based on the surveillance video.
12 Simpson testified that the value of the items taken from Target totaled $918.73,
13 as reflected on a receipt she prepared. The receipt, which was admitted into evidence,
14 indicates seventeen items were stolen from Target, including a universal remote
15 control ($149.99), a blu-ray player ($249.99), and an air mattress ($189.99).
16 Defendant placed some items in Lanier’s cart and pointed out other items that Lanier
17 placed in her cart. In addition, Defendant was able to observe the items in Lanier’s
18 cart at all times. While he might not have known the exact value of those items, from
19 the evidence of Defendant’s active involvement in selecting numerous items and from
11 1 the ultimate proven values of the items, a rational jury could find the conspiracy
2 involved an agreement to shoplift more than $500 worth of merchandise.
3 Defendant additionally argues that his conspiracy to commit shoplifting
4 conviction should be overturned on the basis of a faulty jury instruction. Defendant
5 argues that, because the conspiracy instruction “failed to include a monetary value of
6 the items shoplifted, [the instruction] did not require the jury to find that [Defendant]
7 and another conspired to commit felony shoplifting.” In Defendant’s view, including
8 a particular sum in the jury instruction was significant because the monetary value of
9 the shoplifted items dictates the level of the crime. See § 30-16-20(B) (indicating that
10 the degree of the conviction, which depends on the values of the item(s) shoplifted,
11 ranges from a petty misdemeanor to a second degree felony). The State rebuts this
12 assertion by arguing that, because only one count of shoplifting was charged, it would
13 have been unreasonable for any juror to believe that the conspiracy to shoplift referred
14 to anything but that sum-specific charge. Additionally, the State notes that Defendant
15 did not object to the instruction at trial.
16 Although we do not believe that Defendant’s argument provides a convincing
17 basis for reversal, Defendant failed to preserve his argument by objecting to the
18 instruction before it went to the jury. See Rule 5-608(D) NMRA (explaining that “for
19 the preservation of error in the charge, objection to any instruction given must be
12 1 sufficient to alert the mind of the court to the claimed vice therein, or, in the case of
2 failure to instruct on any issue, a correct written instruction must be tendered before
3 the jury is instructed”). Therefore, we decline further consideration of this argument.
4 See Rule 12-216(A) NMRA (requiring parties to fairly invoke a district court ruling
5 in order to preserve an issue for appellate review).
6 B. Prosecutorial Misconduct
7 In his closing argument, the prosecutor commented on the fact that Defendant
8 failed to take any action to have Lanier identify herself and/or talk to the authorities
9 immediately after his arrest. He said:
10 When [Defendant] finds out about [the shoplifting] four days later, what 11 would somebody do who is wrongly charged with a crime? I know I’d 12 go down and grab her and put her in the car and take her down to the 13 station and say, Ms. Lanier, you need to tell these . . . .
14 Defendant objected and moved for a mistrial. The district court sustained the
15 objection, but denied Defendant’s motion for a mistrial. The court provided a curative
16 instruction.
17 Ladies and gentlemen, any reference to the defendant’s actions or 18 inactions that may imply that he was exercising his Fifth Amendment 19 right, I am going to read that instruction to you again that I gave you 20 earlier . . . . You must not draw any inference of guilt from the fact that 21 . . . [D]efendant did not testify in this case, nor should this fact be 22 discussed by you or entered into your deliberations in any way. Okay?
13 1 After the verdict, Defendant filed a motion for a new trial arguing, among other
2 things, the district court should have granted a mistrial following the prosecutor’s
3 “highly prejudicial and inflammatory remarks” during closing argument. The district
4 court denied the motion. In its amended order, the district court recognized this as a
5 “relatively close case[,]” but concluded that “[t]he State’s inappropriate comment on
6 Defendant’s Fifth Amendment right, where the statement was cut off by a defense
7 objection followed by an immediate curative instruction given by the [c]ourt; did not
8 serve to materially alter the trial or confuse the jury.” Defendant filed a motion to
9 reconsider that the district court denied. On appeal, Defendant contends the district
10 court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial.
11 We review the denial of a motion for a mistrial for an abuse of discretion,
12 recognizing “the power to declare a mistrial should be exercised with the greatest
13 caution.” State v. Smith, 2001-NMSC-004, ¶ 32, 130 N.M. 117, 19 P.3d 254
14 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). Our Supreme Court has
15 explained:
16 Because trial judges are in the best position to assess the impact of any 17 questionable comment, we afford them broad discretion in managing 18 closing argument. Only in the most exceptional circumstances should 19 we, with the limited perspective of a written record, determine that all 20 the safeguards at the trial level have failed.
21 State v. Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056, ¶ 25, 147 N.M. 351, 223 P.3d 348 (citation omitted).
14 1 The district court concluded that the prosecutor’s statement, quoted earlier,
2 infringed upon Defendant’s constitutional right to remain silent, but denied
3 Defendant’s motion for a mistrial because the statement “did not serve to materially
4 alter the trial or confuse the jury.” Because Defendant objected at trial, we must first
5 determine whether the prosecutor’s comment during closing argument was a violation
6 of Defendant’s Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. See State v. Baca, 89 N.M.
7 204, 205, 549 P.2d 282, 283 (1976) (recognizing that where comments about the
8 defendant’s pretrial silence can be directly attributed to the prosecutor, then they
9 generally constitute plain error and require reversal). Improper comments attributed
10 to a prosecutor include questions to a witness about the defendant’s pretrial silence
11 and the failure to make incriminating statements to family members. State v. Martin,
12 101 N.M. 595, 600, 686 P.2d 937, 942 (1984). As a result, we must now determine
13 whether the actual comments made by the prosecutor clearly violated Defendant’s
14 Fifth Amendment right to remain silent.
15 The objectionable comment during closing argument was cut off by
16 Defendant’s objection and never completed. This comment clearly began by
17 questioning what a defendant or anyone else would do shortly after being wrongly
18 charged with a crime. It went on to start describing what the prosecutor stated that he
19 would do, which was effectively to put Lanier “in the car and take her down to the
15 1 station and say, Ms. Lanier, you need to tell these [objection made to cut off further
2 comment].” Although it is possible that the prosecutor’s comment would have
3 developed further to suggest that Defendant proceed to act in violation of his Fifth
4 Amendment right to remain silent, the objection interrupted this possibility and it is
5 not clear that such a violation would have actually been suggested to the jury. As a
6 result, Defendant’s objection served to cut off what appeared to be developing as a
7 potential violation of Defendant’s Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. It is clear
8 that the district court recognized this concern and took action to remedy the potential
9 error.
10 Under these circumstances, we determine that the district court properly acted
11 within its discretion to sustain the objection, deny the motion for mistrial, and issue
12 a curative instruction to disregard the prosecutor’s questionable comments before they
13 were fully developed. See Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056, ¶ 25 (giving the district court
14 broad discretion to manage questionable comments at closing argument before
15 declaring a mistrial). As a result, the court preempted the possibility of an improper
16 comment that would have deprived Defendant of a fair trial by distorting the evidence
17 and violating Defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights. Id. ¶¶ 26, 27, 34 (indicating that
18 our Supreme Court “reviewed over 30 years of appellate decisions regarding
19 challenges to closing arguments” and noted “the common thread running through the
16 1 cases finding reversible error is that the prosecutors’ comments materially altered the
2 trial or likely confused the jury by distorting the evidence, and thereby deprived the
3 accused of a fair trial”). This particular situation was cut off from developing into one
4 of those “most exceptional circumstances” cases warranting reversal for a prosecutor’s
5 improper comments during closing argument. See id. ¶ 25.
6 CONCLUSION
7 We affirm Defendant’s conviction for shoplifting over $500 and conspiracy to
8 commit shoplifting over $500.
9 IT IS SO ORDERED.
10 __________________________________ 11 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
12 WE CONCUR:
13 _______________________________ 14 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
15 _______________________________ 16 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge