1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. No. 29,869
10 RICHARD WILLIAMS,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 13 Carl J. Butkus, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Farhan Khan, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 19 Santa Fe, NM 20 Linda Yen, Assistant Appellate Defender 21 Albuquerque, NM
22 for Appellant
23 MEMORANDUM OPINION
24 SUTIN, Judge. 1 Defendant Richard Williams appeals the district court’s affirmance of his
2 metropolitan court convictions after a bench trial for driving while under the influence
3 of intoxicating liquor (DWI) and speeding. We affirm Defendant’s convictions.
4 BACKGROUND
5 Defendant was pulled over on July 8, 2007, at about 12:30 a.m., after
6 Albuquerque Police Officer Zachariah Floyd observed him weaving in the center lane
7 and exceeding the speed limit. The officer testified he knew Defendant was speeding
8 because he had paced Defendant by driving behind him, but admitted he had no
9 official training on how to pace a car. When the officer approached Defendant, he
10 noticed he had bloodshot, watery eyes, slurred speech, and smelled of alcohol. The
11 officer testified that Defendant was uncooperative and that Defendant did not admit
12 to having consumed any alcohol. Thereafter, Defendant would not look at the officer
13 or acknowledge his presence, and he refused to take part in the field sobriety tests
14 (FSTs). Defendant denied having any medical conditions that would restrict his
15 everyday activities such as walking, talking, and balancing, but stated he had a cold.
16 Based on his observations, Officer Floyd decided Defendant was not in any
17 condition to drive. The officer arrested Defendant and transported him to the police
18 station where he was given two breath alcohol tests (BATs), both of which registered
19 levels of .13. The metropolitan court found Defendant guilty of DWI under both the
2 1 “per se” and the “slightest degree” provisions of the DWI statute. That is, the court
2 found that Defendant had a breath alcohol concentration (BAC) of .08 or more in his
3 blood or breath, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-102(C)(1) (2007) (amended
4 2008 and 2010), and was impaired to the slightest degree by alcohol, regardless of his
5 BAC, contrary to Section 66-8-102(A). In the on-record appeal to the district court,
6 that court concluded that sufficient evidence existed for “slightest degree” DWI and
7 did not reach the question of whether the BAT results were properly admitted. It is
8 this conviction alone that we review here.
9 Probable Cause
10 Defendant argues the officer lacked probable cause to arrest him for DWI. “In
11 determining whether an officer had probable cause for an arrest, we look at the facts
12 and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge and determine whether they would
13 cause a reasonable, cautious officer to believe that a criminal offense was being
14 committed.” State v. Maez, 2009-NMCA-108, ¶ 24, 147 N.M. 91, 217 P.3d 104.
15 Officer Floyd testified at trial that he had observed Defendant speeding and
16 failing to maintain his lane. Defendant argues that these are non-jailable traffic
17 offenses and asserts that they cannot provide probable cause to arrest. Defendant is
18 correct only to the extent that the two minor traffic offenses that attracted Officer
19 Floyd’s attention could not by themselves provide a basis for a custodial arrest. See
3 1 State v. Rodarte, 2005-NMCA-141, ¶¶ 19-20, 138 N.M. 668, 125 P.3d 647. After the
2 officer pulled Defendant over for the traffic offenses, he noticed that Defendant had
3 bloodshot, watery eyes, slurred speech, and smelled of alcohol. Defendant refused to
4 perform FSTs when asked to do so by the officer. Taken together, these observations
5 provided Officer Floyd sufficient probable cause to arrest Defendant for DWI. See,
6 e.g., State v. Ruiz, 120 N.M. 534, 540, 903 P.2d 845, 851 (Ct. App. 1995) (holding
7 that the defendant’s “weaving for four blocks while the officer attempted to pull him
8 over to the curb, combined with [the] strong odor of alcohol, glassy eyes, and inability
9 to perform all of the [FSTs] in a satisfactory fashion, provided probable cause”),
10 abrogated on other grounds by State v. Martinez, 2007-NMSC-025, 141 N.M. 713,
11 160 P.3d 894; see also State v. Sanchez, 2001-NMCA-109, ¶ 9, 131 N.M. 355, 36
12 P.3d 446 (stating that “[t]he [prosecution] can use evidence of a driver’s refusal to
13 consent to the [FSTs] to create an inference of the driver’s consciousness of guilt”).
14 We conclude that Defendant’s arrest was supported by probable cause.
15 Sufficiency of the Evidence
16 Defendant argues the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions.
17 When reviewing a substantial evidence claim, “[t]he relevant question is whether,
18 after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
19 rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
4 1 reasonable doubt.” State v. Perea, 2001-NMSC-026, ¶ 5, 130 N.M. 732, 31 P.3d 1006
2 (emphasis omitted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “On appeal, we
3 will not reweigh the evidence nor substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder
4 provided that there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” State v. Collins,
5 2007-NMCA-106, ¶ 29, 142 N.M. 419, 166 P.3d 480.
6 As relevant to this case, the DWI statute provides as follows:
7 A. It is unlawful for a person who is under the influence of intoxicating 8 liquor to drive a vehicle within this state.
9 Section 66-8-102.
10 We address whether Defendant was under the influence of alcohol. A person
11 is driving under the influence of alcohol for purposes of Section 66-8-102(A) if “as
12 a result of drinking liquor the defendant was less able to the slightest degree, either
13 mentally or physically, or both, to exercise the clear judgment and steady hand
14 necessary to handle a vehicle with safety to the person and the public[.]” UJI 14-4501
15 NMRA; see Sanchez, 2001-NMCA-109, ¶ 17.
16 Evidence that Defendant was under the influence of alcohol for purposes of
17 Section 66-8-102(A) consisted of Officer Floyd’s testimony that Defendant was
18 weaving in his driving lane and had bloodshot, watery eyes, smelled of alcohol, and
19 slurred his speech. Defendant also refused to perform the FSTs, which may be
20 interpreted as consciousness of guilt even though taking the tests is not required. See
5 1 id. ¶ 9. The fact finder may “rely on common knowledge and experience to determine
2 whether [a defendant] was under the influence of alcohol.” State v. Neal,
3 2008-NMCA-008, ¶ 27, 143 N.M. 341, 176 P.3d 330. In the present case, the court
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1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. No. 29,869
10 RICHARD WILLIAMS,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 13 Carl J. Butkus, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Farhan Khan, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellee
18 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 19 Santa Fe, NM 20 Linda Yen, Assistant Appellate Defender 21 Albuquerque, NM
22 for Appellant
23 MEMORANDUM OPINION
24 SUTIN, Judge. 1 Defendant Richard Williams appeals the district court’s affirmance of his
2 metropolitan court convictions after a bench trial for driving while under the influence
3 of intoxicating liquor (DWI) and speeding. We affirm Defendant’s convictions.
4 BACKGROUND
5 Defendant was pulled over on July 8, 2007, at about 12:30 a.m., after
6 Albuquerque Police Officer Zachariah Floyd observed him weaving in the center lane
7 and exceeding the speed limit. The officer testified he knew Defendant was speeding
8 because he had paced Defendant by driving behind him, but admitted he had no
9 official training on how to pace a car. When the officer approached Defendant, he
10 noticed he had bloodshot, watery eyes, slurred speech, and smelled of alcohol. The
11 officer testified that Defendant was uncooperative and that Defendant did not admit
12 to having consumed any alcohol. Thereafter, Defendant would not look at the officer
13 or acknowledge his presence, and he refused to take part in the field sobriety tests
14 (FSTs). Defendant denied having any medical conditions that would restrict his
15 everyday activities such as walking, talking, and balancing, but stated he had a cold.
16 Based on his observations, Officer Floyd decided Defendant was not in any
17 condition to drive. The officer arrested Defendant and transported him to the police
18 station where he was given two breath alcohol tests (BATs), both of which registered
19 levels of .13. The metropolitan court found Defendant guilty of DWI under both the
2 1 “per se” and the “slightest degree” provisions of the DWI statute. That is, the court
2 found that Defendant had a breath alcohol concentration (BAC) of .08 or more in his
3 blood or breath, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-102(C)(1) (2007) (amended
4 2008 and 2010), and was impaired to the slightest degree by alcohol, regardless of his
5 BAC, contrary to Section 66-8-102(A). In the on-record appeal to the district court,
6 that court concluded that sufficient evidence existed for “slightest degree” DWI and
7 did not reach the question of whether the BAT results were properly admitted. It is
8 this conviction alone that we review here.
9 Probable Cause
10 Defendant argues the officer lacked probable cause to arrest him for DWI. “In
11 determining whether an officer had probable cause for an arrest, we look at the facts
12 and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge and determine whether they would
13 cause a reasonable, cautious officer to believe that a criminal offense was being
14 committed.” State v. Maez, 2009-NMCA-108, ¶ 24, 147 N.M. 91, 217 P.3d 104.
15 Officer Floyd testified at trial that he had observed Defendant speeding and
16 failing to maintain his lane. Defendant argues that these are non-jailable traffic
17 offenses and asserts that they cannot provide probable cause to arrest. Defendant is
18 correct only to the extent that the two minor traffic offenses that attracted Officer
19 Floyd’s attention could not by themselves provide a basis for a custodial arrest. See
3 1 State v. Rodarte, 2005-NMCA-141, ¶¶ 19-20, 138 N.M. 668, 125 P.3d 647. After the
2 officer pulled Defendant over for the traffic offenses, he noticed that Defendant had
3 bloodshot, watery eyes, slurred speech, and smelled of alcohol. Defendant refused to
4 perform FSTs when asked to do so by the officer. Taken together, these observations
5 provided Officer Floyd sufficient probable cause to arrest Defendant for DWI. See,
6 e.g., State v. Ruiz, 120 N.M. 534, 540, 903 P.2d 845, 851 (Ct. App. 1995) (holding
7 that the defendant’s “weaving for four blocks while the officer attempted to pull him
8 over to the curb, combined with [the] strong odor of alcohol, glassy eyes, and inability
9 to perform all of the [FSTs] in a satisfactory fashion, provided probable cause”),
10 abrogated on other grounds by State v. Martinez, 2007-NMSC-025, 141 N.M. 713,
11 160 P.3d 894; see also State v. Sanchez, 2001-NMCA-109, ¶ 9, 131 N.M. 355, 36
12 P.3d 446 (stating that “[t]he [prosecution] can use evidence of a driver’s refusal to
13 consent to the [FSTs] to create an inference of the driver’s consciousness of guilt”).
14 We conclude that Defendant’s arrest was supported by probable cause.
15 Sufficiency of the Evidence
16 Defendant argues the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions.
17 When reviewing a substantial evidence claim, “[t]he relevant question is whether,
18 after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
19 rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
4 1 reasonable doubt.” State v. Perea, 2001-NMSC-026, ¶ 5, 130 N.M. 732, 31 P.3d 1006
2 (emphasis omitted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “On appeal, we
3 will not reweigh the evidence nor substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder
4 provided that there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” State v. Collins,
5 2007-NMCA-106, ¶ 29, 142 N.M. 419, 166 P.3d 480.
6 As relevant to this case, the DWI statute provides as follows:
7 A. It is unlawful for a person who is under the influence of intoxicating 8 liquor to drive a vehicle within this state.
9 Section 66-8-102.
10 We address whether Defendant was under the influence of alcohol. A person
11 is driving under the influence of alcohol for purposes of Section 66-8-102(A) if “as
12 a result of drinking liquor the defendant was less able to the slightest degree, either
13 mentally or physically, or both, to exercise the clear judgment and steady hand
14 necessary to handle a vehicle with safety to the person and the public[.]” UJI 14-4501
15 NMRA; see Sanchez, 2001-NMCA-109, ¶ 17.
16 Evidence that Defendant was under the influence of alcohol for purposes of
17 Section 66-8-102(A) consisted of Officer Floyd’s testimony that Defendant was
18 weaving in his driving lane and had bloodshot, watery eyes, smelled of alcohol, and
19 slurred his speech. Defendant also refused to perform the FSTs, which may be
20 interpreted as consciousness of guilt even though taking the tests is not required. See
5 1 id. ¶ 9. The fact finder may “rely on common knowledge and experience to determine
2 whether [a defendant] was under the influence of alcohol.” State v. Neal,
3 2008-NMCA-008, ¶ 27, 143 N.M. 341, 176 P.3d 330. In the present case, the court
4 had before it not only evidence of common signs of intoxication, but also its influence
5 on Defendant’s driving in the form of testimony that Defendant had been weaving.
6 We conclude that the metropolitan court had sufficient evidence before it to convict
7 Defendant of DWI under Section 66-8-102(A). We therefore see no reason to address
8 whether Defendant had an alcohol concentration of .08 or more in his blood or breath
9 sufficient to convict him under Section 66-8-102(C)(1).
10 We further conclude that there was sufficient evidence to convict Defendant of
11 speeding. The only evidence for the speeding violation consisted of Officer Floyd’s
12 testimony, which was inconsistent at times. The officer initially testified that he first
13 observed Defendant driving eastbound on Second Street and later acknowledged that
14 he was driving eastbound on Lomas Boulevard. The officer also testified that
15 Defendant was driving fifty-five in a thirty mile-per-hour zone, which the officer
16 described as fifteen miles per hour over the speed limit. We observe that in reciting
17 the evidence for the conviction at the end of the trial, the metropolitan court described
18 the speeding as fifteen miles per hour over the limit. Officer Floyd testified that he
19 measured Defendant’s speed by pacing him and acknowledged that he did not have
6 1 any training or certification on how to pace another vehicle. Whether fifteen or
2 twenty-five miles over the limit, the disparity noted between the speed limit and the
3 officer’s noting the speed he was going is sufficient to support a finding of speeding.
4 This Court “will not reweigh the evidence nor substitute our judgment for that
5 of the fact finder[.]” Collins, 2007-NMCA-106, ¶ 29. Accordingly, we affirm
6 Defendant’s speeding conviction.
7 CONCLUSION
8 For the reasons stated in this opinion, we affirm Defendant’s convictions.
9 IT IS SO ORDERED.
10 __________________________________ 11 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
12 WE CONCUR:
13 _________________________________ 14 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
15 _________________________________ 16 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge