IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-1815 Filed December 6, 2017
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
JASON JEROME WILLIAMS, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, John D. Telleen,
Judge.
A defendant appeals the court’s decision to admit into evidence a 911 tape
of the victim over his Confrontation Clause objection. AFFIRMED.
Stuart G. Hoover of Blair & Fitzsimmons, P.C., Dubuque, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Genevieve Reinkoester, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., Mullins, J., and Scott, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2017). 2
SCOTT, Senior Judge.
Following a bench trial, Jason Williams appeals his conviction for
possession of a firearm as a felon, operating while barred as a habitual offender,
and domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. 1 See Iowa Code §§ 321.560,
321.561, 708.2A(2)(b), 724.26(1) (2015). He asserts on appeal the district court
violated his Confrontation Clause rights by admitting the entire recording of the
911 phone call the victim made on the morning of the incident. Because we
conclude the admission of the recording did not violate the Confrontation Clause,
we affirm his conviction.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
At approximately 8:00 a.m. on October 31, 2015, Williams arrived at the
home of Patricia Schultz.2 When his key failed to open the door, Williams began
banging on the doors and windows, attempting to wake up Schultz to let him in.
Awakened, Schultz dialed 911 to report that Williams was at the house and that he
was not supposed to be there. As Williams banged on the window, he saw Schultz
inside with another man. Williams then pushed in the window and climbed inside.
He assaulted Schultz and pointed a gun at the other man before leaving the house.
Prior to trial, Williams filed a motion in limine, seeking to exclude the
recording of Schultz’s 911 call on hearsay and Confrontation Clause grounds. On
the morning of trial, the district court overruled the objection to the admission of
the 911 recording and concluded the evidence was properly admitted as it fit within
1 The district court also found Williams not guilty of first-degree burglary and going armed with intent. 2 Testimony at trial indicated Williams and Schultz were both on the lease and had keys to the house. 3
multiple exceptions to the hearsay rule. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.803(1), (2), (6)
(outlining the present-sense-impression, excited-utterance, and business-record
hearsay exceptions). Schultz did not testify at trial, but the other man present in
her house the morning of the incident did testify, as did Williams. The court found
Williams guilty on three of the charges filed against him, and Williams was
sentenced to a total of five years in prison, with credit for time served.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
Our standard of review is de novo for claims involving a violation of the
defendant’s right to confront his accuser. State v. Schaer, 757 N.W.2d 630, 633
(Iowa 2008).
III. Confrontation Clause.
Williams asserts his Confrontation Clause rights were violated when
Schultz’s 911 recording was admitted into evidence in its entirety.3 The
Confrontation Clause gives the defendant the right “to be confronted with the
witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend VI. “[T]his provision bars ‘admission
3 As an initial matter, the State asserts Williams did not preserve error on his Confrontation Clause claim. The State agrees that Williams raised the issue in front of the district court, but the court only ruled on the hearsay objections. The State asserts Williams was required to seek a ruling from the district court on the Confrontation Clause in order to preserve the issue for appeal. See Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“When a district court fails to rule on an issue properly raised by a party, the party who raised the issue must file a motion requesting a ruling in order to preserve error for appeal.”). However, “[i]f the court’s ruling indicates that the court considered the issue and necessarily ruled on it, even if the court’s reasoning is ‘incomplete or sparse,’ the issue has been preserved.” Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 864 (Iowa 2012). The Confrontation Clause argument was presented to the district court, and in the district court’s ruling, the court acknowledged Williams had asserted a violation of his confrontation rights. The court then stated it admitted the evidence over defense counsel’s objection. Because the record indicates the court was aware of the Confrontation Clause claim made, it considered the claim, and the court’s ruling admitting the recording necessarily ruled on the claim, we consider the issue preserved for our review. See id. 4
of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless [the
witness] was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity
for cross-examination.’” Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821 (2006) (citation
omitted). Schultz did not appear for trial,4 and thus, Williams asserts the
statements Schultz made on the 911 recording were improperly admitted because
the statements were testimonial.
Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.
Id. at 822.
Williams claims the court should not have admitted the initial portion of the
call because Schultz’s voice was calm when she was providing her name, address,
and phone number and describing the reason for the call. It was not until Williams
gained entrance into the house through the window that Schultz’s voice became
alarmed and, in Williams’s opinion, an emergency occurred. We do not find the
tone of Schultz’s voice dispositive as to when a statement is testimonial or
nontestimonial. The Supreme Court in Davis stated: “A 911 call, . . . at least the
initial interrogation conducted in connection with a 911 call, is ordinarily not
designed primarily to ‘establis[h] or prov[e]’ some past fact, but to describe current
circumstances requiring police assistance.” Id. at 827 (alterations in original). On
4 The district court’s decision noted its understanding was that Schultz became uncooperative with the State and refused to testify against Williams. 5
the other hand, police interrogations “solely directed at establishing the facts of a
past crime, in order to identify (or provide evidence to convict) the perpetrator” are
considered testimonial. Id. at 826.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-1815 Filed December 6, 2017
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
JASON JEROME WILLIAMS, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, John D. Telleen,
Judge.
A defendant appeals the court’s decision to admit into evidence a 911 tape
of the victim over his Confrontation Clause objection. AFFIRMED.
Stuart G. Hoover of Blair & Fitzsimmons, P.C., Dubuque, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Genevieve Reinkoester, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., Mullins, J., and Scott, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2017). 2
SCOTT, Senior Judge.
Following a bench trial, Jason Williams appeals his conviction for
possession of a firearm as a felon, operating while barred as a habitual offender,
and domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. 1 See Iowa Code §§ 321.560,
321.561, 708.2A(2)(b), 724.26(1) (2015). He asserts on appeal the district court
violated his Confrontation Clause rights by admitting the entire recording of the
911 phone call the victim made on the morning of the incident. Because we
conclude the admission of the recording did not violate the Confrontation Clause,
we affirm his conviction.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
At approximately 8:00 a.m. on October 31, 2015, Williams arrived at the
home of Patricia Schultz.2 When his key failed to open the door, Williams began
banging on the doors and windows, attempting to wake up Schultz to let him in.
Awakened, Schultz dialed 911 to report that Williams was at the house and that he
was not supposed to be there. As Williams banged on the window, he saw Schultz
inside with another man. Williams then pushed in the window and climbed inside.
He assaulted Schultz and pointed a gun at the other man before leaving the house.
Prior to trial, Williams filed a motion in limine, seeking to exclude the
recording of Schultz’s 911 call on hearsay and Confrontation Clause grounds. On
the morning of trial, the district court overruled the objection to the admission of
the 911 recording and concluded the evidence was properly admitted as it fit within
1 The district court also found Williams not guilty of first-degree burglary and going armed with intent. 2 Testimony at trial indicated Williams and Schultz were both on the lease and had keys to the house. 3
multiple exceptions to the hearsay rule. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.803(1), (2), (6)
(outlining the present-sense-impression, excited-utterance, and business-record
hearsay exceptions). Schultz did not testify at trial, but the other man present in
her house the morning of the incident did testify, as did Williams. The court found
Williams guilty on three of the charges filed against him, and Williams was
sentenced to a total of five years in prison, with credit for time served.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
Our standard of review is de novo for claims involving a violation of the
defendant’s right to confront his accuser. State v. Schaer, 757 N.W.2d 630, 633
(Iowa 2008).
III. Confrontation Clause.
Williams asserts his Confrontation Clause rights were violated when
Schultz’s 911 recording was admitted into evidence in its entirety.3 The
Confrontation Clause gives the defendant the right “to be confronted with the
witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend VI. “[T]his provision bars ‘admission
3 As an initial matter, the State asserts Williams did not preserve error on his Confrontation Clause claim. The State agrees that Williams raised the issue in front of the district court, but the court only ruled on the hearsay objections. The State asserts Williams was required to seek a ruling from the district court on the Confrontation Clause in order to preserve the issue for appeal. See Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“When a district court fails to rule on an issue properly raised by a party, the party who raised the issue must file a motion requesting a ruling in order to preserve error for appeal.”). However, “[i]f the court’s ruling indicates that the court considered the issue and necessarily ruled on it, even if the court’s reasoning is ‘incomplete or sparse,’ the issue has been preserved.” Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 864 (Iowa 2012). The Confrontation Clause argument was presented to the district court, and in the district court’s ruling, the court acknowledged Williams had asserted a violation of his confrontation rights. The court then stated it admitted the evidence over defense counsel’s objection. Because the record indicates the court was aware of the Confrontation Clause claim made, it considered the claim, and the court’s ruling admitting the recording necessarily ruled on the claim, we consider the issue preserved for our review. See id. 4
of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless [the
witness] was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity
for cross-examination.’” Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821 (2006) (citation
omitted). Schultz did not appear for trial,4 and thus, Williams asserts the
statements Schultz made on the 911 recording were improperly admitted because
the statements were testimonial.
Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.
Id. at 822.
Williams claims the court should not have admitted the initial portion of the
call because Schultz’s voice was calm when she was providing her name, address,
and phone number and describing the reason for the call. It was not until Williams
gained entrance into the house through the window that Schultz’s voice became
alarmed and, in Williams’s opinion, an emergency occurred. We do not find the
tone of Schultz’s voice dispositive as to when a statement is testimonial or
nontestimonial. The Supreme Court in Davis stated: “A 911 call, . . . at least the
initial interrogation conducted in connection with a 911 call, is ordinarily not
designed primarily to ‘establis[h] or prov[e]’ some past fact, but to describe current
circumstances requiring police assistance.” Id. at 827 (alterations in original). On
4 The district court’s decision noted its understanding was that Schultz became uncooperative with the State and refused to testify against Williams. 5
the other hand, police interrogations “solely directed at establishing the facts of a
past crime, in order to identify (or provide evidence to convict) the perpetrator” are
considered testimonial. Id. at 826.
In this case, Schultz contacted the police not to give a statement of a past
crime so that police could identify or obtain evidence to convict the perpetrator but
to seek the assistance of the police in an ongoing situation involving Williams.
Williams was seeking to gain entry to the house, and Schultz did not want him to
come in. In asking for police assistance, she called 911 and provided her
identifying information and a description of why she needed assistance. The
primary purpose of Schultz providing the information was to enable the police to
meet an ongoing emergency occurring at her home. We thus conclude Schultz’s
statements on the 911 call were not testimonial and the district court correctly
admitted the recording over Williams’s Confrontation Clause objections.
AFFIRMED.