March 7 2012
DA 11-0261
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2012 MT 57N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
JEFFERY ALLEN WEER,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, In and For the County of Missoula, Cause No. DC 10-243 Honorable Ed McLean, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Jeffrey T. Renz, Attorney at Law, Missoula, Montana
For Appellee:
Steve Bullock, Montana Attorney General; Tammy K Plubell, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Fred Van Valkenburg, Missoula County Attorney; Suzy Boylan, Deputy County Attorney, Missoula, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: January 25, 2012 Decided: March 7, 2012
Filed:
__________________________________________ Clerk Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(d), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not serve
as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this Court’s
quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports.
¶2 Jeffery Allen Weer (Weer) appeals his conviction and sentence for DUI by the Fourth
Judicial District Court, Missoula County. We affirm.
¶3 Weer was charged with DUI in Missoula County. He was found guilty after a jury
trial in justice court. Weer appealed to the Fourth Judicial District Court. Weer filed a
motion in limine seeking to prevent Trooper Salois from testifying about: the significance of
the results of the horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test and the results of the one-leg-stand
and walk-and-turn tests. Weer also sought to prohibit a declaration at trial that Trooper
Salois was an expert under M. R. Evid. 702. After a hearing, Weer’s motion in limine was
denied. After a jury trial, Weer was convicted and sentenced to six months in jail, with all
but 24 hours suspended, and fined a total of $425. Weer sought credit towards his probation
for the time between his justice court and district court convictions. After briefing, Weer’s
request for credit was denied.
¶4 Weer timely appealed, raising four issues, restated below. We consider each in turn.
¶5 Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it held Trooper Salois was an expert
under M. R. Evid. 702?
2 ¶6 Weer filed a motion in limine seeking to bar Trooper Salois from testifying about the
significance of the HGN test results. His motion was denied. Weer argues again on appeal
that Trooper Salois was not qualified to testify as an expert on the scientific basis of HGN
because he had no independent knowledge of the subject, but rather “parroted” from an
outline. The State argues Trooper Salois possessed the requisite qualifications, and he need
not be a medical professional to testify.
¶7 The district court’s determination regarding the qualification and competency of an
expert witness is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State v. Harris, 2008 MT 213, ¶ 6, 344
Mont. 208, 186 P.3d 1263. The trial court has “great latitude” in ruling on the admissibility
of expert testimony. State v. Crawford, 2003 MT 118, ¶ 30, 315 Mont. 480, 68 P.3d 848
(emphasis in original). We have established no “essential requirements” the witness must
possess to testify as an expert on HGN. Harris, ¶ 10. We have specifically rejected the
requirement that the proposed expert must be a medical professional. Harris, ¶ 10;
Crawford, ¶ 27.
¶8 This issue is one of judicial discretion. After reviewing the record, we conclude there
clearly was not an abuse of discretion. Trooper Salois’s qualifications are comparable to
those we have held sufficient in the past, and Weer’s counsel vigorously cross-examined
Trooper Salois on his alleged lack of qualifications.
¶9 Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it said “He’s [Trooper Salois is]
recognized as an expert” in front of the jury?
¶10 In the District Court, Weer also filed a motion in limine to prohibit Trooper Salois 3 from being declared “an expert” at trial. His motion was denied. On appeal, Weer argues
that it was improper and a denial of due process for the District Court, upon motion of the
prosecutor, to declare Trooper Salois “an expert.” This, according to Weer, made the
District Court a witness and amounted to vouching for Trooper Salois. Weer argues the
District Court should have simply said “He may (or may not) testify under Rule 702.” The
State argues this is the kind of exchange that happens in Montana courts regularly, and was
not a denial of due process or an abuse of discretion.
¶11 This issue is one of judicial discretion. After reviewing the record, we conclude there
clearly was not an abuse of discretion. After laying the foundational requirements for
Trooper Salois’s HGN testimony, the State said “Your Honor, at this time, I move to qualify
Trooper Salois as an expert in HGN.” Weer did not object. The District Court then said
“He’s recognized as an expert.” The District Court did not abuse its discretion, nor violate
Weer’s due process rights, by acknowledging for the record that the State met the
foundational requirements of M. R. Evid. 702.
¶12 Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it allowed Trooper Salois to testify
about the results of the standardized field sobriety tests?
¶13 Weer argues Trooper Salois administered the walk-and-turn and one-leg stand tests
improperly, and therefore the results should not have been admitted at trial. The State argues
that Trooper Salois testified that he administered the tests properly, and that whether the tests
were conducted properly goes to the weight of the testimony rather than the admissibility.
¶14 We review a district court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence for an abuse of 4 discretion. State v. Payne, 2011 MT 35, ¶ 15, 359 Mont. 270, 248 P.3d 842.
¶15 This issue is one of judicial discretion. After reviewing the record, we conclude there
clearly was not an abuse of discretion. Trooper Salois testified he administered the tests in
accordance with his training. Weer disagreed, and cross-examined Trooper Salois
accordingly. Any quibble about the manner in which the tests were administered goes to the
weight of the evidence, not its admissibility. See State v. Damon, 2005 MT 218, ¶¶ 22, 24,
328 Mont. 276, 119 P.3d 1194.
¶16 Did the District Court err when it held Weer was not entitled to credit against his six
month probationary sentence?
¶17 Weer argues that he was on probation from the time he was sentenced in justice court,
therefore his District Court sentence should be credited with the time that elapsed between
the justice court sentence and his District Court conviction. The State argues that Weer
should not be credited with any time because his bail was continued, and, when faced with a
failure to pay notice and an order to show cause for failure to serve his 24 hour jail sentence,
Weer represented to the justice court that his sentence was stayed pending appeal.
¶18 We review criminal sentences that are not eligible for sentence review for legality and
for an abuse of discretion. State v. Gunderson, 2010 MT 166, ¶ 37, 357 Mont. 142, 237 P.3d
74; State v. Herd, 2004 MT 85, ¶ 22, 320 Mont. 490, 87 P.3d 1017.
¶19 Section 46-9-107, MCA, provides:
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March 7 2012
DA 11-0261
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2012 MT 57N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
JEFFERY ALLEN WEER,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, In and For the County of Missoula, Cause No. DC 10-243 Honorable Ed McLean, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Jeffrey T. Renz, Attorney at Law, Missoula, Montana
For Appellee:
Steve Bullock, Montana Attorney General; Tammy K Plubell, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Fred Van Valkenburg, Missoula County Attorney; Suzy Boylan, Deputy County Attorney, Missoula, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: January 25, 2012 Decided: March 7, 2012
Filed:
__________________________________________ Clerk Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(d), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not serve
as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this Court’s
quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports.
¶2 Jeffery Allen Weer (Weer) appeals his conviction and sentence for DUI by the Fourth
Judicial District Court, Missoula County. We affirm.
¶3 Weer was charged with DUI in Missoula County. He was found guilty after a jury
trial in justice court. Weer appealed to the Fourth Judicial District Court. Weer filed a
motion in limine seeking to prevent Trooper Salois from testifying about: the significance of
the results of the horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test and the results of the one-leg-stand
and walk-and-turn tests. Weer also sought to prohibit a declaration at trial that Trooper
Salois was an expert under M. R. Evid. 702. After a hearing, Weer’s motion in limine was
denied. After a jury trial, Weer was convicted and sentenced to six months in jail, with all
but 24 hours suspended, and fined a total of $425. Weer sought credit towards his probation
for the time between his justice court and district court convictions. After briefing, Weer’s
request for credit was denied.
¶4 Weer timely appealed, raising four issues, restated below. We consider each in turn.
¶5 Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it held Trooper Salois was an expert
under M. R. Evid. 702?
2 ¶6 Weer filed a motion in limine seeking to bar Trooper Salois from testifying about the
significance of the HGN test results. His motion was denied. Weer argues again on appeal
that Trooper Salois was not qualified to testify as an expert on the scientific basis of HGN
because he had no independent knowledge of the subject, but rather “parroted” from an
outline. The State argues Trooper Salois possessed the requisite qualifications, and he need
not be a medical professional to testify.
¶7 The district court’s determination regarding the qualification and competency of an
expert witness is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State v. Harris, 2008 MT 213, ¶ 6, 344
Mont. 208, 186 P.3d 1263. The trial court has “great latitude” in ruling on the admissibility
of expert testimony. State v. Crawford, 2003 MT 118, ¶ 30, 315 Mont. 480, 68 P.3d 848
(emphasis in original). We have established no “essential requirements” the witness must
possess to testify as an expert on HGN. Harris, ¶ 10. We have specifically rejected the
requirement that the proposed expert must be a medical professional. Harris, ¶ 10;
Crawford, ¶ 27.
¶8 This issue is one of judicial discretion. After reviewing the record, we conclude there
clearly was not an abuse of discretion. Trooper Salois’s qualifications are comparable to
those we have held sufficient in the past, and Weer’s counsel vigorously cross-examined
Trooper Salois on his alleged lack of qualifications.
¶9 Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it said “He’s [Trooper Salois is]
recognized as an expert” in front of the jury?
¶10 In the District Court, Weer also filed a motion in limine to prohibit Trooper Salois 3 from being declared “an expert” at trial. His motion was denied. On appeal, Weer argues
that it was improper and a denial of due process for the District Court, upon motion of the
prosecutor, to declare Trooper Salois “an expert.” This, according to Weer, made the
District Court a witness and amounted to vouching for Trooper Salois. Weer argues the
District Court should have simply said “He may (or may not) testify under Rule 702.” The
State argues this is the kind of exchange that happens in Montana courts regularly, and was
not a denial of due process or an abuse of discretion.
¶11 This issue is one of judicial discretion. After reviewing the record, we conclude there
clearly was not an abuse of discretion. After laying the foundational requirements for
Trooper Salois’s HGN testimony, the State said “Your Honor, at this time, I move to qualify
Trooper Salois as an expert in HGN.” Weer did not object. The District Court then said
“He’s recognized as an expert.” The District Court did not abuse its discretion, nor violate
Weer’s due process rights, by acknowledging for the record that the State met the
foundational requirements of M. R. Evid. 702.
¶12 Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it allowed Trooper Salois to testify
about the results of the standardized field sobriety tests?
¶13 Weer argues Trooper Salois administered the walk-and-turn and one-leg stand tests
improperly, and therefore the results should not have been admitted at trial. The State argues
that Trooper Salois testified that he administered the tests properly, and that whether the tests
were conducted properly goes to the weight of the testimony rather than the admissibility.
¶14 We review a district court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence for an abuse of 4 discretion. State v. Payne, 2011 MT 35, ¶ 15, 359 Mont. 270, 248 P.3d 842.
¶15 This issue is one of judicial discretion. After reviewing the record, we conclude there
clearly was not an abuse of discretion. Trooper Salois testified he administered the tests in
accordance with his training. Weer disagreed, and cross-examined Trooper Salois
accordingly. Any quibble about the manner in which the tests were administered goes to the
weight of the evidence, not its admissibility. See State v. Damon, 2005 MT 218, ¶¶ 22, 24,
328 Mont. 276, 119 P.3d 1194.
¶16 Did the District Court err when it held Weer was not entitled to credit against his six
month probationary sentence?
¶17 Weer argues that he was on probation from the time he was sentenced in justice court,
therefore his District Court sentence should be credited with the time that elapsed between
the justice court sentence and his District Court conviction. The State argues that Weer
should not be credited with any time because his bail was continued, and, when faced with a
failure to pay notice and an order to show cause for failure to serve his 24 hour jail sentence,
Weer represented to the justice court that his sentence was stayed pending appeal.
¶18 We review criminal sentences that are not eligible for sentence review for legality and
for an abuse of discretion. State v. Gunderson, 2010 MT 166, ¶ 37, 357 Mont. 142, 237 P.3d
74; State v. Herd, 2004 MT 85, ¶ 22, 320 Mont. 490, 87 P.3d 1017.
¶19 Section 46-9-107, MCA, provides:
A person intending to appeal from a judgment imposing a fine only or from any judgment rendered by a justice's court or city court must be admitted to bail. The court shall order the detention of a defendant found guilty of an 5 offense who is awaiting imposition or execution of sentence or a revocation hearing or who has filed an appeal unless the court finds that, if released, the defendant is not likely to flee or pose a danger to the safety of any person or the community.
¶20 Section 46-20-204, MCA, provides:
(1) If an appeal is taken, a sentence of death must be stayed by order of the trial court until final order by the supreme court. (2) If an appeal is taken and the defendant is admitted to bail, a sentence of imprisonment must be stayed by the trial court. (3) If an appeal is taken, a sentence to pay a fine or a fine and costs must be stayed by the trial court or by the reviewing court. (4) If an appeal is taken and the accused was admitted to probation, the accused shall remain on probation or post bail.
¶21 After reviewing the record, we conclude the District Court correctly interpreted the
statutes in question and did not abuse its discretion. The bail posted by Weer in justice court
was continued and he represented to the justice court that his sentence was stayed.
¶22 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(d) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for noncitable memorandum opinions. We affirm
the District Court on all issues.
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH /S/ JAMES C. NELSON /S/ PATRICIA COTTER /S/ BRIAN MORRIS