Lively, President:
Defendant was convicted of forgery and given an indeterminate sentence of from two to ten years in tbe penitentiary, and from tbis sentence be prosecutes this writ of error, alleging: (1) that tbe verdict was contrary to tbe law and evidence; and (2) that be was prejudiced by tbe introduction of improper testimony.
Defendant purchased from tbe Smith Motor Sales Company an automobile tire, an inner-tube and some gas, to pay for which be delivered to it a cheek for $32.00 signed by J. B. Webb and made payable to tbe order of defendant, Clinton Webb, on tbe Elkins National Bank, dated July 31, 1924. Tbe check was presented to tbe bank and payment denied because of insufficient funds to tbe credit of J. B. Webb, and on tbe ground that tbe signature of tbe drawer was not genuine. Smith, tbe manager of tbe Sales Company, took tbe check, a day or so afterwards, to tbe purported drawer, J. B. Webb, tbe father of defendant, for the purpose of having tbe check paid. Webb, according to bis testimony, denied that tbe signature was bis, and also denied that be bad given authority to defendant to sign bis name to tbe check. He refused to pay it. Defendant was then arrested, and within a short time thereafter, J. B. Webb, tbe father of defendant, paid tbe check. Defendant swore that be bad authority from bis father to sign bis father's name to checks for small amounts; and tbe father testified that be bad given such authority to tbe boy and that be bad paid several checks theretofore issued by tbe boy to which bis name was signed as drawer. He denied that be told Smith that he bad not given authority to tbe boy to sign bis name
to checks for small amounts which the boy might need. He said that he did tell Smith that he did not give authority to sign that particular check. His explanation of his refusal to pay the check when demand was made upon him for payment was that Smith had threatened to arrest the boy, and he, thinking that he had twenty days in which to pay the check before arrest could be made, concluded that he would let Mr. Smith wait, and for the further reason that Smith had owed him for work done and was not prompt in payment. The State introduced a letter written by defendant to his father while in jail, asking his father to bail him out, and which letter made no indication that the check had been signed by the boy under authority given by his father. Whether the boy had authority from his father as testified to by both, or whether it was a subterfuge to obtain acquittal after arrest, was a question of fact which was within the province of the jury to determine; and we cannot say that the verdict was contrary to the evidence. The weight to be given to the evidence of the witnesses and their credibility for the establishment of any fact, is peculiarly within the province of the jury.
The second assignment of error is based upon the fact that while defendant was being examined as a witness on his own behalf the prosecuting attorney asked him if he had not just been released from the penitentiary a short time before he negotiated the check, and defendant’s answer was that he “had been released from the pen over a year before he came home,” which question and answer were objected to, but the court refused to strike them out, on the ground that it was competent evidence as affecting the credibility of the witness. Upon redirect examination defendant’s counsel questioned him as to the cause of his confinement in the penitentiary and he replied that it was for breaking jail while he was being confined on a charge of complicity in breaking into a drug store, of which latter offense he was acquitted; but that he was sent to the penitentiary, for breaking jail. The prosecuting attorney then asked him, in effect, if at the time he broke jail the jailer had been assaulted,
and defendant stated that the jailer was not assaulted but that they had locked him up' in a cell when they left. The prosecuting attorney asked him how long he had been confined in the penitentiary, and his reply was, sis years, six months and ten days. It will be observed that the offense for which he was convicted and for which he was sentenced to the penitentiary, is not clear.
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Lively, President:
Defendant was convicted of forgery and given an indeterminate sentence of from two to ten years in tbe penitentiary, and from tbis sentence be prosecutes this writ of error, alleging: (1) that tbe verdict was contrary to tbe law and evidence; and (2) that be was prejudiced by tbe introduction of improper testimony.
Defendant purchased from tbe Smith Motor Sales Company an automobile tire, an inner-tube and some gas, to pay for which be delivered to it a cheek for $32.00 signed by J. B. Webb and made payable to tbe order of defendant, Clinton Webb, on tbe Elkins National Bank, dated July 31, 1924. Tbe check was presented to tbe bank and payment denied because of insufficient funds to tbe credit of J. B. Webb, and on tbe ground that tbe signature of tbe drawer was not genuine. Smith, tbe manager of tbe Sales Company, took tbe check, a day or so afterwards, to tbe purported drawer, J. B. Webb, tbe father of defendant, for the purpose of having tbe check paid. Webb, according to bis testimony, denied that tbe signature was bis, and also denied that be bad given authority to defendant to sign bis name to tbe check. He refused to pay it. Defendant was then arrested, and within a short time thereafter, J. B. Webb, tbe father of defendant, paid tbe check. Defendant swore that be bad authority from bis father to sign bis father's name to checks for small amounts; and tbe father testified that be bad given such authority to tbe boy and that be bad paid several checks theretofore issued by tbe boy to which bis name was signed as drawer. He denied that be told Smith that he bad not given authority to tbe boy to sign bis name
to checks for small amounts which the boy might need. He said that he did tell Smith that he did not give authority to sign that particular check. His explanation of his refusal to pay the check when demand was made upon him for payment was that Smith had threatened to arrest the boy, and he, thinking that he had twenty days in which to pay the check before arrest could be made, concluded that he would let Mr. Smith wait, and for the further reason that Smith had owed him for work done and was not prompt in payment. The State introduced a letter written by defendant to his father while in jail, asking his father to bail him out, and which letter made no indication that the check had been signed by the boy under authority given by his father. Whether the boy had authority from his father as testified to by both, or whether it was a subterfuge to obtain acquittal after arrest, was a question of fact which was within the province of the jury to determine; and we cannot say that the verdict was contrary to the evidence. The weight to be given to the evidence of the witnesses and their credibility for the establishment of any fact, is peculiarly within the province of the jury.
The second assignment of error is based upon the fact that while defendant was being examined as a witness on his own behalf the prosecuting attorney asked him if he had not just been released from the penitentiary a short time before he negotiated the check, and defendant’s answer was that he “had been released from the pen over a year before he came home,” which question and answer were objected to, but the court refused to strike them out, on the ground that it was competent evidence as affecting the credibility of the witness. Upon redirect examination defendant’s counsel questioned him as to the cause of his confinement in the penitentiary and he replied that it was for breaking jail while he was being confined on a charge of complicity in breaking into a drug store, of which latter offense he was acquitted; but that he was sent to the penitentiary, for breaking jail. The prosecuting attorney then asked him, in effect, if at the time he broke jail the jailer had been assaulted,
and defendant stated that the jailer was not assaulted but that they had locked him up' in a cell when they left. The prosecuting attorney asked him how long he had been confined in the penitentiary, and his reply was, sis years, six months and ten days. It will be observed that the offense for which he was convicted and for which he was sentenced to the penitentiary, is not clear.
Whether the accused on trial in a criminal case can be required on cross-examination by the State to answer whether he has been formerly convicted of a crime is a question on which the decisions of the various States are by no means uniform and many are in direct conflict. The weight of authority seems to be that such questions may be propounded and answer required as affecting the credibility of the accused as a witness. The theory upon which the majority ruling is based is that when the accused offers himself as a witness he stands in no better position than any other witness and is subject to the same kind of examination as any other witness. Some of the States have by statutory enactment said that evidence of former convictions may be introduced against the accused. When he takes the stand as a witness he subjects himself to the same rules of cross-examination applicable to all witnesses. In an extended note to
Morrison
v.
State of Texas,
6 A. L. R. 1607, will be found a collation of the various decisions in the States on the point under discussion. It will be observed that many of the decisions are under statutes which allow the introduction of previous convictions of crime to be shown on the cross-examination of a witness for the purpose of testing his credibility, and even when such statutes are not in terms made applicable to the accused, they are interpreted to be applicable to him when he offers himself as a witness. And even in the absence of such a statute the majority rule, as before stated, is that the prosecution may show on cross-examination of the accused that he has been previously convicted of crime, for the purpose of lessening his credibility. The States which have adopted the minority rule, namely, that it is error , to ask the accused and require answer on cross-examination as to
previous convictions of crime as affecting his credibility, are listed in the note referred to above. West Virginia is included in the States adopting the minority rule. In
State
v.
White,
81 W. Va. 516, this court held, in the 5th point of the syllabus, that it is improper to require the accused upon cross-examination to answer the question whether he has not been convicted of another offense having no semblance to or connection with the crime for which he was being tried, for the purpose of impeaching his testimony. In that case the accused was on trial for murder and he was asked by the prosecuting attorney if he had not been convicted at a previous term of court of selling liquor in violation of the law, and he answered in the affirmative. His counsel objected to the question and answer and moved to strike it out, but the court refused to do so. The opinion prepared by Judge Williams, says that “the testimony was not proper for any purpose, * * * Nor was it admissible as affecting defendant’s credibility. The rule respecting the right to impeach a witness by proving that his moral character generally is bad, is not uniform in the different jurisdictions, but the more general rule, and the one which has been followed in this State, is that impeaching evidence must be confined to reputation for truth, and does not embrace moral character in general. Evidence of the commission of other crimes is not admissible as impeaching testimony.
State
v.
Grove,
61 W. Va. 698;
Uhl
v.
Commonwealth,
6 Grat. 706;
State
v.
Miller,
75 W. Va. 591;
State
v.
Sheppard,
49 W. Va. 582;
State
v.
Hill,
52 W. Va. 296; 40 Cyc. 2595; 4 Chamberlayne’s Modern Law of Evidence, Sec. 3276; 1 Jones on Evidence, Sec. 143, 5 Id., Sec. 861.” The decision in the
White
case is not in conflict with
State
v. Hill, 52 W. Va. 296, where it is held in point 4 of the syllabus: ’ “On cross-examination to discredit a witness he may be asked whether he has been confined in the penitentiary; and if he answers that he has been, it is no ground of exception by the party introducing the witness. It is not necessary in such case to produce the record of conviction.” From an inspection of the facts and opinion in the last cited case it will be perceived that the
rule there laid down was made applicable to a witness for the defense and not to the
accused
as a witness. As further emphasizing the difference in the applicability of the rule to the ordinary witness and to the defendant himself when he goes upon the stand as a witness, see
State
v.
Walker,
92 W. Va. 499. In
State
v.
Miller,
75 W. Va. 591, the accused was a witness, and the objection of his counsel was said to be a claim of privilege on his part and the court should have excluded the question. We are committed to the minority rule above stated, and we see no good reason for overruling our former cases adopting it. Many persons have been convicted of crimes and misdemeanors engendered by heat of passion and inconsiderate action, infirmities in human nature which are more or less prevalent in all. We can see no reason why such convictions would affect the credibility or veracity of such a person who is being tried for a subsequent and wholly unconnected offense. Undoubtedly the evidence that defendant had previously served a term in the penitentiary was prejudicial to him and was influential in the finding of the verdict. The judgment will be reversed; the verdict set aside and a new trial awarded.
Judgment reversed; verdict set aside; new trial awarded.