IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA22-972
Filed 18 June 2024
Alamance County, No. 17CRS56552
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
JALEN O’KEITH WATLINGTON, Defendant.
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered on or about 27 April 2022 by
Judge David T. Lambeth Jr. in Superior Court, Alamance County. Heard in the Court
of Appeals 8 August 2023.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Donna B. Wojcik, for the State.
Thomas, Ferguson & Beskind, LLP, by Kellie Mannette and Jay H. Ferguson, for defendant-appellant.
STROUD, Judge.
Defendant appeals his judgment for assault by pointing a gun and discharging
a weapon into an occupied vehicle. Defendant did not object to the substitution of a
juror after deliberations had begun, and the jury was properly constituted,
impaneled, and instructed under North Carolina General Statute Section 15A-
1215(a). Nonetheless, on appeal Defendant has challenged North Carolina General
Statute Section 15A-1215(a) as unconstitutional, and based on State v. Chambers, ___
N.C. App. ___, 898 S.E.2d 86 (2024) and In re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 379 S.E.2d STATE V. WATLINGTON
Opinion of the Court
30 (1989), we have no choice but to vacate Defendant’s convictions and judgment and
remand for a new trial on all charges.
I. Background
The State’s evidence tended to show that on 30 November 2017, Mr. Brandon
Miles and Ms. Racshell Carr were driving in a Chevrolet. Defendant was driving a
Toyota and backed into the Chevrolet’s line of travel, causing Mr. Miles to swerve out
of the way to avoid a collision. Immediately after this near collision, at a stop light,
Defendant and Defendant’s passenger both pulled out guns. Ms. Carr called the
police. The occupants of the two cars exchanged words at the next light, and by that
time, Ms. Carr was on the phone with the police, and they told her to get Defendant’s
tag number.
The vehicles then separated, driving onto different streets, but Mr. Miles
eventually turned around to get Defendant’s tag number. When Mr. Miles found the
Toyota, Defendant and his passenger were both waiting at a stop sign with their guns
displayed. Shots were fired at Mr. Miles and Ms. Carr, who ducked.
On or about 2 July 2018, Defendant was indicted for assault with a deadly
weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury (“AWDWIKISI”) and discharging
a weapon into an occupied vehicle (“firing into a vehicle”). After a seven day trial, the
jury found Defendant “guilty of assault by pointing a gun[.]” (Capitalization altered.)
The jury also found Defendant guilty of firing into a vehicle. The trial court entered
judgment; Defendant appealed.
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II. Juror Substitution
After all evidence had been presented in the case, on 25 April 2022 at about
4:11 pm, the jury was sent to the jury room to select a foreperson and begin
deliberations. At about 4:50 pm, the jury sent the trial court a request to see some
exhibits, and the jury was brought back to the courtroom. The alternate jurors were
also present. Three of the State’s exhibits were published to the jury, and they were
sent home at 5:00 pm and told to return at 9:30 am the next morning.
On 26 April 2022, Juror No. 10 was missing. The clerk contacted Juror No. 10
and she informed the trial court she had recently injured her foot resulting in
swelling, a trip to the emergency room, and doctor’s instructions to stay off the foot.
The trial court was concerned about the juror’s ability to concentrate on the case; the
trial court spoke to counsel for the State and Defendant, and neither objected to Juror
No. 10 being released and seating the first alternate juror. In deciding to seat the
alternate juror, the trial court referred specifically to North Carolina General Statute
Section 15A-1215(a), which became effective on 1 October 2021. See N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 15A-1215 (2023) (Editor’s Note).
In accord with North Carolina General Statute Section 15A-1215(a), the trial
court instructed the jury to begin deliberations anew. The trial court further
instructed, “This means you should disregard entirely any deliberations taking place
before the alternative juror was substituted and consider freshly the evidence as if
the previous deliberations had never occurred” and
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[a]lthough starting over may seem frustrating, please do not let it discourage you. It is important to our system of justice that each juror has a full and fair opportunity to explore his or her views and respond to the views of others so that you may come to a unanimous verdict. All the previous instructions given to you, including the unanimity requirement for a verdict, remain in effect.
The twelve jurors then started deliberations at 10:17am on 26 April 2022.
Defendant contends “the trial court violated Article I, Section 24 of the North
Carolina Constitution when it allowed an alternate juror to substitute for Juror #10
on the second day of deliberations.” (Capitalization altered.) Defendant specifically
argues a 2021 amendment to North Carolina General Statute Section 15A-1215
allowing a juror to be replaced with an alternate even after deliberation has begun,
with instructions to begin deliberations anew, is unconstitutional. The State argues
Defendant failed to preserve his constitutional argument because he did not object to
the substitution of the juror. The State relied in part upon the only case addressing
this issue as of the date the State filed its brief, an unpublished case from this Court
in April 2023, State v. Poole, which determined the defendant had waived his
constitutional argument by failure to object to the juror substitution or to raise any
constitutional argument regarding the amendment to North Carolina General
Statute Section 15A-1215(a) at trial:
Effective 1 October 2021, the General Assembly amended N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-1215 and 15A-1221 to permit an alternate juror to replace a regular juror after deliberations have begun. 2021 N.C. Sess. Laws 374, 374-
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75, ch. 94, §§ 1-2. The General Assembly added, among other language, the following: “[i]f an alternate juror replaces a juror after deliberations have begun, the court must instruct the jury to begin its deliberations anew.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a) (2021). On appeal, defendant presents the question of whether the 2021 amendment to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a) permitting substitution of an alternate juror after jury deliberations have begun violates Article I, Section 24 of the North Carolina Constitution. “It has never been doubted that the Constitution of this State requires a unanimous verdict for a valid conviction for any crime.” State v. Williams, 286 N.C. 422, 427, 212 S.E.2d 113, 117 (1975). “Article I, Section 24 of the North Carolina Constitution, which guarantees the right to trial by jury, contemplates no more or less than a jury of twelve persons.” State v. Bunning, 346 N.C. 253, 256, 485 S.E.2d 290, 292 (1997). Defendant’s constitutional challenge to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a) (amended 2021) appears to be an issue of first impression in this State. We first address whether defendant’s constitutional claim is preserved for appellate review. At trial, defendant did not object to the alternate juror substitution, nor did he argue that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a) (amended 2021) is unconstitutional. “While Appellate Rule 10([a])(1) protects judicial economy and speaks to our adversarial system of justice by requiring the parties to object in the majority of instances, it nevertheless recognizes that some questions may be deemed preserved for review by rule or law.” State v. Wilson, 363 N.C. 478, 486, 681 S.E.2d 325, 331 (2009). Defendant cites to State v. Ashe, for its general rule that where “the error violates [a] defendant’s right to a trial by a jury of twelve, [a] defendant’s failure to object is not fatal to his right to raise the question on appeal.” 314 N.C. 28, 39, 331 S.E.2d 652, 659 (1985) (citations omitted). However, we are not persuaded that the holding in Ashe compels a determination that defendant’s issue is preserved for review notwithstanding his counsel’s failure to object at trial. In Ashe, the Court’s determination on the issue of preservation was based on the well-established principle that “when a trial court acts contrary to a
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statutory mandate and a defendant is prejudiced thereby, the right to appeal the court’s action is preserved, notwithstanding defendant’s failure to object at trial.” 314 N.C. at 39, 331 S.E.2d at 659 (emphasis added). Our Supreme Court’s holding in Ashe was narrow and specific, stating: Both Art. I, § 24 of the North Carolina Constitution and N.C.G.S. § 15A-1233(a) require the trial court to summon all jurors into the courtroom before hearing and addressing a jury request to review testimony and to exercise its discretion in denying or granting the request. Under the principles stated above, failure of the trial court to comply with these statutory mandates entitles defendant to press these points on appeal, notwithstanding a failure to object at trial. Id. at 40, 331 S.E.2d at 659 (emphasis added). We note that this is the only time Ashe mentions the North Carolina Constitution. The Court in Ashe addressed the question of whether the trial court had failed to comply with the statutory mandate in N.C. Gen. Stat. 15A-1233(a). This mandate, when considered together with Article 1, Section 24 of the North Carolina Constitution, imposed dual requirements on the trial court. The Court did not discuss a constitutional violation; it only addressed a statutory violation.
No. COA22-836 (unpublished) (April 18, 2023) slip op. at *3-5.
Although State v. Poole was unpublished and thus has no precedential value,
N.C. R. App. P. 30(e)(3) (“An unpublished decision of the North Carolina Court of
Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority.”), this Court in Poole noted
the case appeared to present “an issue of first impression[.]” Poole at *4.
Again, in May 2023, this Court issued another unpublished opinion, State v.
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Turner, rejecting the defendant’s attempt to
raise—for the first time on appeal—a belated facial constitutional challenge to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a). This he is not permitted to do. See State v. Lloyd, 354 N.C. 76, 86-87, 552 S.E.2d 596, 607 (2001) (citation omitted) (“Constitutional issues not raised and passed upon at trial will not be considered for the first time on appeal.”)
No. COA22-887 (unpublished) (May 16, 2023) slip op. at *7.
A few months later, in September 2023, in State v. Lynn, a published case, in
line with Poole, No. COA22-836 and Turner, No. COA22-887, determined the
defendant failed to preserve his constitutional argument to a juror substitution under
North Carolina General Statute Section 15A-1215(a) because the defendant’s counsel
did not object:
Defendant asserts the trial court erred by substituting an alternate juror after deliberations began. Specifically, Defendant argues the jury verdict was reached by more than twelve persons, and thus the verdict violates the North Carolina Constitution. Defendant also argues N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a), itself, violates the North Carolina Constitution. After careful consideration, we conclude that Defendant failed to preserve these arguments for appellate review. A party must timely object to the trial court in order to preserve an issue for appellate review. Generally, constitutional issues not raised in the trial court are abandoned on appeal. Here, Defendant did not object to the alternate-juror substitution or to the constitutionality of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a), the statute authorizing the substitution. In fact, when the trial court asked whether there were any concerns regarding the trial court’s plan to substitute the alternate juror, Defendant’s counsel said no. Therefore, Defendant failed to preserve this issue for
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appellate review under Rule 10. Accordingly, we dismiss Defendant’s arguments because the asserted alternate- juror issues are not properly before this Court.
State v. Lynn, 290 N.C. App. 532, 536, 892 S.E.2d 883, 886 (2023) (citations, quotation
marks, and brackets omitted).
But most recently, in February 2024, in State v. Chambers, this Court
addressed a defendant’s constitutional argument challenging North Carolina General
Statute Section 15A-1215(a) on appeal, despite the defendant’s failure to object at
trial, and determined, mostly based upon State v. Bunning, 346 N.C. 253, 485 S.E.2d
290 (1997) and “Bayard v. Singleton, 1 N.C. 5 (1787)[,]” that North Carolina General
Statute Section 15A-1215(a) is unconstitutional:
We note that, in 2021, our General Assembly amended a statute to provide that if an alternate juror replaces a juror after deliberations have begun, the court must instruct the jury to begin its deliberations anew. In no event shall more than 12 jurors participate in the jury’s deliberations. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a). However, where a statute conflicts with our state constitution, we must follow our state constitution. Bayard v. Singleton, 1 N.C. 5 (1787). Our General Assembly cannot overrule a decision by our Supreme Court which interprets our state constitution. See State ex rel. Martin v. Preston, 325 N.C. 438, 449, 385 S.E.2d 473, 479 (1989) (Issues concerning the proper construction and application of North Carolina laws and the Constitution of North Carolina can only be answered with finality by our Supreme Court.). Under existing precedent, we are compelled to conclude that Defendant’s right to a properly constituted jury under our state constitution was violated and that this issue is preserved, notwithstanding Defendant’s failure to object at trial. Accordingly, Defendant is entitled to a new trial.
-8- STATE V. WATLINGTON
State v. Chambers, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 898 S.E.2d 86, 88 (2024) (quotation marks,
brackets, heading, and footnote omitted).
Chambers goes on, in footnote 1, to note it conflicts with Lynn, 290 N.C. App.
532, 892 S.E.2d 883, but states the issue was controlled by the older case of State v.
Hardin, 161 N.C. App. 530, 588 S.E.2d 569 (2003). But Hardin is a 2003 case, and
as noted in Chambers, “in 2021, our General Assembly amended” North Carolina
General Statute Section 15A-1215(a). Chambers, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 898 S.E.2d at
88 (emphasis added). Thus, Hardin was published approximately 18 years before the
amendment at issue. See generally N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a) (2021); Hardin, 161
N.C. App. 530, 588 S.E.2d 569 (2003).
Still, without any analysis of the cases or statutory provisions governing juror
selection or impaneling the jury, the Chambers Court cited to Hardin as precedent in
footnote 1 and acknowledges Lynn, leaving us with a conflict governed by In re Civil
Penalty which
stands for the proposition that, where a panel of this Court has decided a legal issue, future panels are bound to follow that precedent. This is so even if the previous panel’s decision involved narrowing or distinguishing an earlier controlling precedent—even one from the Supreme Court—as was the case in In re Civil Penalty. Importantly, In re Civil Penalty does not authorize panels to overrule existing precedent on the basis that it is inconsistent with earlier decisions of this Court.
State v. Gonzalez, 263 N.C. App. 527, 531, 823 S.E.2d 886, 888-89 (2019) (citing In re
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Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 379 S.E.2d 30 (1989)).
The Chambers Court did not explain how or why a verdict delivered in open
court by a properly constituted and instructed jury of twelve in compliance with North
Carolina General Statute Section 15A-1215(a) violates article I, Section 24 of the
North Carolina Constitution. See generally Chambers, ___ N.C. App. ___, 898 S.E.2d
86. The many issues arising from Chambers have been noted by the School of
Government with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (“SOG”): “This post
will review the holding in Chambers, the precedent upon which it relied, and the
provisions of G.S. 15A-1215(a) that Chambers, if it remains undisturbed, effectively
eviscerates.” Shea Denning, Court of Appeals Holds that State Constitution Prohibits
Substitution of Alternate Jurors after Deliberations Begin, N.C. Crim. L.[:] A UNC
Sch. of Gov’t Blog (Mar. 14 2024), https://nccriminallaw.sog.unc.edu/court-of-appeals-
holds-that-state-constitution-prohibits-substitution-of-alternate-jurors-after-
deliberations-begin/#more-18388 as of 12 April 2024. The SOG article also
thoroughly reviews cases addressing juror substitution, the role of State v. Bunning,
346 N.C. 253, 485 S.E.2d 290 (1997), and the 2021 amendment to North Carolina
General Statute Section 15A-1215(a). See Denning.
Even as this panel deliberated on how to attempt to resolve the In re Civil
Penalty dilemma presented by this case – a difficult task, as evidenced by our three
opinions – in April of 2024, this Court issued the unpublished opinion of State v.
- 10 - STATE V. WATLINGTON
White, relying on Chambers.1 No. COA23-596 (April 2, 2024) (unpublished), slip op.
at *8.
We also note that our Supreme Court may soon address the issue of the
constitutionality of the statutory amendment allowing substitution of a juror and
whether a defendant must object to the substitution to raise an issue on appeal, since
a temporary stay was allowed in Chambers, ___ N.C. ___, 897 S.E.2d 668 (2024) in
March of 2024. Indeed, on 6 March 2024, the State filed a Petition for Writ of
Supersedeas and Application for Temporary Stay in the Chambers case. In support
of the temporary stay, the State alleged in part:
To allow this Court time to determine whether to accept this case for review under § 7A-31, this Court should issue a temporary stay. Then, pending review, this Court should issue a writ of supersedeas. Absent issuance of such stays, the trial court will vacate Defendant’s convictions and conduct a new trial. Such actions would moot the issues the State seeks to bring forward on discretionary review. Moreover, this opinion is the first to directly address the constitutionality of a recent amendment to N.C.G.S. § 15A-1215(a). And the court declared it unconstitutional. Permitting such an opinion to stand pending this Court’s review would frustrate and confuse both practitioners and judges faced with a potential juror substitution during deliberations.
On 7 March 2024, the Supreme Court issued a temporary stay in the Chambers
case. On 26 March 2024, the State filed a petition for discretionary review by the
1 State v. White, slip op. at *8, notes Chambers as unpublished though at this time it is a published
case.
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Supreme Court, but as of the date of this opinion, the Supreme Court has not yet
granted certiorari and this Court, along with “practitioners and [trial] judges faced
with” the issue of a juror substitution, remains bound by Chambers as a controlling
precedent even though the defendant in Chambers may not yet have a new trial due
to the stay issued in that case.
In this regard, we will respond to the concurring opinion of Judge Griffin,
which begins by attempting to place blame for delay in the filing of this opinion and
seeks to minimize the impact Chambers may have upon the operation of our trial
courts, as rulings from this Court require them to hold new trials in complex criminal
cases based upon Chambers even as no new trial is yet allowed in the Chambers case
itself. The initial, simple draft of this Court’s opinion was prepared just before
Chambers was filed and it relied upon Lynn, 290 N.C. App. 532, 892 S.E.2d 883.
Similar or even the same issues are often pending before different panels of this
Court, and here, as is normally the case, one panel is unaware of the details or issues
of cases simultaneously being considered by other panels until the final opinion is
filed. But before this opinion was completed, Chambers was filed, then withdrawn,
amended, and refiled, thus necessitating revision of this opinion. Due to the stay of
Chambers by the Supreme Court of North Carolina, as well as the number of cases
presenting the same issue regarding a juror substitution pending before this Court
which are controlled by Chambers, we considered whether this opinion should be held
in abeyance pending a ruling in Chambers by the Supreme Court.
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This Court has often held cases in abeyance pending resolution of another
pending case before this Court presenting the same issue or awaiting a ruling in a
case under review by the Supreme Court. See, e.g., State v. Daw, 277 N.C. App. 240,
245, 860 S.E.2d 1, 7 (2021) (“There are a number of petitions pending with our Court
that have been held in abeyance until we issue an opinion in this case. Resolution of
the questions presented by this appeal on the merits would therefore clearly affect
members of the public beyond just the parties in the immediate case. Accordingly,
we hold that the public interest exception applies and will proceed to address the
merits of the case.” (quotation marks and citation omitted)) writ of supersedeas and
disc. rev. allowed, ___ N.C. ___, 883 S.E.2d 457 (2023); State v. Thomsen, 242 N.C.
App. 475, 483, 776 S.E.2d 41, 47 (2015) (“On 24 February 2015, Defendant submitted
to this Court a Motion to Hold Appeal in Abeyance Pending Determination of State v.
Stubbs by the North Carolina Supreme Court. Stubbs was heard in the North
Carolina Supreme Court on 13 January 2015. In his motion, Defendant contended
Stubbs will resolve the issue of whether the Court of Appeals has jurisdiction to
review an order of the trial court granting appropriate relief via writ of certiorari. On
9 March 2015, the State filed a response, opposing Defendant’s motion to hold the
appeal in abeyance. On 16 March 2015, we granted Defendant’s motion, and ordered
the appeal held in abeyance pending the resolution of State v. Stubbs. On 10 April
2015, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in State v. Stubbs, 568A03-02. Following
this decision we reviewed this case without further briefing from the parties.”).
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But as our Supreme Court has not yet taken action in Chambers beyond
granting the stay, we have no way of knowing if or when a ruling on that case may
be forthcoming so we have decided not to hold this case in abeyance. As we remain
bound by Chambers and In re Civil Penalty, we vacate Defendant’s judgment and
remand for a new trial. See Chambers, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 898 S.E.2d at 88
(determining the defendant preserved his issue to juror substitution without
objection, concluding North Carolina General Statute Section 15A-1215(a) is
unconstitutional, and mandating the defendant receive a new trial); In re Civil
Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 379 S.E.2d 30.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, Defendant must receive a new trial.
NEW TRIAL.
Judge ARROWOOD concurs in the result only by separate opinion.
Judge GRIFFIN concurs by separate opinion.
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ARROWOOD, Judge, concurring in result only.
I concur in the majority opinion because I agree that State v. Chambers, 898
S.E.2d 86 (2024) dictates, and we are bound by its result pursuant to In re Civil
Penalty, 324 N.C. 373 (1989). However, I write to express my opinions regarding the
Chambers decision, the jurisprudence it was based on, and its implications.
First, I think that Chambers itself violated In re Civil Penalty when it ignored
State v. Lynn, 290 N.C. App. 532 (2023) to find that the issue was properly preserved.
In my opinion, the Chambers panel’s reliance on State v. Hardin, 161 N.C. App. 530
(2003), to circumvent Lynn is without merit. Hardin, which was decided years before
this issue was before the court and before the 2021 amendment, in no way speaks to
this issue, much less contradicts Lynn and the unpublished opinions it references.
Chambers’ reliance on State v. Bunning, 346 N.C. 253 (1997) is also notable.
In that case, after a day of capital sentencing deliberations, a juror asked to be
excused because of an illness. Bunning, 346 N.C. at 255. The juror was subsequently
replaced with an alternate, and the trial court instructed the jury to begin its
deliberations anew—after which the jury recommended the death penalty. Id. The
defendant appealed, arguing that the trial court erred by substituting an alternate
juror for a juror who was excused only after deliberations had commenced. Id.
The Bunning Court agreed, reasoning the verdict “was reached by more than
twelve persons[,]” and it had to be assumed that the excused juror “made some
contribution to the verdict.” Id. at 256. Although Bunning began its analysis by STATE V. WATLINGTON
ARROWOOD, J., concurring in result only
citing Article 1, Section 24 of the North Carolina Constitution and State v. Bindyke,
288 N.C. 608 (1975),2 the Court proceeded to discuss the intent of the General
Assembly. See id. at 256–57. Notably, in analyzing N.C.G.S. § 15A-1215(a) (as it was
written at the time) and N.C.G.S. § 15A-2000(a)(2), the Bunning Court found these
“sections clearly show that the General Assembly did not intend that an alternate
can be substituted for a juror after the jury has begun its deliberations.” Id. at 257.
Although the Bunning Court concluded that the substitution was indeed an
error and granted the defendant a new sentencing hearing, it is unclear whether our
Supreme Court applied a constitutional or statutory rule. See id. at 256–57. If the
substitution of an alternate juror violates the face of Section 24 of the Constitution,
it is unclear to me why the Court proceeded with a lengthy statutory analysis and
weighed the General Assembly’s intent. However, if we are to consider the General
Assembly’s intent, the 2021 amendment certainly seems to show that the General
Assembly now intends to allow for jury substitution after deliberations begin—at
least in the guilt or innocence phase of the trial. Also of note, Bunning dealt with a
capital proceeding, whereas the 2021 amendment addresses rules governing the
substitution of alternate jurors in non-capital proceedings, not capital ones.
2 In Bindyke, the alternate juror was present in the jury room during deliberations, with the original
twelve jurors, which “negate[d] a defendant’s right to trial by jury . . . of twelve in the inviolability, confidentiality and privacy of the jury room.” 288 N.C. at 626–27.
2 STATE V. WATLINGTON
I find these facts notable because in North Carolina, the same jury is required
to decide both guilt or innocence and then decide if the crime for which they found
the defendant guilty warrants the imposition of the death penalty. In Bunning, one
jury found the defendant guilty of the crime, and because of the substitution during
the penalty phase, a different jury determined the penalty. Because guilt had already
been determined, the jury could not truly begin deliberations again since eleven of
the twelve had already determined guilty, and nothing the substitute juror said or
contributed could have changed that. Thus, more than twelve individuals contributed
to the verdict. Conversely, in the present case, the jury had not determined
defendant’s guilt before the substitution; accordingly, in my view, the jury that
determined defendant was guilty was properly constituted.
Second, I disagree that N.C.G.S. § 15A-1215(a) as amended violates a
defendant’s constitutional right to a jury of their peers. I believe the trial court’s
instructions that deliberation must begin anew once a substitution occurs protect that
right. The Chambers panel seems to reason that we cannot rely upon a jury to do
this. Such reasoning would serve to upend decades of our state’s jurisprudence that
it is presumed that the jury will follow the trial court’s instructions. E.g., State v.
McCarver, 341 N.C. 364, 384 (1995) (“Jurors are presumed to follow a trial court’s
instructions.”). If we cannot rely upon the jury to do so in this case, how can we
presume that juries will do so in other cases?
Thus, I concur in the result only.
3 No. COA22-972 – State v. Watlington
GRIFFIN, Judge, concurring by separate opinion.
Although the instant case was heard 8 August 2023, nearly six months prior
to State v. Chambers, ___ N.C. App. ___, 898 S.E.2d 86 (2024), the Court filed its
opinion in State v. Chambers first, thereby establishing precedent. See In re Civil
Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 379 S.E.2d 30 (1989). Thus, the lead opinion, while seemingly
displeased with the Court’s prior decision in State v. Chambers, recognizes that
because it was delayed in executing this opinion, it is now bound by the Court’s
holding in Chambers.
I too am bound by the Court’s prior decision in Chambers and therefore agree
with the result of the lead opinion here. Nonetheless, I write separately as I disagree
with the lead opinion’s disparaging tone and find its interpretation of the Court’s
opinion in Chambers to be at the very least unclear, if not fundamentally misleading.
The lead opinion repeatedly attacks the Court’s opinion in Chambers, stating
the opinion lacks analysis and further fails to “explain how or why a verdict delivered
in open court by a properly constituted and instructed jury of twelve in compliance
with [N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a)] violates [Article I, Section 24] of the North
Carolina Constitution.” I disagree.
The Chambers Court, while admittedly weaving the two issues together,
clearly addresses: (1) Whether the defendant, despite his failure to object at trial,
preserved his contentions regarding the alternate-juror substitution and the
constitutionality of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a) for appellate review; and (2) STATE V. WATLINGTON
GRIFFIN, J., concurring by separate opinion
Whether an alternate-juror substitution after deliberations have begun and/or the
General Assembly’s 2021 amendment to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a) violates our
State Constitution.
In addressing whether the defendant preserved his contentions for appellate
review, the Chambers Court specifically noted the existence of a conflict between the
Court’s opinions in State v. Hardin, 161 N.C. App. 530, 588 S.E.2d 569 (2003), and
State v. Lynn, 290 N.C. App. 532, 892 S.E.2d 883 (2023).
In State v. Hardin, the defendant, despite having failed to object at trial,
argued the trial court erred in making an alternate-juror substitution after
deliberations had begun. 161 N.C. App. at 532, 588 S.E.2d at 571. The Hardin Court
held a defendant’s failure to object to an alternate-juror substitution was of no
consequence as “[a] trial by a jury which is improperly constituted is so fundamentally
flawed that the verdict cannot stand.” Id. at 533, 588 S.E.2d at 571 (internal marks
and citation omitted).
In State v. Lynn, the Court was faced with a similar issue. The defendant,
despite having failed to object at trial, argued the jury verdict against him was
reached by more than twelve jurors because the trial court made an alternate-juror
substitution after deliberations had begun. 892 S.E.2d at 886, 290 N.C. App. at 537.
The defendant also challenged the constitutionality of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a).
However, unlike the Hardin Court, the Lynn Court held, because the defendant
neither objected to the substitution nor the constitutionality of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
1215(a) at trial, he failed to preserve his arguments for appellate review. Id.
The Chambers Court, in identifying the direct conflict between Hardin and
Lynn, cited to State v. Gonzalez, 263 N.C. App. 527, 531, 823 S.E.2d 886, 888 (2019).
In Gonzales, the Court acknowledged that generally, where a panel of this Court has
previously decided a legal issue, a subsequent panel of this Court “‘is bound by that
precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court.’” Id. at 531, 823 S.E.2d
at 888 (quoting In re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989)).
However, Gonzalez also recognized our Supreme Court has authorized this Court,
when faced with two irreconcilable precedents, to disregard the more recent
precedent. Id. at 531, 823 S.E.2d at 889 (“These arise when two lines of irreconcilable
precedent develop independently—meaning the cases never acknowledge each other
or their conflict, as if ships passing in the night.”) Thus, it follows that where Lynn
and Hardin—two cases decided by this Court which contemplate the same issue—
directly conflict, with Lynn failing to acknowledge Hardin, the Chambers Court was
authorized to disregard Lynn and follow Hardin in deciding whether the defendant’s
contentions were preserved for appellate review.
The lead opinion seems to suggest the Chambers Court erroneously relied on
Hardin, noting “it was published approximately 18 years before the amendment at
issue.” However, the lead opinion’s position here is misleading as the 2021
amendment is irrelevant to the Chambers Court’s application of Hardin. Although
3 STATE V. WATLINGTON
Hardin was decided on similar issues to those presented in Chambers, the Chambers
Court relied on Hardin only in determining whether the defendant had preserved his
issues for appellate review, not in determining the constitutionality of the 2021
amendment.
In addressing the defendant’s contention regarding the constitutionality of the
2021 amendment, the Chambers Court relied primarily on the Court’s decision in
State v. Bunning, 346 N.C. 253, 485 S.E.2d 290 (1997). In Bunning, the trial court
made an alternate-juror substitution after deliberations had begun in a sentencing
hearing and instructed the jury to begin its deliberations anew. 346 N.C. at 255, 485
S.E.2d at 291. On appeal, the Court stated Article I, Section 24 of the North Carolina
Constitution contemplates no more or less than a jury of twelve persons. Id. at 256,
485 S.E.2d at 292. Further, the Court held, regardless of the trial court’s instruction
to begin its deliberations anew, the jury verdict was reached by more than twelve
persons as the substitution was made after deliberations had begun and therefore
“eleven jurors fully participated in reaching a verdict, and two jurors participated
partially in reaching a verdict.” Id. The Court then proceeded to discuss the intent
of the General Assembly in analyzing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a) and other
relevant statutes. Id. at 256–57, 485 S.E.2d at 292. However, it is unclear whether
the Court intended this statutory analysis to have any implication on its
interpretation of Article I, Section 24, or whether it existed as a separate analysis
altogether.
4 STATE V. WATLINGTON
Since the Court’s opinion in Bunning, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a) has been
amended, effectively invalidating the Bunning Court’s interpretation of the previous
version of that statute. Nonetheless, this Court is still seemingly bound by the
Bunning Court’s interpretation of Article I, Section 24, as our Constitution remains
unchanged. Thus, insofar as the Bunning Court held, based on its interpretation of
Article I, Section 24, it was unconstitutional for the trial court to make an alternate-
juror substitution after deliberations had begun, the Chambers Court was required
to hold the same.
For this reason, the Chambers Court highlighted the dichotomy between the
Court’s opinion in Bunning and the 2021 amendment to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1215(a)
which allows for an alternate-juror substitution after deliberations have begun. The
Chambers Court then cited to the Supreme Court’s opinion in Bayard v. Singleton, 1
N.C. 5, 3 N.C. 42, 1 Martin 48 (1787), and State ex rel. Martin v. Preston, 325 N.C.
438, 449, 385 S.E.2d 473, 479 (1989), merely to illustrate the issue before the
Chambers Court: The 2021 amendment, based on the Court’s constitutional
interpretation in Bunning, impermissibly conflicts with Article I, Section 24, of our
State Constitution and effectively overrules the Bunning Court’s decision. Chambers
then recognizes, regardless of its holding, the Supreme Court must resolve the issue
raised by the appeal, noting: “[I]ssues concerning the proper construction and
application of North Carolina laws and the Constitution of North Carolina can only
be answered with finality by [our Supreme] Court.” Chambers, ___ N.C. at ___, 898
5 STATE V. WATLINGTON
S.E.2d at 88 (quoting State ex rel. Martin, 325 N.C. at 449, 385 S.E.2d at 479 (internal
marks omitted)).
As an error-correcting Court, we could have resolved this matter with a brief,
unpublished opinion. It is unfortunate the lead opinion chose to use this appeal to
attack the Chambers Court at the cost of unnecessary delay while arriving at the
same result, as we are bound by precedent until it is overruled.