SIMON, Justice.
These cases1 are consolidated criminal prosecutions under the provisions of LSA-R.S. 14:91 against the therein named defendants, who are relators herein, and who-were charged in separate bills of information with selling and delivering “intoxicating and spirituous liquors, to-wit: beer to * * * a person eighteen year of age”.
In response to relators’ motions for bills-of particulars, the State of Louisiana voluntarily revealed that it was prosecuting these relators for violation of LSA-R.S. 14:91, said section being known and designated as: “Unlawful sales to minors”.
Relators each filed a motion to quash, attacking the legality and validity of the bills of information charging the offense named therein as not being in violation of LSA-R.S. 14:91, under which these prosecutions are brought. The motions were overruled, and upon trials had each of the defendants was found guilty as charged and duly sen-[885]*885fenced. The sentences imposed by the trial court were not such as would vest appellate jurisdiction in this court. Upon application by relators, we granted writs, with •a stay order, to review the validity of the said proceedings had below.
The prohibition of LSA-R.S. 14:91 insofar as applicable and pertinent herein and under which convictions were obtained against relators, is: “ * * * the selling, •or otherwise delivering for value by anyone over the age of seventeen of any intoxicating or spirituous liquors, * * * •to any person under the age of twenty-one. ”
In each of the bills of information, relators are charged that they “ * * * did ■* * * sell and deliver for money * * * intoxicating and spirituous liquors, to-wit: beer to * * * a person eighteen (18) years of age”.
Relators contend (1) that there is no provision of law nor any jurisprudence of this state which provides or holds that beer is an intoxicating or spirituous liquor, the •sale of which to persons under the age of 21 is prohibited by LSA-R.S. 14:91; and (2) that no evidence whatsoever was presented by the State to show that the particular beverage sold by relators to the State’s witnesses was intoxicating or spirituous liquor, or of low or high alcoholic content or of any alcoholic content whatsoever.
The initial question presented to us is not whether beer is an intoxicant or an alcoholic beverage — a question of fact determinable only by the trial court — but whether it is an intoxicating or spirituous liquor, the sale of which to any person under the age of 21 is violative of the provisions of LSA-R.S. 14:91.
LSA-R.S. 26:285 specifically prohibits the sale of beverages of low alcoholic content to persons under the age of 18 years, and reads:
“No person holding a retail dealer’s permit and no servant, agent, or employee of the permittee shall do any of the following acts upon the licensed premises:
“(1) Sell or serve beverages of low alcoholic content to any person under the age of eighteen years.” (Emphasis ours.)
Thus we have two prohibitive laws designating the ages of the persons to whom the sale of intoxicating or spirituous liquors and beverages of low alcoholic content cannot be sold. Both statutes are penal.
It has long been the unshaken rule of this State that penal statutes must be strictly construed and cannot be extended to cases not included within the clear import of its language.
In the case of State v. Truby, 211 La. 178, 29 So.2d 758, 767, with Justice Hawthorne as the organ of the court, we said: [887]*887is of equal atrocity with the acts enumerated and denounced by the statute. State v. Fontenot, 112 La. 628, 36 So. 630; State v. Brinson, 149 La. 320, 89 So. 18.’ ”
[885]*885“ ‘Unless an act can be brought within the meaning of the words of a criminal statute, it is not a crime, though it comes within the mischief sought to be remedied, and
[887]*887In State v. Vallery, 212 La. 1095, 34 So. 2d 329, 331, with Chief Justice Fournet as the author, we said:
“ * * * no one can be held accountable, or subjected to criminal prosecution, for any act done by him unless and until that act has been denounced as a crime and has been made punishable in a statute that defines the act sought to be denounced with such precision the person sought to be held accountable will know his conduct is such that it falls within the purview of the act intended to be prohibited.” See, also, State v. Whitlock, 193 La. 1044, 192 So. 697; State v. Penniman, 224 La. 95, 68 So.2d 770.
It is equally well recognized that where there exists any doubt as to the interpretation of a statute upon which a prosecution is based, such doubt must be resolved in favor of the accused. State v. Bowden, 220 La. 13, 55 So.2d 764.
In the enactment of our Revised Statutes the Legislature adopted certain principles of interpreting penal statutes as set forth in LSA-R.S. 14:3:
“The articles of this Code cannot be extended by analogy so as to create crimes not provided for herein; however, in order to promote justice and to effect the objects of the law, all of its provisions shall be given a genuine construction, according to the fair import of their words, taken in their usual sense, in connection with the context, and with reference to the purpose of the provision.” (Italics ours.)
Accordingly, to interpret intoxicating or spirituous liquor, “according to the fair import of their words, taken in their usual sense, in connection with the context,” we must examine the context and laws in pari materia upon the subject matter dealing with liquors. This practice of codal and statutory construction is in line with the spirit of our law as found in Article 17, LSA-Civil Code, which provides:
“Laws in pari materia, or upon the same subject matter, must be construed with a reference to each other; what is clear in one statute may be called in aid to explain what is doubtful in another.”
And LSA-R.S. 1:3 provides:
“Words and phrases shall be read with their context and shall be construed according to the common and approved usage of the language. Technical words and phrases, and such others as may have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in the law, shall be construed and understood according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning.
“The word ‘shall’ is mandatory and the word ‘may’ is permissive.”
In the recent case of State ex rel. Fudickar v. Heard, 223 La. 127, 65 So.2d 112, 114, Chief Justice Fournet, as the organ of the court, pointedly declared:
[889]*889“It is to be remembered that the Revised Statutes constitute a single act of the Legislature, adopted as a whole; different sections should be regarded not as separate acts, but as simultaneous expressions of the legislative will, and all provisions should be construed together and reconciled whenever possible. In adopting the [LSA-] Revised Statutes of 1950, the Legislature incorporated both LSA-R.S.
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SIMON, Justice.
These cases1 are consolidated criminal prosecutions under the provisions of LSA-R.S. 14:91 against the therein named defendants, who are relators herein, and who-were charged in separate bills of information with selling and delivering “intoxicating and spirituous liquors, to-wit: beer to * * * a person eighteen year of age”.
In response to relators’ motions for bills-of particulars, the State of Louisiana voluntarily revealed that it was prosecuting these relators for violation of LSA-R.S. 14:91, said section being known and designated as: “Unlawful sales to minors”.
Relators each filed a motion to quash, attacking the legality and validity of the bills of information charging the offense named therein as not being in violation of LSA-R.S. 14:91, under which these prosecutions are brought. The motions were overruled, and upon trials had each of the defendants was found guilty as charged and duly sen-[885]*885fenced. The sentences imposed by the trial court were not such as would vest appellate jurisdiction in this court. Upon application by relators, we granted writs, with •a stay order, to review the validity of the said proceedings had below.
The prohibition of LSA-R.S. 14:91 insofar as applicable and pertinent herein and under which convictions were obtained against relators, is: “ * * * the selling, •or otherwise delivering for value by anyone over the age of seventeen of any intoxicating or spirituous liquors, * * * •to any person under the age of twenty-one. ”
In each of the bills of information, relators are charged that they “ * * * did ■* * * sell and deliver for money * * * intoxicating and spirituous liquors, to-wit: beer to * * * a person eighteen (18) years of age”.
Relators contend (1) that there is no provision of law nor any jurisprudence of this state which provides or holds that beer is an intoxicating or spirituous liquor, the •sale of which to persons under the age of 21 is prohibited by LSA-R.S. 14:91; and (2) that no evidence whatsoever was presented by the State to show that the particular beverage sold by relators to the State’s witnesses was intoxicating or spirituous liquor, or of low or high alcoholic content or of any alcoholic content whatsoever.
The initial question presented to us is not whether beer is an intoxicant or an alcoholic beverage — a question of fact determinable only by the trial court — but whether it is an intoxicating or spirituous liquor, the sale of which to any person under the age of 21 is violative of the provisions of LSA-R.S. 14:91.
LSA-R.S. 26:285 specifically prohibits the sale of beverages of low alcoholic content to persons under the age of 18 years, and reads:
“No person holding a retail dealer’s permit and no servant, agent, or employee of the permittee shall do any of the following acts upon the licensed premises:
“(1) Sell or serve beverages of low alcoholic content to any person under the age of eighteen years.” (Emphasis ours.)
Thus we have two prohibitive laws designating the ages of the persons to whom the sale of intoxicating or spirituous liquors and beverages of low alcoholic content cannot be sold. Both statutes are penal.
It has long been the unshaken rule of this State that penal statutes must be strictly construed and cannot be extended to cases not included within the clear import of its language.
In the case of State v. Truby, 211 La. 178, 29 So.2d 758, 767, with Justice Hawthorne as the organ of the court, we said: [887]*887is of equal atrocity with the acts enumerated and denounced by the statute. State v. Fontenot, 112 La. 628, 36 So. 630; State v. Brinson, 149 La. 320, 89 So. 18.’ ”
[885]*885“ ‘Unless an act can be brought within the meaning of the words of a criminal statute, it is not a crime, though it comes within the mischief sought to be remedied, and
[887]*887In State v. Vallery, 212 La. 1095, 34 So. 2d 329, 331, with Chief Justice Fournet as the author, we said:
“ * * * no one can be held accountable, or subjected to criminal prosecution, for any act done by him unless and until that act has been denounced as a crime and has been made punishable in a statute that defines the act sought to be denounced with such precision the person sought to be held accountable will know his conduct is such that it falls within the purview of the act intended to be prohibited.” See, also, State v. Whitlock, 193 La. 1044, 192 So. 697; State v. Penniman, 224 La. 95, 68 So.2d 770.
It is equally well recognized that where there exists any doubt as to the interpretation of a statute upon which a prosecution is based, such doubt must be resolved in favor of the accused. State v. Bowden, 220 La. 13, 55 So.2d 764.
In the enactment of our Revised Statutes the Legislature adopted certain principles of interpreting penal statutes as set forth in LSA-R.S. 14:3:
“The articles of this Code cannot be extended by analogy so as to create crimes not provided for herein; however, in order to promote justice and to effect the objects of the law, all of its provisions shall be given a genuine construction, according to the fair import of their words, taken in their usual sense, in connection with the context, and with reference to the purpose of the provision.” (Italics ours.)
Accordingly, to interpret intoxicating or spirituous liquor, “according to the fair import of their words, taken in their usual sense, in connection with the context,” we must examine the context and laws in pari materia upon the subject matter dealing with liquors. This practice of codal and statutory construction is in line with the spirit of our law as found in Article 17, LSA-Civil Code, which provides:
“Laws in pari materia, or upon the same subject matter, must be construed with a reference to each other; what is clear in one statute may be called in aid to explain what is doubtful in another.”
And LSA-R.S. 1:3 provides:
“Words and phrases shall be read with their context and shall be construed according to the common and approved usage of the language. Technical words and phrases, and such others as may have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in the law, shall be construed and understood according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning.
“The word ‘shall’ is mandatory and the word ‘may’ is permissive.”
In the recent case of State ex rel. Fudickar v. Heard, 223 La. 127, 65 So.2d 112, 114, Chief Justice Fournet, as the organ of the court, pointedly declared:
[889]*889“It is to be remembered that the Revised Statutes constitute a single act of the Legislature, adopted as a whole; different sections should be regarded not as separate acts, but as simultaneous expressions of the legislative will, and all provisions should be construed together and reconciled whenever possible. In adopting the [LSA-] Revised Statutes of 1950, the Legislature incorporated both LSA-R.S. 42:371 and 42:373, giving equal dignity to each; we must take them as written, and not search through the history of the acts carried into the Revised Statutes for defects, when reading of the sections, disassociated from their history, presents no insuperable difficulty of construction. * * * ” See, also, City of Alexandria v. La Combe, 220 La. 618, 57 So.2d 206; Chappuis v. Reggie, 222 La. 35, 62 So.2d 92; State ex rel. LeBlanc v. Democratic State Central Committee, 229 La. 556, 86 So.2d 192.
Our law treating the subject matter of liquors and alcoholic beverages is found in Title 26 of our LSA-Revised Statutes, entitled “Liquors — Alcoholic Beverages”. The preliminary definition provision of LSA-R.S. 26:2, entitled “Alcoholic Beverage Control Law” provides in part:
“(1) ‘Alcoholic beverages’ means any fluid or solid capable of being converted into fluid, suitable for human consumption and having an alcoholic content of more than six per cent by volume, including alcohol.
“(2) ‘Liquor’ means any distilled or rectified alcoholic beverage.”
In the definition provision of LSA-R.S. 26:241, entitled “Collector of Revenue”, a clear distinction is made between liquor and malt beverage:
“(1) ‘Alcoholic beverages’ means any fluid or any solid capable of being converted into fluid, suitable for human consumption, and containing more than one-half of one per-cent alcohol by volume, including malt, vinous, spiritous, alcoholic or intoxicating liquors, beer, porter, ale, stout fruit juices, cider, or wine.
“(a) ‘Beverages of low alcoholic content’ means alcoholic beverages containing not more than six per cent alcohol by volume.
“(b) ‘Beverages of high alcoholic content’ means alcoholic beverages containing more than six per cent alcohol by volume.
“(2) ‘Liquors’ means all distilled or rectified alcoholic spirits, brandy, whiskey, rum, gin, and all similar distilled alcoholic beverages, including all dilutions and mixtures of one or more of the foregoing, such as liquors, cordials, and similar compounds.
“(5) ‘Malt beverages’ means beverages obtained by alcoholic fermentation of an infusion, or concoction, of barley or other grain, malt, and hops in water, including, among other things, ale, beer, stout, porter, and the like.”
For the purpose of levying taxes on alcoholic beverages a distinction is made between liquors and malt beverages in LSA-R.S. 26:341 as follows:
[891]*891“(1) Liquors: at the rate of one dollar and fifty-eight cents per standard wine gallon.
* 5]< * ❖ * *
“(4) Malt beverages: at the rate of ten dollars per barrel containing not more than thirty-one standard gallons and at a like rate for fractional parts of a barrel.”
Thus we see that the words “alcoholic beverage” as defined by LSA-R.S. 26:241 are employed in Title 26 of the Revised Statutes to designate an all-inclusive term covering all alcoholic beverages. Manifestly, the Legislature intended a definite meaning to be ascribed to the term “beer” as opposed to “intoxicating or spirituous liquor”, and when an all-inclusive term was necessary it employed the term “alcoholic beverages”. It is equally manifest that when the Legislature adopted LSA-R.S. 14:91, the term “beer” was and is intended to be exclusive of intoxicating or spirituous liquor.
In other sections of Title 26 of our LSA-Revised Statutes2 there are laws relating and pertaining to alcoholic beverages which include all beverages of every nature, kind and description containing alcohol of more than 3.2% by weight. From these sections it is clear that the words “alcoholic beverages” include beer as well as intoxicating or spirituous liquors. It is equally clear that the terms “beer” and “intoxicating or spirituous liquor” are mutually exclusive.
As aforestated, the sale of beverages of low alcoholic content to persons under the age of 18 years is specifically prohibited. LSA-R.S. 26:285. The penalty for violating this prohibition of our law is set forth in LSA-R.S. 26:521,3 which violation is sufficient cause for the suspension or revocation of a retail dealer’s permit.
It is apparent, therefore, that there is a specific prohibition against and the penalty is provided for those cases where a beer dealer, his servant, agent or employee sells beer to a person under the age of 18 years. Conversely, there is no violation of the specific law dealing with the specific offense of selling beer to a person under the age of 18 and, therefore, no penalty can be imposed when beer 4'is sold to persons 18 years of age or over.
We therefore conclude that the prohibition against the sale of liquors5 contained in LSA-R.S. 14:91 does not include the sale of beer, a malt beverage,6 to a person 18 years of age or over. It necessarily [893]*893follows that the hill of information charges no offense denounced by our statutes.
In view of the foregoing conclusions reached by us, there is no necessity to consider or determine the second issue raised by relators as to the nonexistence of evidence.
Accordingly, it is ordered, adjudged and decreed that the convictions and sentences in these consolidated cases are reversed and set aside and the respective defendants discharged.