This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 32,845
5 LIONEL VALLEJO,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF EDDY COUNTY 8 Lisa B. Riley, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Margaret McLean, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 Bennett J. Bauer, Acting Chief Public Defender 14 Santa Fe, NM 15 Jason L. Clark, Assistant Public Defender 16 Carlsbad, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 BUSTAMANTE, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant filed an application for interlocutory appeal, seeking review of the
2 district court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence obtained from a motel
3 room based on a search warrant that he contends is not supported by probable cause.
4 We granted Defendant’s application for interlocutory appeal and issued a notice of
5 proposed summary disposition, proposing to reverse. The State has responded to our
6 notice with a memorandum in opposition. We remain unpersuaded that the affidavit
7 upon which the search warrant was based contained sufficient facts to support
8 probable cause. We, therefore, reverse the district court’s denial of Defendant’s
9 motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the search.
10 Grant of Interlocutory Appeal
11 {2} In this appeal, the State has expressed strong concerns about this Court granting
12 Defendant’s application for interlocutory appeal. The State complains that Defendant
13 has no right to an appeal at this time and renews its objection to the application on
14 grounds that Defendant presents us with a routine suppression motion, following the
15 resolution of which he could either be convicted or enter into a conditional plea and
16 then appeal. [MIO 6; State’s 1st Objection 1-2; State’s 2nd Objection 1-4, 7-9] The
17 State also complains that we granted interlocutory appeal without the benefit of a
18 record proper and emphasizes that two judges approved the warrant. [MIO 1-2, 6, 11]
2 1 {3} While we recognize that Defendant does not have an appeal as of right from a
2 denial of suppression, the statute permits a defendant to seek appeal from an
3 interlocutory order of the district court. See NMSA 1978, Section 39-3-3(A)(3)
4 (1972). It is discretionary with the district court whether to certify its decision for
5 interlocutory appeal, and it is discretionary with this Court whether to grant review
6 of an interlocutory decision. See § 39-3-3(A)(3). These decisions are guided in part
7 by whether (1) the order involves a controlling question of law on which there is
8 substantial ground for difference of opinion, and (2) resolution of the question will
9 materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. See Rule 12-203(B)
10 NMRA; Section 39-3-3(A)(3). We recognize that this Court rarely grants an
11 interlocutory appeal from the denial of a motion to suppress evidence in a criminal
12 case. However, we hold that our discretion to grant an interlocutory appeal was
13 appropriately exercised in this case. The certified issue is one of law and concerns a
14 threshold matter which involves strictly documentary evidence. A limited record is
15 thus sufficient for our purposes. Also important, it seems clear to this Court that it was
16 error to conclude that the affidavit provided probable cause for a search warrant.
17 The Affidavit for the Search Warrant
18 {4} Our notice proposed to hold that the affidavit for the search warrant did not
19 detail sufficient direct or circumstantial evidence from which reasonable inferences
3 1 could be drawn to support the determination of probable cause. See State v. Trujillo,
2 2011-NMSC-040, ¶ 19, 150 N.M. 721, 266 P.3d 1 (“Rather, it is the reviewing judge’s
3 duty to determine whether the affidavit as a whole, and the reasonable inferences that
4 may be drawn therefrom, provide a substantial basis for determining that there is
5 probable cause to believe that a search will uncover evidence of wrongdoing.”
6 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Specifically, we expressed concern
7 that the affidavit did not contain sufficient information to suggest ongoing criminal
8 drug activity in a motel room to justify the search warrant and avoid staleness.
9 See State v. Whitley, 1999-NMCA-155, ¶ 9, 128 N.M. 403, 993 P.2d 117 (“The
10 transient nature of a motel adds to the uncertainty.”).
11 {5} The greater the uncertainty, the more the probable cause equation requires
12 continuing activity because it is the ongoing nature of the reported illegal activity that
13 allows the inference that the activity is continuing and that the evidence will still
14 exist.” State v. Lovato,1994-NMCA-042, ¶ 10, 118 N.M. 155, 879 P.2d 787
15 (“Although seventy-two hours is not necessarily an extensive amount of time between
16 a reliable informant’s observation and issuance of a search warrant, under the facts
17 and circumstances of the instant case, the affidavit fails to support a conclusion that
18 criminal activity at the motel room was of an ongoing, continuous nature . . . .”). As
19 we stated in our notice, “staleness involves a variety of considerations, including not
4 1 only time, but also the character of the crime and the extent of prior activity, the
2 consumable or transferable nature of the items to be seized, the information known
3 about the suspect and his or her habits, and the location to be searched.” Whitley,
4 1999-NMCA-155, ¶ 8.
5 {6} Where the suspected illegality in a motel involves drug activity, involving
6 highly consumable drugs, our case law has held that the uncertainty about the future
7 presence of illegal drug activity is great, and the affidavit should include recent
8 information. See id. ¶¶ 9-10. With no description of the amount of drugs or drug
9 activity observed, the Whitley Court determined that the affidavit describing a
10 controlled buy of marijuana in a motel room forty-eight hours before the issuance of
11 the warrant was insufficient. See id. ¶¶ 6-10. In Lovato, the Court held that the
12 affidavit was insufficient where it contained information seventy-two hours old; it did
13 not establish the suspects’ relationship to the motel room or the amount of drugs in the
14 room or the presence of drug paraphernalia; and it contained no information
15 describing “the number, names, sex, physical appearance, or prior history of the
16 individuals who were allegedly dealing drugs in the motel room.” Lovato,
17 1994-NMCA-042, ¶ 10.
18 {7} Our notice explained that the affidavit for the search warrant in the current case
19 had similar deficiencies as the affidavits in Whitley and Lovato. The affidavit at issue
5 1 here stated that within the last seventy-two hours, the confidential informant observed
2 a “large quantity of methamphetamine” and “numerous drug transactions” occurring
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 32,845
5 LIONEL VALLEJO,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF EDDY COUNTY 8 Lisa B. Riley, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Margaret McLean, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 Bennett J. Bauer, Acting Chief Public Defender 14 Santa Fe, NM 15 Jason L. Clark, Assistant Public Defender 16 Carlsbad, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 BUSTAMANTE, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant filed an application for interlocutory appeal, seeking review of the
2 district court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence obtained from a motel
3 room based on a search warrant that he contends is not supported by probable cause.
4 We granted Defendant’s application for interlocutory appeal and issued a notice of
5 proposed summary disposition, proposing to reverse. The State has responded to our
6 notice with a memorandum in opposition. We remain unpersuaded that the affidavit
7 upon which the search warrant was based contained sufficient facts to support
8 probable cause. We, therefore, reverse the district court’s denial of Defendant’s
9 motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the search.
10 Grant of Interlocutory Appeal
11 {2} In this appeal, the State has expressed strong concerns about this Court granting
12 Defendant’s application for interlocutory appeal. The State complains that Defendant
13 has no right to an appeal at this time and renews its objection to the application on
14 grounds that Defendant presents us with a routine suppression motion, following the
15 resolution of which he could either be convicted or enter into a conditional plea and
16 then appeal. [MIO 6; State’s 1st Objection 1-2; State’s 2nd Objection 1-4, 7-9] The
17 State also complains that we granted interlocutory appeal without the benefit of a
18 record proper and emphasizes that two judges approved the warrant. [MIO 1-2, 6, 11]
2 1 {3} While we recognize that Defendant does not have an appeal as of right from a
2 denial of suppression, the statute permits a defendant to seek appeal from an
3 interlocutory order of the district court. See NMSA 1978, Section 39-3-3(A)(3)
4 (1972). It is discretionary with the district court whether to certify its decision for
5 interlocutory appeal, and it is discretionary with this Court whether to grant review
6 of an interlocutory decision. See § 39-3-3(A)(3). These decisions are guided in part
7 by whether (1) the order involves a controlling question of law on which there is
8 substantial ground for difference of opinion, and (2) resolution of the question will
9 materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. See Rule 12-203(B)
10 NMRA; Section 39-3-3(A)(3). We recognize that this Court rarely grants an
11 interlocutory appeal from the denial of a motion to suppress evidence in a criminal
12 case. However, we hold that our discretion to grant an interlocutory appeal was
13 appropriately exercised in this case. The certified issue is one of law and concerns a
14 threshold matter which involves strictly documentary evidence. A limited record is
15 thus sufficient for our purposes. Also important, it seems clear to this Court that it was
16 error to conclude that the affidavit provided probable cause for a search warrant.
17 The Affidavit for the Search Warrant
18 {4} Our notice proposed to hold that the affidavit for the search warrant did not
19 detail sufficient direct or circumstantial evidence from which reasonable inferences
3 1 could be drawn to support the determination of probable cause. See State v. Trujillo,
2 2011-NMSC-040, ¶ 19, 150 N.M. 721, 266 P.3d 1 (“Rather, it is the reviewing judge’s
3 duty to determine whether the affidavit as a whole, and the reasonable inferences that
4 may be drawn therefrom, provide a substantial basis for determining that there is
5 probable cause to believe that a search will uncover evidence of wrongdoing.”
6 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Specifically, we expressed concern
7 that the affidavit did not contain sufficient information to suggest ongoing criminal
8 drug activity in a motel room to justify the search warrant and avoid staleness.
9 See State v. Whitley, 1999-NMCA-155, ¶ 9, 128 N.M. 403, 993 P.2d 117 (“The
10 transient nature of a motel adds to the uncertainty.”).
11 {5} The greater the uncertainty, the more the probable cause equation requires
12 continuing activity because it is the ongoing nature of the reported illegal activity that
13 allows the inference that the activity is continuing and that the evidence will still
14 exist.” State v. Lovato,1994-NMCA-042, ¶ 10, 118 N.M. 155, 879 P.2d 787
15 (“Although seventy-two hours is not necessarily an extensive amount of time between
16 a reliable informant’s observation and issuance of a search warrant, under the facts
17 and circumstances of the instant case, the affidavit fails to support a conclusion that
18 criminal activity at the motel room was of an ongoing, continuous nature . . . .”). As
19 we stated in our notice, “staleness involves a variety of considerations, including not
4 1 only time, but also the character of the crime and the extent of prior activity, the
2 consumable or transferable nature of the items to be seized, the information known
3 about the suspect and his or her habits, and the location to be searched.” Whitley,
4 1999-NMCA-155, ¶ 8.
5 {6} Where the suspected illegality in a motel involves drug activity, involving
6 highly consumable drugs, our case law has held that the uncertainty about the future
7 presence of illegal drug activity is great, and the affidavit should include recent
8 information. See id. ¶¶ 9-10. With no description of the amount of drugs or drug
9 activity observed, the Whitley Court determined that the affidavit describing a
10 controlled buy of marijuana in a motel room forty-eight hours before the issuance of
11 the warrant was insufficient. See id. ¶¶ 6-10. In Lovato, the Court held that the
12 affidavit was insufficient where it contained information seventy-two hours old; it did
13 not establish the suspects’ relationship to the motel room or the amount of drugs in the
14 room or the presence of drug paraphernalia; and it contained no information
15 describing “the number, names, sex, physical appearance, or prior history of the
16 individuals who were allegedly dealing drugs in the motel room.” Lovato,
17 1994-NMCA-042, ¶ 10.
18 {7} Our notice explained that the affidavit for the search warrant in the current case
19 had similar deficiencies as the affidavits in Whitley and Lovato. The affidavit at issue
5 1 here stated that within the last seventy-two hours, the confidential informant observed
2 a “large quantity of methamphetamine” and “numerous drug transactions” occurring
3 “from” a specified motel room, described from the outside. [See affidavit 3] The
4 affidavit described two people only by race, weight, height, and the presence or
5 absence of visible tattoos. [See affidavit 2] The affidavit did not further identify the
6 individuals or state why they should be searched; it did not link these individuals in
7 any way to the methamphetamine or the room; it did not give any indication of how
8 long drug activity might have been or would be occurring; and it did not state any
9 prior history or habits of the individuals. Also, the affidavit did not state the amount
10 of methamphetamine that was observed or how many drug transactions were
11 observed. Lastly, the confidential informant did not provide any information from
12 inside the room that would suggest ongoing criminal activity, such as drug and
13 trafficking paraphernalia or the amount of methamphetamine in the possession of the
14 occupants. Based on the sparse information in the affidavit, we proposed to hold that
15 Whitley and Lovato control and require reversal for insufficient direct or
16 circumstantial evidence from which reasonable inferences of ongoing criminal activity
17 after seventy-two hours could be drawn to support probable cause.
18 {8} In response to our notice, the State points out that Defendant admitted that he
19 stayed in the motel room “a couple of nights.” [MIO 12] Probable cause must be
6 1 found “within the four corners of the affidavit,” however, and Defendant’s admission
2 was not in the affidavit. See State v. Haidle, 2012-NMSC-033, ¶ 40, 285 P.3d 668
3 (noting the “constitutional requirement of a written showing of probable cause and the
4 requirement that probable cause be available to a reviewing court within the four
5 corners of the affidavit”). Also, the value in Defendant’s admission seems doubtful.
6 We fail to see why his stay at the hotel for “a couple of nights” tends to show recent
7 or ongoing criminal activity to assist the issuing judge in making a probable cause
8 determination.
9 {9} The State makes no other factual assertions and, more importantly, does not
10 dispute our reading of the affidavit. The State maintains that the time period was
11 sufficiently recent based on all of the circumstances. [MIO 13] The State does not,
12 however, refer us to case law to support its position and does not analyze or
13 distinguish the cases upon which our notice relied. We are not persuaded.
14 {10} For the reasons stated in our notice and in this Opinion, we reverse the district
15 court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to suppress.
16 {11} IT IS SO ORDERED.
17 18 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
7 1 WE CONCUR:
2 3 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
4 5 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge