[Cite as State v. Tucker, 2024-Ohio-516.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT SENECA COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, CASE NO. 13-23-17 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
LUKAS A. TUCKER, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Seneca County Common Pleas Court Trial Court No. 22 CR 0215
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: February 12, 2024
APPEARANCES:
Brian A. Smith for Appellant
Stephanie J. Kiser for Appellee Case No. 13-23-17
ZIMMERMAN, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Lukas A. Tucker (“Tucker”), appeals the June 27,
2023 judgment entry of conviction and sentencing of the Seneca County Common
Pleas Court after Tucker was found guilty by a jury of failure to comply with an
order or signal of police officer. For the following reasons, we affirm.
{¶2} The case stems from Fostoria Police Department Officer Kyle
Reinbolt’s (“Reinbolt”) observation of Tucker while driving his (Tucker’s)
motorcycle on October 16, 2022. Reinbolt (who was familiar with Tucker from
previous law-enforcement involvement) ran Tucker’s information through dispatch.
After learning that Tucker had an active bench warrant and no operator’s license,
Reinbolt attempted to initiate a traffic stop. However, Tucker failed to comply with
Reinbolt’s audible and visual signals to stop. Thereafter, a high-speed pursuit
ensued reaching speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour (“mph”). Reinbolt
eventually terminated the pursuit for safety reasons. However, Reinbolt was later
able to make contact with Tucker who was ultimately arrested on the instant offense.
{¶3} On October 26, 2022, Tucker was indicted by the Seneca County Grand
Jury on one count of failure to comply with an order or signal of a police officer in
violation of R.C. 2921.331(B), (C)(5)(a)(ii), a third-degree felony. On November
9, 2022, Tucker entered a plea of not guilty in the trial court.
-2- Case No. 13-23-17
{¶4} Tucker proceeded to a jury trial on May 30, 2023, wherein he was found
guilty of failure to comply. The jury further found that Tucker did cause a
substantial risk of serious physical harm to persons or property. Thereafter, the trial
court sentenced Tucker to an 18-month prison term.
{¶5} Tucker timely appeals his case and raises two assignments of error for
our review, which we will address out of order for ease of discussion.
Second Assignment of Error
Because the evidence was needlessly cumulative and because its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, the trial court abused its discretion in admitting State’s Exhibits 2 through 5, the photographs purporting to be of Appellant’s Facebook posts.
{¶6} In Tucker’s second assignment of error, he argues that the trial court
erred by admitting State’s Exhibits 2 through 5 (i.e., photographs of Tucker’s
motorcycle posted on his Facebook profile). Specifically, he asserts that the
photographs should have been excluded under Evid.R. 403 since he argues there is
a danger of unfair prejudice and because they were cumulative.
Standard of Review
{¶7} “Generally, ‘[a] trial court is given broad discretion in admitting and
excluding evidence * * *.” State v. Wendel, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-16-08, 2016-
Ohio-7915, ¶ 23, quoting State v. Williams, 7th Dist. Jefferson No. 11 JE 7, 2013-
Ohio-2314, ¶ 7, citing State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 265 (1984).
Consequently, we review a trial court’s admission or exclusion of evidence for an
-3- Case No. 13-23-17
abuse of discretion. State v. Allsup, 3d Dist. Hardin No. 6-10-09, 2011-Ohio-404,
¶ 16 (Jan. 31, 2011), citing State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 182 (1987). We will
not disturb the exercise of that discretion absent a showing that the accused has
suffered material prejudice. State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 98 (1978); State v.
Hymore, 9 Ohio St.2d 122, 128 (1967), certiorari denied, 390 U.S. 1024, 88 S.Ct.
1409 (1968). An abuse of discretion suggests that a decision is unreasonable,
arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151,157 (1980).
{¶8} However, “if the party wishing to exclude evidence fails to
contemporaneously object at trial when the evidence is presented, that party waives
for appeal all but plain error.” State v. Bagley, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-13-31, 2014-
Ohio-1787, ¶ 53-54, citing State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio St.3d 57, 2006-Ohio-160, ¶
59-60, State v. Barrett, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 03CA2889, 2004-Ohio-2064, ¶ 20, and
State v. Lenoir, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22239, 2008-Ohio-1984, ¶ 19.
{¶9} “Crim.R. 52(B) governs plain-error review in criminal cases.” Bagley
at ¶ 55, citing State v. Risner, 73 Ohio App.3d 19, 24 (3d Dist.1991). “We recognize
plain error ‘with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to
prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” State v. Cartlidge, 3d Dist. Seneca No.
13-18-33, 2019-Ohio-1283, ¶ 11, quoting State v. Frye, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-17-30,
2018-Ohio-894, ¶ 94.
-4- Case No. 13-23-17
Analysis
{¶10} Initially, we must first determine if Tucker preserved this issue on
appeal. We note that Tucker objected to the admission of State’s Exhibits 2 through
5 arguing that those exhibits were irrelevant. Importantly, Tucker did not raise an
objection at trial under either Evid.R. 403(A)’s or (B)’s balancing test, but rather
lodged his objection under Evid.R. 402. The trial court overruled his objection on
the basis that the photographs were relevant. For this reason, we will review the
admission of these pictures for plain error. Wendel at ¶ 23.
{¶11} The burden to demonstrate plain error falls upon the party seeking to
assert it. State v. Quarterman, 140 Ohio St.3d 464, 2014-Ohio-4034, ¶ 16; State v.
Hahn, 3d Dist. Henry No. 7-21-02, 2021-Ohio-3789, ¶ 10. Significantly, Tucker
failed to develop a plain-error argument on appeal, and thus, we will not fashion one
for him. See Hahn at ¶ 10, citing State v. Rottman, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-20-1061,
2021-Ohio-1618, ¶ 7. Consequently, we will not address Tucker’s arguments
related to Evid.R. 403(A) or (B).
{¶12} Accordingly, Tucker’s second assignment of error is overruled.
First Assignment of Error
Because the jury lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice in convicting Appellant, Appellant’s conviction for Failure to Comply with an Order or Signal of a Police Officer was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
-5- Case No. 13-23-17
{¶13} In Tucker’s first assignment of error, he argues that his failure-to-
comply conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, he
asserts that he could not hear nor see the officer’s audible and visual signals to stop.1
{¶14} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of
the evidence, a reviewing court must examine the entire record, “‘weigh[ ] the
evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider[ ] the credibility of witnesses and
determine[ ] whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier of fact] clearly
lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction
must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
387 (1997), superseded by statute on other grounds, State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d
89 (1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). But,
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[Cite as State v. Tucker, 2024-Ohio-516.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT SENECA COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, CASE NO. 13-23-17 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
LUKAS A. TUCKER, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Seneca County Common Pleas Court Trial Court No. 22 CR 0215
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: February 12, 2024
APPEARANCES:
Brian A. Smith for Appellant
Stephanie J. Kiser for Appellee Case No. 13-23-17
ZIMMERMAN, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Lukas A. Tucker (“Tucker”), appeals the June 27,
2023 judgment entry of conviction and sentencing of the Seneca County Common
Pleas Court after Tucker was found guilty by a jury of failure to comply with an
order or signal of police officer. For the following reasons, we affirm.
{¶2} The case stems from Fostoria Police Department Officer Kyle
Reinbolt’s (“Reinbolt”) observation of Tucker while driving his (Tucker’s)
motorcycle on October 16, 2022. Reinbolt (who was familiar with Tucker from
previous law-enforcement involvement) ran Tucker’s information through dispatch.
After learning that Tucker had an active bench warrant and no operator’s license,
Reinbolt attempted to initiate a traffic stop. However, Tucker failed to comply with
Reinbolt’s audible and visual signals to stop. Thereafter, a high-speed pursuit
ensued reaching speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour (“mph”). Reinbolt
eventually terminated the pursuit for safety reasons. However, Reinbolt was later
able to make contact with Tucker who was ultimately arrested on the instant offense.
{¶3} On October 26, 2022, Tucker was indicted by the Seneca County Grand
Jury on one count of failure to comply with an order or signal of a police officer in
violation of R.C. 2921.331(B), (C)(5)(a)(ii), a third-degree felony. On November
9, 2022, Tucker entered a plea of not guilty in the trial court.
-2- Case No. 13-23-17
{¶4} Tucker proceeded to a jury trial on May 30, 2023, wherein he was found
guilty of failure to comply. The jury further found that Tucker did cause a
substantial risk of serious physical harm to persons or property. Thereafter, the trial
court sentenced Tucker to an 18-month prison term.
{¶5} Tucker timely appeals his case and raises two assignments of error for
our review, which we will address out of order for ease of discussion.
Second Assignment of Error
Because the evidence was needlessly cumulative and because its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, the trial court abused its discretion in admitting State’s Exhibits 2 through 5, the photographs purporting to be of Appellant’s Facebook posts.
{¶6} In Tucker’s second assignment of error, he argues that the trial court
erred by admitting State’s Exhibits 2 through 5 (i.e., photographs of Tucker’s
motorcycle posted on his Facebook profile). Specifically, he asserts that the
photographs should have been excluded under Evid.R. 403 since he argues there is
a danger of unfair prejudice and because they were cumulative.
Standard of Review
{¶7} “Generally, ‘[a] trial court is given broad discretion in admitting and
excluding evidence * * *.” State v. Wendel, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-16-08, 2016-
Ohio-7915, ¶ 23, quoting State v. Williams, 7th Dist. Jefferson No. 11 JE 7, 2013-
Ohio-2314, ¶ 7, citing State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 265 (1984).
Consequently, we review a trial court’s admission or exclusion of evidence for an
-3- Case No. 13-23-17
abuse of discretion. State v. Allsup, 3d Dist. Hardin No. 6-10-09, 2011-Ohio-404,
¶ 16 (Jan. 31, 2011), citing State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 182 (1987). We will
not disturb the exercise of that discretion absent a showing that the accused has
suffered material prejudice. State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 98 (1978); State v.
Hymore, 9 Ohio St.2d 122, 128 (1967), certiorari denied, 390 U.S. 1024, 88 S.Ct.
1409 (1968). An abuse of discretion suggests that a decision is unreasonable,
arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151,157 (1980).
{¶8} However, “if the party wishing to exclude evidence fails to
contemporaneously object at trial when the evidence is presented, that party waives
for appeal all but plain error.” State v. Bagley, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-13-31, 2014-
Ohio-1787, ¶ 53-54, citing State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio St.3d 57, 2006-Ohio-160, ¶
59-60, State v. Barrett, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 03CA2889, 2004-Ohio-2064, ¶ 20, and
State v. Lenoir, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22239, 2008-Ohio-1984, ¶ 19.
{¶9} “Crim.R. 52(B) governs plain-error review in criminal cases.” Bagley
at ¶ 55, citing State v. Risner, 73 Ohio App.3d 19, 24 (3d Dist.1991). “We recognize
plain error ‘with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to
prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” State v. Cartlidge, 3d Dist. Seneca No.
13-18-33, 2019-Ohio-1283, ¶ 11, quoting State v. Frye, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-17-30,
2018-Ohio-894, ¶ 94.
-4- Case No. 13-23-17
Analysis
{¶10} Initially, we must first determine if Tucker preserved this issue on
appeal. We note that Tucker objected to the admission of State’s Exhibits 2 through
5 arguing that those exhibits were irrelevant. Importantly, Tucker did not raise an
objection at trial under either Evid.R. 403(A)’s or (B)’s balancing test, but rather
lodged his objection under Evid.R. 402. The trial court overruled his objection on
the basis that the photographs were relevant. For this reason, we will review the
admission of these pictures for plain error. Wendel at ¶ 23.
{¶11} The burden to demonstrate plain error falls upon the party seeking to
assert it. State v. Quarterman, 140 Ohio St.3d 464, 2014-Ohio-4034, ¶ 16; State v.
Hahn, 3d Dist. Henry No. 7-21-02, 2021-Ohio-3789, ¶ 10. Significantly, Tucker
failed to develop a plain-error argument on appeal, and thus, we will not fashion one
for him. See Hahn at ¶ 10, citing State v. Rottman, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-20-1061,
2021-Ohio-1618, ¶ 7. Consequently, we will not address Tucker’s arguments
related to Evid.R. 403(A) or (B).
{¶12} Accordingly, Tucker’s second assignment of error is overruled.
First Assignment of Error
Because the jury lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice in convicting Appellant, Appellant’s conviction for Failure to Comply with an Order or Signal of a Police Officer was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
-5- Case No. 13-23-17
{¶13} In Tucker’s first assignment of error, he argues that his failure-to-
comply conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, he
asserts that he could not hear nor see the officer’s audible and visual signals to stop.1
{¶14} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of
the evidence, a reviewing court must examine the entire record, “‘weigh[ ] the
evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider[ ] the credibility of witnesses and
determine[ ] whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier of fact] clearly
lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction
must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
387 (1997), superseded by statute on other grounds, State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d
89 (1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). But,
we must give due deference to the fact-finder, because
[t]he fact-finder occupies a superior position in determining credibility. The fact-finder can hear and see as well as observe the body language, evaluate voice inflections, observe hand gestures, perceive the interplay between the witness and the examiner, and watch the witness's reaction to exhibits and the like. Determining credibility from a sterile transcript is a Herculean endeavor. A reviewing court must, therefore, accord due deference to the credibility determinations made by the fact-finder.
1 To the extent Tucker’s argument appears to sound in sufficiency, we need not address his argument since Tucker's assignment of error concerns the manifest weight of the evidence. See App.R. 12(A)(1)(b); App.R. 16(A)(3).
-6- Case No. 13-23-17
State v. Williams, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-20-54, 2021-Ohio-1359, ¶ 8, quoting State
v. Dailey, 3d Dist. Crawford, No. 3-07-23, 2008-Ohio-274, ¶ 7, quoting State v.
Thompson, 127 Ohio App.3d 511, 529 (8th Dist.1998). A reviewing court must,
however, allow the trier of fact appropriate discretion on matters relating to the
weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. State v. DeHass, 10
Ohio St.2d 230, 231 (1967). When applying the manifest-weight standard, “[o]nly
in exceptional cases, where the evidence ‘weighs heavily against the conviction,’
should an appellate court overturn the trial court’s judgment.” State v. Haller, 3d
Dist. Allen No. 1-11-34, 2012-Ohio-5233, ¶ 9, quoting State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio
St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, ¶ 119.
{¶15} Here, Tucker is challenging the jury’s witness-credibility
determination regarding the different versions of the events that Reinbolt and he
testified to at trial regarding the high-speed chase.
{¶16} Reinbolt testified that he observed Tucker pull up on a yellow sport
bike at a convenience store. He was familiar with Tucker because he had prior law
enforcement involvement with him. When dispatch advised Reinbolt that Tucker’s
operator’s license was suspended, and that Tucker had an active bench warrant out
of Findlay, Reinbolt attempted to initiate a traffic stop by turning on his siren and
his lights. Reinbolt testified (and his dash-cam video corroborates) that Tucker
looked back at Reinbolt over his shoulder and then executed a right turn. (See
-7- Case No. 13-23-17
State’s Ex. 6). Following that turn, Tucker accelerated the motorcycle reaching
speeds up to 100mph and passing other motorists on the roadway. (Id.).
{¶17} On the contrary, Tucker testified that he never saw Reinbolt following
him, and that he did not look over his shoulder, but rather was looking at the
roadway. Tucker also testified that since he was wearing earbuds and listening to
loud music and because of the noise of his motorcycle, he could not hear Reinbolt’s
siren even when it was within a few feet of him. (See State’s Ex. 6). Tucker further
testified that he had decreased visibility from his helmet, mirrors, and based upon
the time of day, which prevented him from seeing Reinbolt following him or his
lights. Moreover, Tucker maintained that he accelerated the motorcycle to avoid an
accident with another motorist who appeared to be attempting to assist the officer
(with Tucker’s apprehension), and not to flee or elude from Reinbolt.
{¶18} Significantly, Tucker also provided other versions of the events to
Reinbolt during the book-in process that were at variance with his trial testimony,
which the jury had the opportunity to observe.2 (See State’s Ex. 7). Ultimately,
Tucker admitted to Reinbolt that he “ran” from him because his operator’s license
was suspended, and that he did not want to go to jail on the Findlay warrant. (Id.).
{¶19} Based upon our review of the entire record, we conclude that the
evidence supporting the jury’s finding of guilt for failure to comply is of greater
2 During booking, Tucker initially denied being on the motorcycle in question. Later, he conceded that he sat on and revved the engine of a yellow sport bike (owned by someone else) while seated in a stationary position at a convenience store. However, he denied driving the motorcycle off the premises.
-8- Case No. 13-23-17
weight than the evidence against it. Additionally, we do not conclude that jury’s
witness-credibility determination was unreasonable. Therefore, we do not conclude
that the jury clearly lost its way, which created a manifest miscarriage of justice
such that Tucker’s failure-to-comply conviction must be reversed and new trial
ordered. Consequently, we conclude that the jury’s finding of guilt for failure to
comply is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶20} Accordingly, Tucker’s first assignment of error is overruled.
{¶21} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the
particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
WILLAMOWSKI, P.J. and WALDICK, J., concur.
/hls
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