IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
STATE OF DELAWARE, ) ) v. ) I.D. No. 1609000740 ) JOHN A. TUCKER, ) ) Defendant. )
Submitted: September 18, 2020 Decided: June 29, 2021
Defendant’s Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief – DENIED Defendant’s Motion for an Evidentiary Hearing – DENIED
OPINION
Allison Abessinio and Erika Flaschner, Deputy Attorneys General, Department of Justice, Wilmington, Delaware. Attorneys for the State.
Natalie Woloshin, Esquire of Woloshin, Lynch and Associates, Wilmington, Delaware. Attorney for the Defendant.
STREETT, J. On September 18, 2020, John Tucker (the “Defendant”), through his
attorney,1 filed an Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief,2 an Appendix, and a
Motion for an Evidentiary Hearing, pursuant to Delaware Superior Court Criminal
Rule 61.
The chronology of this case is that:
- On September 9, 2016, Joshua Moore (the “Victim”) was severely beaten by two men and left bleeding on the ground in an alley. - On September 9, 2016, within minutes of arrival at the scene, the police arrested Defendant for assault as he and two others walked away. - On November 21, 2016, Defendant was indicted on the charges of Assault First Degree, Possession of a Deadly Weapon during the Commission of a Felony, and Conspiracy Second Degree.3 - On May 16, 2017, a jury trial began. - On May 24, 2017, the jury convicted Defendant of all charges. - On September 15, 2017, Defendant was sentenced to a total of twenty-seven years at Level V incarceration, suspended after fifteen years for decreasing levels of supervision. - On November 8, 2017, Defendant filed a Notice of Appeal. - On July 17, 2018, the Delaware Supreme Court affirmed Defendant’s conviction and issued its mandate on August 6, 2018.4 - On December 28, 2018, Defendant filed a pro se Motion for Postconviction Relief and a Motion for the Appointment of an Attorney. - On September 18, 2020, Defendant, through his appointed attorney, filed this Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief and Appendix alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. A Motion for an Evidentiary Hearing was also filed. - On September 18, 2020, Rule 61 Counsel also filed a Motion to Compel Discovery which was withdrawn on February 5, 2021.5
1 Natalie Woloshin, Esq. was appointed as Rule 61 Counsel. 2 Defendant had filed a pro se Motion for Postconviction Relief on December 28, 2018. 3 A co-conspirator was never arrested or indicted. 4 Tucker v. State, 2018 WL3434557 (Del. July 16, 2018). 5 Rule 61 Counsel sought evidence seized from Ms. Genai Shockley-Stevens (one of the two people walking with Defendant) and a copy of her April 10, 2017 guilty plea. Based on items contained in the Rule 61 Appendix, it would appear as though the State turned those items over to Rule 61 Counsel without a Court order. 2 - On January 29, 2021, Trial Counsel filed an Affidavit in Response to Defendant’s Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief.6 - On March 3, 2021, the State filed its Response to the Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief.
After a full, thorough, and careful de novo review of the record, Defendant’s
Motions are DENIED. Defendant had a trial that spanned several days and was
vigorously defended by Trial Counsel. Eyewitnesses observed two men brutally
beat a third man who sustained permanent brain damage. The jury heard the
testimony of several police officers, a DNA expert, the victim, the victim’s mother,
a nurse, two eyewitnesses who were Defendant’s neighbors, the mother of
Defendant’s baby, Defendant’s foster brother, and the Defendant.
The facts of the case, as elicited at trial, are that on September 9, 2016, shortly
after 11 p.m., eyewitnesses from different households heard noises in the alley
behind their residences in the unit block of East 31st Street in Wilmington. The
neighbors looked outside and saw a beating in progress.7 They observed two men
attacking another man with their fists and a metal stick.8 The alley was not a high
6 Raymond Armstrong, Esq. represented Defendant at trial (“Trial Counsel”). 7 May 17, 2017 Tr. at 61. 8 May 18, 2017 Tr. at 103.
3 crime area and the neighbors immediately called the police.9 The victim was balled
up in a fetal position on the ground, did not get up, and was not moving.10
The beating continued for approximately five minutes until one of the
neighbors yelled, “Yo. Whatcha all doing?” The assailants then stopped and ran
away.11 One of them ran toward the alley entrance to his apartment; the other man
ran toward Jessup Street. Defendant’s next-door neighbor later identified Defendant
that night, in a photo lineup at police headquarters, as the assailant who had fled to
his (Defendant’s) apartment entrance.12
When the assailants fled, several neighbors then went to the person on the
ground in the alley and saw that he could not get up, was barely conscious, and was
having difficulty breathing as he lay in a pool of blood with bruises on his body.
The police quickly arrived and were informed that three people were walking
toward Jessup Street. Cpl. Michael Coleman noticed three people (two men and a
woman who was pushing a baby stroller13) walking out of the alley. He did not
9 Id. at 63. Corporal Michael Coleman said he had “never made an arrest or even stopped anybody in that alleyway…there is a daycare right there.” 10 May 18, 2017 Tr. at 93. 11 May 18, 2017 Tr. at 94. 12 Id. at 98; May 22, 2017 Tr. at 13. 13 The woman was later identified as Ms. Genai Stephens-Shockley.
4 attempt to stop them because his attention was drawn to the bloody victim.14 Cpl.
Coleman testified that there was so much blood at the scene that he “did not know
whether the victim had been shot or stabbed.”15
The victim (subsequently identified as Joshua Moore), was
unresponsive and had difficulty catching his breath.16 He was immediately
transported to the hospital and put on a ventilator. He had a subdural hematoma on
each side of his brain and suffered irreparable nerve damage.17 Moore spent four
months in the hospital and was then sent to a rehabilitation center for a period of
time to relearn how to walk and eat.18 He now lives with his mother because he is
unable to live alone.19
Corporal Johnny Saunders also arrived near the scene within a few minutes of
the 911 calls. He saw three people walking near 29th and Jessup Street.20 There were
no other people on the street.21 One of them (the Defendant) was talking on a
14 May 17, 2017 Tr. at 53. 15 May 18, 2017 Tr. at 52. 16 Id. 17 Id. at 201-03. 18 Id. at 211. 19 May 19, 2017 Tr. at 19. 20 May 17, 2017 Tr. at 99. 21 Id. at 76. 5 cellphone and had a tan canvas belt partially held in his hand and partially inserted
into one or two loops of his waistband. Cpl. Sanders detained the Defendant, drove
him by the scene, and then took him to police headquarters. Defendant was advised
of his Miranda rights.22 Defendant denied knowing anything about a fight; he said
that he went inside his apartment and then came back out to meet a girl.23 He later
said that Moore had surprised him in the alley and attacked him.
The police observed fresh cuts on Defendant’s arm and wet, fresh blood stains
on the canvas belt. After Defendant was told that he could not wash his hands in the
bathroom, the police observed Defendant repeatedly lick and spit on his hands and
then attempt to wipe stains from his shoes.24
Subsequent DNA testing of the stains on the belt and on a part of a grill that
had been stuffed into a trash bin near the attack25 revealed that the stains contained
the victim’s DNA. Although the stains on the canvas belt were no longer visible on
22 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). 23 May 22, 2017 Tr. at 117. 24 Id. at 118. 25 May 18, 2017 Tr. at 25.
6 the day of trial (which was more than a year after the beating), the officer testified
on cross-examination that the blood stains may have faded.26
Trial testimony also revealed that Defendant and the victim were
acquaintances. They were both Ms. Kanisha Poole’s former boyfriends, were aware
of each other, and they lived in different neighborhoods. Ms. Poole testified that
Defendant was her baby’s father (their romantic relationship had ended in 2015) and
Moore had been her boyfriend until a few days before he was the victim of the
beatdown in the alley.27 She said that Defendant had a temper28 but there was no
animosity between Defendant and Moore despite a verbal argument several months
before the beating. Ms. Poole testified that, on the night of the attack, she drove
Defendant (and his foster brother) to East 31st Street without incident and saw an
unidentified man running near her car immediately after she dropped off Defendant
near his apartment. She then drove away and took the foster brother to his house on
the other side of town.
Defendant testified that he was attacked in the alley by Moore as he tried to
enter his (Defendant’s) apartment. Defendant said that he fought with Moore in self-
26 May 18, 2017 Tr. at. 25. Also, Det. Randall Newell testified that he had taken a photograph of the canvas belt on his cellphone. Id. at 53. The Defense sought a mistrial because the State had not disclosed this information. This issue was the subject of Defendant’s unsuccessful appeal. 27 Defendant seemingly did not know that she was no longer romantically involved with the victim. 28 May 22, 2017 Tr. at 69. 7 defense. He explained that he was driving Ms. Poole’s vehicle with Shaquan
Guilford (his foster brother) as his passenger on the night of the incident. They
picked up Ms. Poole from her job at approximately 10:45 p.m. and Ms. Poole then
drove them to East 31st Street near Defendant’s apartment around 11:00 p.m.
Defendant said that he exited the vehicle and Ms. Poole immediately drove away to
take Guilford to his house.
Defendant testified that he saw an unidentified man walk in front of Ms.
Poole’s vehicle as he exited the car. When he approached his apartment entrance,
which was in a dark alley in the back, he heard a man say “Don’t run, bitch. your
baby mama set you up.”29 He saw that it was Moore and watched Moore reach into
his pants. Defendant ran toward his doorway because he thought that Moore was
about to pull out a gun. Moore, however, charged at him and hit him in the head.
Defendant said that he fought back in self-defense.30 They wrestled until they fell
into Defendant’s apartment door and tussled outside of the house.31
29 May 22, 2017 at 106. 30 Over the State’s objection, the Defendant’s outburst during his preliminary hearing that he (Defendant) “whooped [Moore’s] ass because he ran down on me” (Prel. Hr’g Tr. at 14, Sept. 23, 2016) was entered into evidence. 31 May 22, 2017 Tr. at 107.
8 Defendant further said that Mark Rollins and Ms. Stephens-Shockley32 were
inside his apartment as he wrestled with Moore in the doorway. Rollins was
Defendant’s close friend and Ms. Stephens-Shockley was the mother of Rollins’
baby. Rollins intervened; Moore released Defendant; and Moore then started
fighting with Rollins. Once released, Defendant ran down Jessup Street33 and
immediately called Guilford to warn him that he thought Ms. Poole had set them up.
Defendant testified that he told the police that he did not know that there had
been a fight but later said that he fought Moore in self-defense.34 The police did not
find a gun at the scene.35 They did not find a gun anywhere else, either.
Guilford testified that he received a call from Defendant just as Ms. Poole
dropped him off at his house on the other side of town. The call was from the
Defendant who was yelling that Ms. Poole had set them up. Guilford confronted
Ms. Poole but she responded by smiling and driving away.
Defendant’s Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief alleges ineffective
assistance of counsel. Rule 61 Counsel asserts that Defendant was prejudiced
because there was no testimony at trial about Ms. Stephens-Shockley or a black
32 Both sides have repeatedly transposed her names. 33 Id. at 107. 34 May 22, 2017 Tr. at 117-18. 35 Id. at 83. 9 (possibly leather) belt found in her purse. The Defense also argues that Ms.
Stephens-Shockley should have been called as a witness and that Trial Counsel
failed to fully investigate the case.
Defendant’s claims are primarily based on information and a transcript that
were not part of the trial evidence.36 Those documents consist of police reports, a
transcript of an undisclosed statement given by Ms. Stephens-Shockley to Det.
Nowell, and Ms. Stephens-Shockley’s April 2016 guilty plea of lying to the police.37
Specifically, Rule 61 Counsel relies on a report made by Wilmington Police
Officer DiRocco38 who stopped Ms. Stephens-Shockley at 28th and Jessup Streets as
she was pushing the baby stroller on the night of the incident.39 Officer DiRocco
transported her to police headquarters and she was advised of her Miranda rights40.
According to Officer DiRocco’s report, Ms. Stephens-Shockley denied knowledge
of the assault and denied knowing Mark Rollins despite having a pill bottle with his
name on it in her purse. Officer DiRocco also found a belt in her purse which she
36 The information about Ms. Stephens-Shockley was contained in several undisclosed police reports, were not offered into evidence at trial by the State, and appear to have been provided only after Rule 61 Counsel filed its Motion for Evidence. 37 The Defense supplied them in the Appendix to the Amended Motion. 38 Officer DiRocco did not testify and his first name does not appear in the record. 39 The third person has never been identified. 40 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. at 436 (1966).
10 claimed was found in the street.41 The belt, which was dark or black, was not made
of canvas. It was seized but not tested for DNA.
Defendant posits that this second belt had an “apparent” blood stain and that
the introduction of this dark belt would have tended to exculpate the Defendant. Rule
61 Counsel asserts that Trial Counsel should have “use[d] that belt in trial to advance
and corroborate Mr. Tucker’s defense.”42 Rule 61 Counsel adds that it is
“confounding” that Trial Counsel did not use the second belt to challenge chain of
custody, undermine the integrity of the police investigation, or bolster the self-
defense claim.43
The Defense also cites a report by Detective Rodney Newell, the chief
investigating officer, concerning a second interview with Ms. Stephens-Shockley on
October 12, 2016. Although the State called Detective Newell as a trial witness,
there was no mention of Ms. Stephens-Shockley during the trial.44 Rule 61 Counsel
faults Trial Counsel for not attempting to gain an advantage from the fact that Ms.
Stephens-Shockley had given a second story to the police, changed her story,
41 Ms. Stephens-Shockley’s father arrived at the station and took the baby home. She was released later that morning. 42 Def.’s Amended Mot. at 22. 43 Def.’s Amended Mot. at 20-24.
44 The State did not ask the detective about Ms. Stephens-Shockley, Trial Counsel did not cross- examine him about her, and Trial Counsel did not call her as a witness.
11 acknowledged that Rollins was her baby’s father, had been prosecuted for giving a
false statement, and pled guilty to lying to the police.45 Rule 61 Counsel alleges that
Trial Counsel failed to investigate Ms. Stephens-Shockley and should have called
her as a witness to corroborate Mr. Tucker’s claim of self-defense.
Rule 61 Counsel also asserts that Ms. Stephens-Shockley’s testimony “would
have offered an alternate, credible theory as to who inflicted the most serious injuries
upon the victim.”46 Defendant claims that “had Trial Counsel introduced
information related to Ms. Stephens-Shockley and Rollins at trial, there is a
reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different”.47
Additionally, Rule 61 Counsel argues that “Trial counsel’s failure to investigate
which belt [ ] was tested for DNA and used at trial cause[d] significant prejudice to
Tucker’s defense.” Rule 61 Counsel also requests an evidentiary hearing.48
On January 29, 2021, Trial Counsel submitted an Affidavit in response to
Defendant’s allegations. Trial Counsel denies the claims.
45 Ms. Stephens-Shockley was arrested in October 2016 and pled guilty to Providing a False Statement to Police on April 10, 2017. 46 Id. at 29. 47 Id. at 30-31. 48 Id. at 18.
12 As to the issue of the belt, Trial Counsel wrote that he had examined all of the
evidence and photos provided by the State and was aware of the black belt.49 He
wrote that he made a strategic decision that the Defense would not use that belt at
trial.
Trial Counsel explained that he did not want to introduce a second belt
because it might have undermined Defendant’s claim of self-defense. Moreover, its
origin was unknown, he did not want the jury to conclude that the second belt was
used as a weapon, and he did not want the jury to think that the Defendant had
removed the belt. Additionally, in view of the fact that the victim was found naked
with his pants down around his ankles, he “did not want to take the chance that the
second belt would serve as the State’s proof that either Mr. Tucker or Mr. Rollins
[had] stripped the State’s victim naked as an effort to humiliate him.”50
Concerning Ms. Stephens-Shockley, he explained that he was aware of her
and the statement that she gave on the night of the incident; however, the State had
not informed him of or disclosed a second (contradictory) statement or that she had
entered a guilty plea for lying to the police.
49 The record indicates that more than 111 photos, several DVDs, numerous police reports, the DNA lab report, the victim’s medical records, and search warrant applications were provided to the defense pretrial. 50 Trial Counsel’s Response at 5. 13 Furthermore, even though Trial Counsel had incomplete information about
Ms. Stephens-Shockley, the Defense attempted to interview her as part of its
investigation. However, she refused to cooperate with the defense investigator. As
such, Trial Counsel did not know whether she would help or hurt the Defense if
called to testify (particularly since she was Rollins’ girlfriend).
Trial Counsel explained that his policy is to not call anyone as a witness unless
he knows what that person will say. Thus, it was Trial Counsel’s strategy, “as
approved by Mr. Tucker,”51 to focus on Ms. Poole’s animosity toward Defendant
that was manifested by a scheme to use Moore to harm Defendant and that Defendant
only engaged in the altercation in order to defend himself from Moore’s aggression.
He also wanted to show that any DNA found was the inevitable result of the
altercation. Trial Counsel also wrote that he wanted to “downplay the involvement
or intervention of any 3rd party”52 and did not want the jury to think that Defendant
joined with someone else to exact revenge for Moore’s attack.
Trial Counsel reasoned that Defendant’s self-defense claim was “locked [due
to his] previous statements to the police and his outburst at the preliminary
hearing.”53 Hence, Trial Counsel did not want to draw attention to another belt
51 Id. at 2. 52 Id. 53 Id. at 4.
14 because it would undermine that claim. Furthermore, Trial Counsel wanted to cast
doubt on the quality of the police investigation and the fact that the belt in evidence
did not have any visible blood stains.
The State, in its Response, argues that Defendant’s claims lack merit. The
State writes that there was extensive evidence pointing to Defendant’s guilt.
Defendant, who was known to one of the eyewitnesses, was seen beating the victim
and fifteen minutes later was caught holding a belt that was stained with the victim’s
blood.
The State asserts that the Defendant has mischaracterized the evidence, placed
undue weight on the importance of the black belt, and that “Defendant cannot
demonstrate that introducing the existence of a second belt would have resulted in
an outright exclusion of Defendant’s belt from trial”.54 The State also writes that
Defendant has not suffered any prejudice.
Before considering the merits of any claims asserted in a motion for
postconviction relief, the Court must first determine if the motion is procedurally
barred under Superior Court Criminal Rule 61.55
54 State’s Response at 16. 55 Superior Court Criminal Rule 61(i) provides, in pertinent part: Bars to relief. (1) Time limitation. A motion for postconviction relief may not be filed more than one year after the judgment of conviction is final or, if it asserts a retroactively applicable right that is newly recognized after the judgment of conviction is 15 Defendant’s motion is timely, having been filed within one year after his
judgment of conviction became final, is not repetitive, and was not previously
adjudicated. There are no procedural bars to Defendant’s Motion.
However, in the instant case, an analysis of the law concerning attorney
performance leads to the conclusion that Trial Counsel did not fall below normal
standards.
A defendant must do more than simply claim that his counsel was ineffective.
The defendant must show that counsel’s alleged “errors were so grievous that his
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness . . . [and] there is a
reasonable degree of probability that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors the
outcome of the proceedings would have been different.” 56
final, more than one year after the right is first recognized by the Supreme Court of Delaware or by the United States Supreme Court. * * * * (3) Procedural Default. Any ground for relief that was not asserted in the proceedings leading to the judgment of conviction, as required by the rules of this court, is thereafter barred, unless the movant shows (A) Cause for relief from the procedural default and (B) Prejudice from violation of the movant’s rights
Also, a meritorious ineffective assistance of counsel claim that demonstrates a constitutional violation may be considered an exception under Rule 61(i)(5). State v. Flowers, 150 A. 3d 276, 282 (2016). 56 State v. Gattis, 1995 WL 790961, at *4 (Del. Super. Dec. 28, 1995) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 694 (1984)). See also Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 104 (2011); Premo v. Moore, 562 U.S. 115, 121 (2011); Scott v. State, 7 A.3d 471, 475-76 (Del. 2010); Duross v. State, 494 A.2d 1265, 1268 (Del. 1985). 16 The law is clear that there is a strong presumption that counsel’s
representation is competent and falls within the “wide range” of reasonable
professional assistance.57 Moreover, deference must be given to counsel’s judgment
in order to promote stability in the trial process.58
Furthermore, to overcome the strong presumption that counsel has acted
competently, the defendant must demonstrate that “counsel failed to act reasonabl[y]
considering all the circumstances” and that the allegedly unreasonable performance
prejudiced the defense.59 The issue is not whether counsel deviated from the best or
most common practice but whether counsel’s representation was inadequate under
the “prevailing professional norms.”60 Thus, the essential question is whether
counsel made mistakes so crucial that counsel was not functioning at the level
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment and deprived the defendant of a fair trial.61
In the instant case, the Court does not find that the performance of Trial
Counsel was substandard, does not find that Defendant was prejudiced or prevented
from having a fair trial, and does not find that any alleged errors of Trial Counsel
57 Premo, 562 U.S. at 121. 58 Id. at 125. 59 Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 189 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). 60 Harrington, 562 U.S. at 105. 61 Id. at 104. 17 weakened Defendant’s appeal. An analysis of the record reflects that Trial
Counsel’s representation was not unreasonable, did not fall below objective
standards, and did not prejudice Defendant’s case.
Concerning the black belt, Rule 61 Counsel alleges that the introduction of that
belt would have created a reasonable probability that the Defendant would have been
acquitted by the jury. Defendant posits that it would have placed suspicion on Mark
Rollins, supported Defendant’s self-defense claim, and suggested that the blood-
stained tan canvas belt found on Defendant had not been involved in the incident.
Defendant’s argument is unpersuasive and distracts from the evidence. The
case against Defendant was overwhelming, with or without one or more belts in
evidence. Defendant was indicted and convicted of beating Moore using a grill
cover as a weapon while acting with an accomplice.
Moreover, the testimony clearly showed that the police had not confused the
tan canvas belt with the black belt62; the transcript reflects that Rule 61 Counsel’s
assertion that the victim’s DNA was on the black belt is conjecture; and Trial
Counsel did not think that it was a good strategy to have the jury consider whether
62 Furthermore, contrary to Rule 61 Counsel’s comment that the black belt “seems to have vanished” (Def.’s Amended Mot. at 22), Trial Counsel was aware of the black belt and it does not appear as though the black belt has been misplaced.
18 the black belt possibly belonged to or was used either by Defendant or an
accomplice. Trial Counsel wanted to focus on self-defense and sloppy police work.
Although the blood-stained tan canvas belt that Defendant held was placed
into evidence, the second count of the indictment was Possession of a Deadly
Weapon during the Commission of a Felony – a grill cover used as a bludgeon.63
Unimpeached eyewitnesses watched as the assailants beat their victim with a metal
object, a grill was found in a bin near the helpless victim, the grill cover was found
to have the victim’s DNA on it, and Defendant was positively identified by his
neighbor as one of the men who participated in the beatdown. Rule 61 Counsel has
not shown that introduction of the black belt at trial could negate the DNA on the
grill cover, discredit the testimony that Defendant’s next-door neighbors watched a
vicious beating, that Moore was struck with something metal (clearly not a canvas
belt or a leather belt), that Defendant’s next-door neighbor watched him leave the
attack, or that his neighbor identified him later that night at police headquarters.
63 11 Del. C. § 1447(a) states that “A person who is in possession of a deadly weapon during the commission of a felony is guilty of possession of a deadly weapon during the commission of a felony.”
11 Del. C. § 222 defines a deadly weapon, in pertinent part: (5) “Deadly weapon” includes…[a] bludgeon…or any “dangerous instrument”…which is used…to cause…serious physical injury.
The same section of the code defines a “dangerous instrument”, in pertinent part: (4) “Dangerous instrument” means any instrument, article or substance which, under the circumstances in which it is used,…is readily capable of causing death or serious physical injury…. 19 Furthermore, although Rule 61 Counsel suggests that introduction of the black
belt would raise a chain of custody issue, the record shows that Trial Counsel had
already raised that issue during trial as part of his strategy to cast doubt on the police.
Additionally, the testimony as to the tan canvas belt was straightforward. The
police did not confuse the tan belt with any other belt and the blood stains had faded
due to the passage of time. The police testified that normal protocols for storage,
DNA testing, and presentation were followed. So too, there is nothing in the record
to suggest that there were two tan canvas belts, that the police had difficulty
distinguishing a tan canvas belt from a black non-canvas (possibly leather) belt, or
that there was an intentional or unintentional substitution of one belt for another
when sent for DNA analysis.
Defendant also posits that Trial Counsel should have further investigated
and/or put the black belt into evidence because it would have shifted blame to Rollins
and that the black belt had “apparent” blood on it based on the detective’s comments
to Ms. Stephens-Shockley upon finding the black belt in her purse. However,
Defendant’s extrapolation from the detective’s comments is misplaced.
The evidence is clear that two men beat Moore. The evidence is also clear
that a neighbor identified Defendant as a participant in the beating and Defendant
was indicted for being part of a conspiracy. Rule 61 Counsel has not shown that
20 blaming Rollins (who was not arrested or indicted) would prompt the jury to acquit
Defendant of conspiracy, assault, or the weapons charge.
So too, Rule 61 Counsel’s interpretation of a detective’s conversation with
Ms. Stephens-Shockley about the belt is faulty. Ms. Stephens-Shockley was detained
by the police within minutes of the beating as she walked near Defendant and pushed
the baby stroller. Det. Nowell had a lengthy exchange with Ms. Stephens-Shockley
about her purse, a belt found in the purse, a bookbag, prescription bottles, and a cell
phone. The following are portions of that exchange:
Detective: Whose belt is in your purse? Shockley: That’s mine. Detective: Looks like a man’s belt. Shockley: I got it from a guy. * * * Shockley: It’s. Okay. The belt’s not mine. Detective: Whose - whose - whose belt is it? Shockley: I found it. Detective: Where did you find it? Shockley: On the ground. * * * Shockley: I found the belt and as I picked it up. Detective: Hm. Shockley: That was stupid, wasn’t it? Detective: Yeah. Because the issue is, um, that the belt has what we think is going to be blood on it. Shockley: Really? Detective: Yeah. And that blood is going to match the victim’s blood from this assault that I’ve been talking about… * * * Detective: …Um. We talked about that belt? * * * Detective: Okay. Um. And you said you picked it up where again? Shockley: On Market Street. 21 Detective: Market Street? Okay. You mind if I – I keep the belt? It could be important to this assault case. Shockley: (shrugs) I don’t care.64
The transcript reflects that the detective raised the possibility of blood and
DNA in an effort to extract a coherent story from a reluctant witness. Contrary to
Defendant’s assertion, the detective did not affirmatively state that there actually
was blood on the black belt. As such, declaring that the black belt “had what
appeared to be blood on it from a person who was purportedly at the scene…”65 and
that “there was a belt in police custody which had apparent blood on it collected
from Stephens-Shockley…”66 is taking the detective’s words out of context.
The transcript shows that Ms. Stephens-Shockley was evasive and
contradictory as the detective attempted to persuade Ms. Stephens-Shockley to talk
about the events of that evening. He presented his suspicions to her and what might
possibly be found on the belt. He told her that he thought that there would be blood
on the belt. He then expanded on that idea and projected that it would match the
victim’s blood. After that tactic was unavailing, he commented that the belt might
be of potential value because it could be important to the assault investigation.67 The
64 Def’s Appendix at A083-A087. 65 Def.’s Amended Mot. at 22. 66 Id. 67 Emphasis supplied.
22 officer used coercive tactics on an individual who had given evasive and inconsistent
responses. Suggestions, suspicions, and projections are not facts.68 The detective’s
attempt to get coherent and potentially incriminating information from someone
caught leaving the scene of a crime do not support a claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel.
As to the Assault First Degree charge, Rule 61 Counsel’s argument that the
introduction of a second belt (with or without bloodstains) would have resulted in a
different verdict is speculative. The State’s case was strong. Moreover, a belt was
not the defining issue or weapon in this prosecution. Defendant has not shown that
evidence of a second belt would have mitigated the force that caused Moore’s
permanent brain damage, uncoupled Defendant from a Conspiracy charge, or
avoided Defendant’s Assault in the First Degree conviction.69
Furthermore, there was no evidence that Moore had a belt and the source of
the black belt remains unknown. As such, irrespective of who had the black belt
(Defendant, Rollins, Ms. Stephens-Shockley, or an unknown person), suggesting to
the jury that the victim’s blood might also have been on a second belt (especially
since it had not been analyzed) would not inure to Defendant’s benefit.
68 The officer’s comments are unsupported and unverifiable. The black belt was never sent for DNA testing. 69 11 Del. C. §613(a) states that a person is guilty of assault in the first degree when: (1) The person intentionally causes serious physical injury to another person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument. 23 Here, Defendant was “locked” into a claim that he “whooped [Moore’s] ass”
because Moore was the aggressor. Defendant could not logically recant his self-
defense claim. However, the evidence reflects that the incident in the alley went
beyond a mere self-protective fistfight or tussle. The evidence showed that
Defendant participated with another in a vicious beating of an unarmed person who
was huddled on the ground, the person on the ground was not a threat to Defendant,
and Defendant had an opportunity to retreat (and, in fact, Defendant and his
accomplice disengaged without difficulty from the attack when a neighbor yelled at
them and it became clear that they were being watched).70
Under the circumstances, the degree of force in the alley and the use of a
bludgeon were unjustified. While a person might be justified in using force in self-
defense to protect himself or another against the use of unlawful force by another
person, there is no evidence that Moore used unlawful force. Moreover, although
Defendant claimed that he thought Moore had a gun, there is no evidence that a gun
was involved. Here, Defendant was arrested and prosecuted for the use of deadly
70 11 Del. C. §464 states, in pertinent part, that the use of deadly force is not justifiable…if: (e)(2) The defendant knows that the necessity of using deadly force can be avoided with complete safety by retreating… [although] (a) the defendant is not obliged to retreat in or from the defendant’s dwelling; and (b) the defendant is not obliged to retreat in or from the defendant’s place of work, unless the defendant was the initial aggressor
24 force which is unjustified when deadly force is not necessary to protect against the
threat of death or serious injury by another person. Whatever may have initially
occurred evidently progressed to the alley where two eyewitnesses watched for five
minutes as Defendant and another person beat Moore with an object into semi-
consciousness and permanent brain damage.
Furthermore, deadly force is not justifiable when a defendant is outside of his
dwelling if the necessity for using deadly force could have been avoided with
complete safety by retreating. Here, Defendant was outside of his dwelling and had
the opportunity to retreat. His semi-conscious victim lay in a fetal position in a pool
of blood on the ground in an alley, was not a threat to Defendant, could not have
harmed Defendant, and could not have prevented Defendant from retreating.
Defendant had ample time and opportunity to retreat, which he easily did when his
neighbor yelled at them. Under the circumstances, a second belt would not change
the fact that eyewitnesses watched a five-minute beatdown of a person who lay on
the ground and was barely breathing. The second belt would not acquit Defendant
of the assault first degree charge.
As to the conspiracy count in the indictment, whether or not the Defendant
was alone when the incident began, Defendant was not alone as events ensued.
25 Eyewitnesses came out of their houses, observed a beating in progress, and testified
that they watched two men as they, together, beat the victim for five minutes.71
Thus, irrespective of how the encounter began, Defendant acted with another.
Placing an additional, dissimilar, and untested belt into evidence would not
exculpate the Defendant from the conspiracy charge (particularly since Defendant
testified that Rollins was also fighting Moore) or accomplice liability. So too,
Defendant’s suggestion of accomplice self-defense does not justify the deadly force
possibly used by the accomplice. Thus, the decision to not introduce an additional,
dissimilar, and untested belt of unknown origin was not unreasonable and did not
cause prejudice.
Furthermore, Trial Counsel explained that it was his conscious choice to not
introduce a second belt at trial. Trial Counsel did not want the jury to think that two
belts might have been used to brutalize the victim, publicly humiliate him, or cause
permanent brain damage. Moreover, he did not want to risk the jury concluding that
the two belts indicated calculated behavior, contradicted Defendant’s claim of
surprise and self-defense, or cast doubt on Defendant’s credibility. This was part of
Trial Counsel’s strategy.
71 11 Del. C. §512 defines Conspiracy Second Degree, in pertinent part, as: A person is guilty of conspiracy in the second degree when, intending to promote or facilitate the commission of a felony, the person: (2) Agrees to aid another person…in the commission of the felony…; and the person or another person with whom the person conspired commits an overt act in pursuance of the conspiracy. 26 Rule 61 Counsel’s other ground for asserting ineffective assistance of counsel
concerned the fact that Ms. Stephens-Shockley did not testify. The Defense posits
that putting a convicted liar on the witness stand would somehow make the
Defendant more credible. Defendant argues that if Ms. Stephens-Shockley testified,
she would have been exposed as a woman who was trying to protect her boyfriend
(Rollins) and that would have been helpful to the Defense. Rule 61 Counsel has not
shown how a lying girlfriend could extricate Defendant from his participation with
another in a beating that was witnessed by his neighbors.
Furthermore, at the time of trial, the State had not disclosed to the Defense
that Ms. Stephens-Shockley had given a second, contradictory statement or that she
had been convicted of lying.72 Indeed, Rule 61 Counsel’s request for a court order
appears to have been the impetus for this post-trial disclosure. As such, Trial Counsel
could not consider information that he did not have because it had been withheld
from him.
Furthermore, Trial Counsel’s attempt to investigate Ms. Stephens-Shockley
or her version of events was thwarted by her refusal to cooperate with a defense
investigator.73 Thus, without disclosure from the State or the cooperation of Ms.
72 During trial, it was also revealed that the State had not told the defense that an officer had a cellphone photo of the blood-stained tan canvas belt. 73 Trial Counsel had sent an investigator to speak with Ms. Stephens-Shockley but she would not speak with him. 27 Stephens-Shockley, Trial Counsel was only aware of her first statement and that she
had a black belt in her purse while leaving the area with Defendant and another. Her
second statement and guilty plea were only revealed after trial and, as such, could
not have been a factor in Trial Counsel’s consideration or decision concerning
whether to call her as a witness, and, in hindsight, they were unlikely to be helpful.
Trial Counsel explained that his general policy was to present someone as a
defense witness only if he can be certain that the witness would be beneficial to the
Defense. Here, he did not know what she would say on the witness stand, whether
her testimony would be helpful, or whether she would try to protect herself and/or
Rollins by shifting blame to the Defendant. Contrary to Rule 61 Counsel’s claim
that her testimony “would have offered an alternate, credible theory as to who
inflicted the most serious injuries upon the victim”74, the issue was not comparative
injuries inflicted by co-conspirators. Furthermore, Ms. Stephens-Shockley’s
testimony might have weakened Defendant’s self-defense strategy. Trial Counsel
did not want to risk jury rejection of her credibility spilling over into rejection of
Defendant’s self-defense claim. Trial Counsel’s belief that it would have been
imprudent to call her as a Defense witness was not unreasonable.
74 Def’s Amended Mot. at 29.
28 Upon consideration of Defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims,
the Court does not find that there was ineffective assistance of counsel or that the
performance of Trial Counsel was substandard. The Court also does not find that
Defendant was prejudiced or prevented from having a fair trial. An analysis of the
law concerning attorney performance leads to the conclusion that Defendant’s trial
was fair, the jury reached its verdict after considering all of the evidence, and
representation by Trial Counsel was not unreasonable.
The record reflects that Defendant and Trial Counsel were able to
communicate during months of trial preparation; Defendant was competent for trial;
and Defendant chose to testify at trial after discussion with his attorney. The record
also shows that Trial Counsel reviewed the evidence provided by the State and made
a diligent effort to investigate the case. It is also clear that Trial Counsel acted
responsibly during trial, presented a trial strategy, cross-examined the State’s
witnesses, questioned the value of certain State’s evidence, and vigorously defended
his client.
In order for a defendant to establish ineffective assistance of counsel, the
defendant must satisfy the two-pronged standard created by the U.S. Supreme Court
in Strickland v. Washington,75 “which requires that he prove that trial counsel’s
75 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694 (“The defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”). 29 performance was objectively unreasonable and that the defendant was prejudiced as
a result.”76 The Delaware Supreme Court held that:
Under the first prong, judicial scrutiny is highly deferential. Courts must ignore the distorting effects of hindsight and proceed with a strong presumption that counsel's conduct was reasonable. Under the second prong, [a defendant] must show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Thus, [a]n error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no effect on the judgment.77
Moreover, “A defendant asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is
required to make concrete allegations of cause and actual prejudice or risk summary
dismissal of the claim.”78 There is a strong presumption that counsel’s
representation is competent and falls within the “wide range” of reasonable
professional assistance.79 As such, deference must be given to counsel’s judgment
in order to promote stability in the process.80
76 Rodriguez v. State, 109 A.3d 1075, 1079 (Del. Jan. 29, 2015). 77 Id. at 1079 (internal quotation marks omitted). See also Scott, 7 A.3d at 475-76; Zebroski v. State, 822 A.2d 1038, 1043 (Del. 2003); Duross, 494 A.2d at 1268–69 (Del. 1985); State v. Slade, 2002 WL 1974023, at *4 (Del. Super. Aug. 14, 2002); Strickland, 466 U.S. at 668 (1984); Harrington, 562 U.S. at 104; Premo, 562 U.S. at 121. 78 Winn v. State, 2005 WL 3357513, at *1 (Del. Dec. 8, 2005). 79 Premo, 562 U.S. at 121. 80 Id. at 125-26.
30 Furthermore, in order to show prejudice, the defendant must prove that, but
for counsel’s errors, the result would have been different.81 The Court does not need
to be certain that counsel’s performance had no effect on the outcome. 82 However,
there must be a substantial probability that there would have been a different result.83
The test calls for the defendant to “make specific and concrete allegations of actual
prejudice and substantiate them.”84
Here, Trial Counsel’s performance was not substandard, did not fall below an
“objective standard of reasonableness”, and there was no prejudice to the Defense.85
Defendant’s Amended Motion lacks a factual basis, is contradicted by the record,
and speculates as to the usefulness of such desired testimony. Trial Counsel was an
active and engaged advocate. Pretrial, he communicated well with his client,
investigated the charges, and considered the probative value of the State’s discovery.
At trial, counsel vigorously cross-examined and challenged the State’s witnesses and
evidence, raised issues of doubt, and made numerous objections concerning the
presentation of the State’s case. Trial Counsel also presented several defense
81 Cullen, 563 U.S. at 189 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). 82 Harrington, 562 U.S. at 111-12 (citations omitted). 83 Id. 84 Scott, 7 A.3d at 476. 85 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88. 31 witnesses, discussed with Defendant whether he should testify, and made an
impassioned closing argument.
Trial counsel’s strategy was to develop and present the weaknesses in the
State’s case. He advanced several theories for acquittal, including self-defense,
sloppy and unreliable police work, another assailant, and the absence of visible blood
on the tan canvas belt. It is settled law that defense counsel is given wide latitude in
making tactical decisions.86
Moreover, there is a “strong presumption that Trial Counsel’s conduct
constitutes sound trial strategy”87 and the court may not insist that “counsel confirm
every aspect of the strategic basis for his or her actions.”88 As such, the “distorting
effects of hindsight”89 should be eliminated and the court should not assume “sheer
neglect.”90 Instead, the reviewing court should “reconstruct the circumstances of
counsel’s challenged conduct, and evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective
at the time.”91
86 Harrington, 562 U.S. at 106; see also Flamer v. State, 585 A.2d 736, 753-54 (Del. 1990). 87 Flowers, 150 A.3d at 282 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689)). 88 Harrington, 562 U.S. at 108. 89 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. 90 Harrington, 562 U.S. at 108 (citing Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 8 (2003) (per curiam)). 91 Flowers, 150 A.3d at 288 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).
32 Trial Counsel did not fail to conduct a reasonable investigation and “under the
circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy’”.92
Moreover, the Defense has not shown “a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different”93 or that confidence in the outcome of the case had been undermined.94
Trial Counsel’s assistance was not ineffective and there was no prejudice. Upon a
full, thorough, and de novo review of the record, Defendant’s Amended Motion for
Postconviction Relief is DENIED.
As to Rule 61 Counsel’s request for an evidentiary hearing, the law is clear
that the Court has broad discretion when determining whether to hold an evidentiary
hearing in connection with a postconviction motion.95 After careful review of the
record, the Court finds that the requested evidentiary hearing is not “desirable”96
because it is not necessary for a thorough resolution of the issues raised in
92 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. 93 Id. at 694. 94 Ploof v. State, 75 A.3d 840, 852 (Del. 2013). 95 State v. Jackson, 2008 WL 5048424, at *33 (Del. Super. Nov.25, 2008). 96 Del. Super. Crim. R. 61(h)(1).
33 Defendant’s Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief97 and Defendant’s Motion
for an Evidentiary Hearing is DENIED.
Accordingly, after a full, careful, thorough, and de novo review of the record
and submissions, Defendant’s Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief is
DENIED. Defendant’s Motion for an Evidentiary Hearing is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/ Diane Clarke Streett Diane Clarke Streett, Judge
97 See Morla v. State, 2008 WL 2809156, at *1 (Del. July 22, 2008) (affirming the trial court's determination that a hearing pursuant to Rule 61(h) was not necessary); Washington v. State, 2007 WL 4110636 (Del. Nov. 20, 2007) (holding that “it was within the Superior Court's discretion to decide his postconviction motion without an evidentiary hearing”). 34