BRANCH, Chief Justice.
The sole question presented by this appeal is whether the majority of the panel in the Court of Appeals correctly determined that the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss on the basis that the State had failed to prove the
corpus delicti
of the charged offense. The majority felt that it was bound by this Court’s decision in
State v. Brown, 308 N.C. 181, 301 S.E.
2d 89 (1983).
There is some question in the present case as to whether defendant’s extrajudicial statements should be categorized as a con
fession or an admission. An admission is a statement of pertinent facts which, in light of other evidence, is incriminating. 2 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence § 182, n. 3 (1982). Our State law defines a confession as “an acknowledgement in expressed words by an accused in a criminal case of his guilt to the crime charged or of some essential part of it.”
State v. Fox,
277 N.C. 1, 25, 175 S.E. 2d 561, 576 (1970).
See also State v. Shaw,
284 N.C. 366, 373, 200 S.E. 2d 585, 589 (1973). A confession, therefore, is a type of an admission. 2 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence, § 182 (1982); 3 Wigmore,
Evidence
§ 821 (1970). We conclude that the
corpus delicti
rule applies with equal force to confessions and admissions.
Cf. State v. Spaulding,
288 N.C. 397, 219 S.E. 2d 178 (1975),
death sentence vacated,
428 U.S. 904, 49 L.Ed. 2d 1210 (1976);
State v. Barber,
278 N.C. 268, 179 S.E. 2d 404 (1971). The United States Supreme Court, in applying its
corpus delicti
rule in
Opper v. United States,
348 U.S. 84, 90, 99 L.Ed. 101, 107 (1954), in part, stated: “[a]n accused’s admissions of essential facts or elements of the crime, subsequent to the crime, are of the same character as confessions and that corroboration should be required.” Thus, regardless of whether defendant’s statements constitute an actual confession or only amount to an admission, our long established rule of
corpus delicti
requires that there be corroborative evidence, independent of the statements, before defendant may be found guilty of the crime.
It is well established in this jurisdiction that a naked, uncorroborated, extrajudicial confession is not sufficient to support a criminal conviction. Our application of the
corpus delicti
rule before our decision in
State v. Parker,
315 N.C. 222, 337 S.E. 2d 487 (1985), required that there be corroborative evidence, independent of defendant’s confession, which tended to prove the commission of the charged crime.
State v. Franklin,
308 N.C. 682, 304 S.E. 2d 579 (1983);
State v. Green,
295 N.C. 244, 244 S.E. 2d 369 (1978);
State v. Thompson,
287 N.C. 303, 214 S.E. 2d 742 (1975),
death sentence vacated,
428 U.S. 908, 49 L.Ed. 2d 1213 (1976);
State v. Bass,
253 N.C. 318, 116 S.E. 2d 772 (1960).
This Court recently examined the
corpus delicti
rule in
State v. Parker,
315 N.C. 222, 337 S.E. 2d 487. After an exhaustive review of the case law in this and other jurisdictions, Justice Billings, speaking for the Court, in part, stated:
We adopt a rule in non-capital cases that when the State relies upon the defendant’s confession to obtain a conviction, it is no longer necessary that there be independent proof tending to establish the
corpus delicti
of the crime charged if the accused’s confession is supported by substantial independent evidence tending to establish its trustworthiness, including facts that tend to show the defendant had the opportunity to commit the crime.
We wish to emphasize, however, that when independent proof of loss or injury is lacking, there must be
strong
corroboration of
essential
facts and circumstances embraced in the defendant’s confession. Corroboration of insignificant facts or those unrelated to the commission of the crime will not suffice. We emphasize this point because although we have relaxed our corroboration rule somewhat, we remain advertent to the reason for its existence, that is, to protect against convictions for crimes that have not in fact occurred.
Id.
at 236, 337 S.E. 2d at 495.
We discern from our examination of
Parker
that the pre
Parker
rule has not been abandoned but that
Parker
expanded the type of corroboration which may be sufficient to establish the trustworthiness of the confession. The
pre-Parker
rule is still fully applicable in cases in which there is some
evidence aliunde
the confession which, when considered with the confession, will tend to support a finding that the crime charged occurred. The rule does not require that the
evidence aliunde
the confession prove any element of the crime. The
corpus delicti
rule only requires
evidence aliunde
the confession which, when considered with the confession, supports the confession and permits a reasonable inference that the crime occurred. 30 Am. Jur. 2d
Evidence
§ 1142 (1967). The independent evidence must touch or be concerned with the
corpus delicti. State v. Parker,
315 N.C. 222, 337 S.E. 2d 487. The expanded rule enunciated in
Parker
applies in cases in which such independent proof is lacking but where there is substantial independent evidence tending to furnish strong corroboration of essential facts contained in defendant’s confession so as to establish trustworthiness of the confession.
Although the burden is on the State to prove that defendant was the perpetrator of the crime, it is obvious that a confession will ordinarily furnish this proof.
Defendant admitted that the wrecked automobile was his, that he was driving it when it overturned, and that he had “a couple of beers” before driving the car. He further admitted that he went home and returned to the scene with his father and that he had nothing to drink after the accident. Thus, the only remaining question is whether defendant was intoxicated at the time he drove the motor vehicle on a public highway. We need not rely upon the
Parker
rule for here there is
evidence aliunde
defendant’s confession touching on the
corpus delicti
which when considered with other evidence tends to support a finding that the charged • crime occurred.
Evidence aliunde
admissions by defendant which tends to establish the
corpus delicti
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BRANCH, Chief Justice.
The sole question presented by this appeal is whether the majority of the panel in the Court of Appeals correctly determined that the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss on the basis that the State had failed to prove the
corpus delicti
of the charged offense. The majority felt that it was bound by this Court’s decision in
State v. Brown, 308 N.C. 181, 301 S.E.
2d 89 (1983).
There is some question in the present case as to whether defendant’s extrajudicial statements should be categorized as a con
fession or an admission. An admission is a statement of pertinent facts which, in light of other evidence, is incriminating. 2 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence § 182, n. 3 (1982). Our State law defines a confession as “an acknowledgement in expressed words by an accused in a criminal case of his guilt to the crime charged or of some essential part of it.”
State v. Fox,
277 N.C. 1, 25, 175 S.E. 2d 561, 576 (1970).
See also State v. Shaw,
284 N.C. 366, 373, 200 S.E. 2d 585, 589 (1973). A confession, therefore, is a type of an admission. 2 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence, § 182 (1982); 3 Wigmore,
Evidence
§ 821 (1970). We conclude that the
corpus delicti
rule applies with equal force to confessions and admissions.
Cf. State v. Spaulding,
288 N.C. 397, 219 S.E. 2d 178 (1975),
death sentence vacated,
428 U.S. 904, 49 L.Ed. 2d 1210 (1976);
State v. Barber,
278 N.C. 268, 179 S.E. 2d 404 (1971). The United States Supreme Court, in applying its
corpus delicti
rule in
Opper v. United States,
348 U.S. 84, 90, 99 L.Ed. 101, 107 (1954), in part, stated: “[a]n accused’s admissions of essential facts or elements of the crime, subsequent to the crime, are of the same character as confessions and that corroboration should be required.” Thus, regardless of whether defendant’s statements constitute an actual confession or only amount to an admission, our long established rule of
corpus delicti
requires that there be corroborative evidence, independent of the statements, before defendant may be found guilty of the crime.
It is well established in this jurisdiction that a naked, uncorroborated, extrajudicial confession is not sufficient to support a criminal conviction. Our application of the
corpus delicti
rule before our decision in
State v. Parker,
315 N.C. 222, 337 S.E. 2d 487 (1985), required that there be corroborative evidence, independent of defendant’s confession, which tended to prove the commission of the charged crime.
State v. Franklin,
308 N.C. 682, 304 S.E. 2d 579 (1983);
State v. Green,
295 N.C. 244, 244 S.E. 2d 369 (1978);
State v. Thompson,
287 N.C. 303, 214 S.E. 2d 742 (1975),
death sentence vacated,
428 U.S. 908, 49 L.Ed. 2d 1213 (1976);
State v. Bass,
253 N.C. 318, 116 S.E. 2d 772 (1960).
This Court recently examined the
corpus delicti
rule in
State v. Parker,
315 N.C. 222, 337 S.E. 2d 487. After an exhaustive review of the case law in this and other jurisdictions, Justice Billings, speaking for the Court, in part, stated:
We adopt a rule in non-capital cases that when the State relies upon the defendant’s confession to obtain a conviction, it is no longer necessary that there be independent proof tending to establish the
corpus delicti
of the crime charged if the accused’s confession is supported by substantial independent evidence tending to establish its trustworthiness, including facts that tend to show the defendant had the opportunity to commit the crime.
We wish to emphasize, however, that when independent proof of loss or injury is lacking, there must be
strong
corroboration of
essential
facts and circumstances embraced in the defendant’s confession. Corroboration of insignificant facts or those unrelated to the commission of the crime will not suffice. We emphasize this point because although we have relaxed our corroboration rule somewhat, we remain advertent to the reason for its existence, that is, to protect against convictions for crimes that have not in fact occurred.
Id.
at 236, 337 S.E. 2d at 495.
We discern from our examination of
Parker
that the pre
Parker
rule has not been abandoned but that
Parker
expanded the type of corroboration which may be sufficient to establish the trustworthiness of the confession. The
pre-Parker
rule is still fully applicable in cases in which there is some
evidence aliunde
the confession which, when considered with the confession, will tend to support a finding that the crime charged occurred. The rule does not require that the
evidence aliunde
the confession prove any element of the crime. The
corpus delicti
rule only requires
evidence aliunde
the confession which, when considered with the confession, supports the confession and permits a reasonable inference that the crime occurred. 30 Am. Jur. 2d
Evidence
§ 1142 (1967). The independent evidence must touch or be concerned with the
corpus delicti. State v. Parker,
315 N.C. 222, 337 S.E. 2d 487. The expanded rule enunciated in
Parker
applies in cases in which such independent proof is lacking but where there is substantial independent evidence tending to furnish strong corroboration of essential facts contained in defendant’s confession so as to establish trustworthiness of the confession.
Although the burden is on the State to prove that defendant was the perpetrator of the crime, it is obvious that a confession will ordinarily furnish this proof.
Defendant admitted that the wrecked automobile was his, that he was driving it when it overturned, and that he had “a couple of beers” before driving the car. He further admitted that he went home and returned to the scene with his father and that he had nothing to drink after the accident. Thus, the only remaining question is whether defendant was intoxicated at the time he drove the motor vehicle on a public highway. We need not rely upon the
Parker
rule for here there is
evidence aliunde
defendant’s confession touching on the
corpus delicti
which when considered with other evidence tends to support a finding that the charged • crime occurred.
Evidence aliunde
admissions by defendant which tends to establish the
corpus delicti
is as follows: (1) the fact that the overturned automobile was lying in the middle of the road and that a single person was seen leaving the automobile; (2) the fact that when defendant returned to the scene, he appeared to be impaired as a result of using alcohol; (3) the fact that defendant later blew 0.14 on a breathalyzer; and (4) the fact that the wreck was otherwise unexplained. This evidence is sufficient to corroborate defendant’s admission that he drove the vehicle on a public highway or vehicular area after he had consumed alcohol and, when considered with his admissions, was sufficient to support a reasonable inference that at the time he was driving the motor vehicle he had consumed a sufficient amount of alcohol to raise his blood alcohol level to 0.10 or greater at a relevant time after driving.
We are of the opinion that the majority of the panel in the Court of Appeals mistakenly concluded that State
v. Brown,
308 N.C. 181, 301 S.E. 2d 89, mandated that defendant’s assignment of error be sustained. We initially note that in
Parker
the Court expressly overruled the language in
Brown
which is inconsistent with the holding in
Parker. Parker,
315 N.C. at 239, 337 S.E. 2d at 497. Further, we think that the facts in the instant case distinguish it from
Brown.
In
Brown
a mobile home was destroyed by fire while the owner of the home was away. The State’s evidence tended to show that the fire was probably not caused by
conditions existing inside the mobile home. On the day the fire occurred, officers found personal property belonging to the owner of the burned home in the defendant’s possession. The defendant was carried to the sheriff’s office where he signed the following statement: “I, Ricky Brown, burnt down a trailer last night at Sid Jones Trailer Park belonging to Cindy.” At the time the statement was signed, the defendant had been drinking, smoking marijuana, and was unable to keep food on his stomach. The jury returned verdicts of guilty of burning personal property and guilty of felonious breaking or entering. The defendant appealed and the Court of Appeals found no error in the defendant’s trial. We allowed the defendant’s petition for discretionary review and reversed that part of the Court of Appeals’ decision holding the defendant guilty of the charge of burning personal property. In so holding, this Court stated:
Even though the defendant’s confession identifies him as the person who committed the burning, the State must first establish the
corpus delicti,
that a crime was in fact committed.
The
corpus delicti
in this case is the criminal burning of personal property, to-wit Cindy Blackman’s mobile home. There is no dispute either that Ms. Blackman’s mobile home was destroyed by fire or that the origin of the fire was never discovered. The State presented evidence designed to show that the fire was most probably not the result of some condition present inside the mobile home. However, the State’s evidence was insufficient to show the fire had a criminal origin. In fact it is just as reasonable to assume from the State’s evidence that the fire was the result of a negligent act or an accident.
Brown,
308 N.C. at 183, 301 S.E. 2d at 90.
The statement made by the defendant in
Brown
was neutral as to criminal intent as related to the charge of burning personal property. Neither did the
evidence aliunde
the confession tend to support a finding that the crime of burning personal property had occurred.
We therefore hold that the trial court properly denied defendant’s motion to dismiss.
Reversed.