[Cite as State v. Tramble, 2025-Ohio-2073.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 114431 v. :
RONNIE TRAMBLE, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 12, 2025
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CR-23-687431-D
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Courtney Kirven, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Cullen Sweeney, Cuyahoga County Public Defender, and Francis Cavallo, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
EMANUELLA D. GROVES, P.J.:
Defendant-appellant Ronnie Tramble (“Tramble”) appeals his
convictions for receiving stolen property and intimidation of a victim following a
jury trial. Upon review, we affirm. I. Facts and Procedural History
In December 2023, Tramble and two codefendants, Ronnie Norris
(“Norris”) and Demetrius Frazier (“Frazier”), were indicted in a six-count
indictment for offenses that allegedly occurred in March 2023. The indictment
included the following five charges against Tramble: Count 1, tampering with
records in violation of R.C. 2913.42(A)(2), a third-degree felony; Count 2,
intimidation of a victim in a criminal case in violation of R.C. 2921.04(B)(1), a third-
degree felony; Count 4, receiving stolen property in violation of R.C. 2913.51(A), a
fourth-degree felony; Count 5, improper use of a certificate of title in violation of
R.C. 4505.19(A)(3), an unclassified felony; and Count 6, possessing criminal tools in
violation of R.C. 2923.24(A), a fifth-degree felony. Tramble pleaded not guilty, and
the matter proceeded to trial in August 2024.
The following evidence was presented by the State. First, Frazier
offered testimony regarding his involvement in and knowledge of the circumstances
surrounding the alleged crimes. Frazier testified that he was a codefendant, pled
guilty to charges, had not been sentenced, was not promised anything for his
testimony, and had nothing to gain by testifying. Frazier testified that he and
Tramble grew up together and were friends. Frazier stated, that he purchased a 2013
BMW 750 (the “BMW”) in 2021 for about $19,000 but transferred title to his ex-
girlfriend (“Owner”) in February 2023 because he kept getting pulled over by police.
After Frazier transferred title to Owner, he continued to drive the vehicle. Even though the BMW was in Owner’s name, Frazier decided to sell the
BMW online. Frazier testified that he reduced the price of the BMW to $7,000
because he “had the car for a minute” and “it had little issues.” Frazier explained
that he and Owner were in a relationship at the time and talked about the BMW’s
sale. Frazier claimed that Owner was “cool” with selling the BMW and that he
spearheaded its sale without transferring title back into his name because her work
schedule conflicted with the days and times the Bureau of Motor Vehicles (“BMV”)
was open.
Frazier explained that Tramble contacted him to buy the BMW and
Frazier sold the BMW to Tramble for $7,000 in March 2023. When Tramble
purchased the vehicle, Tramble’s Father, Norris, was with him. Owner was not
present even though the BMW was in her name. Frazier testified that he gave
Tramble the title, the keys, and the car and Tramble then handed the title to Norris.
Frazier testified that Tramble and Norris took the BMW and “d[id] everything after
that.” Frazier could not recall if Tramble asked why Owner was not present and
speculated that he may have heard Owner in the background of telephone calls
discussing the sale. Frazier confirmed that he sold the BMW to Tramble and
identified him in open court.
Frazier stated that he later received calls from Tramble and Tramble’s
girlfriend (“Girlfriend”), whose name Frazier believed the BMW’s title was being
transferred. Frazier learned that Tramble and Girlfriend were contacted by police
about the BMW being “wrongfully sold.” Based on his conversation with Tramble, Frazier believed Tramble knew the BMW was stolen after its sale when police
contacted his Girlfriend. Frazier testified that Tramble wanted his money back and
never tried to return the BMW.
On cross-examination, Frazier testified that this was his first time
selling a car online and interacting with Tramble for business purposes. Frazier
claimed that, at the time of the sale, there was no damage to the BMW and it had
not been tampered with in any way. Frazier testified that he believed Tramble
purchased the BMW with the understanding that Frazier was allowed to sell it.
Frazier did not believe there would have been any indication that he did not have
Owner’s permission to sell the BMW. Frazier claimed that Owner was not upset
immediately after he sold the BMW; rather, after a domestic dispute about a week
later, Owner alleged for the first time that Frazier sold the BMW without her
permission: “She was never upset until I — after the domestic dispute, that’s when
it was something about the car, I went to jail and now it’s a court case.”
Next, Owner offered testimony about her relationship with Frazier and
the circumstances surrounding the BMW’s sale. Owner testified that she and Frazier
dated for about four months and broke up in March 2023. Owner explained that
Frazier transferred the BMW from his name to hers in February 2023 after he
damaged her previous vehicle. Owner did not pay anything for the BMW and title
was transferred after she and Frazier filled out forms, signed paperwork, and made
the required payments at the BMV. Thereafter, Owner drove the BMW often and it
became her primary vehicle. However, at the time of the trial, Owner no longer had possession of the BMW because Frazier sold it without her knowledge. Owner
confirmed that she and Frazier discussed selling the BMW and transferring title
back to him for those purposes, but any sale was conditioned upon Frazier paying
for the repair of her damaged vehicle, which never occurred. Owner stated that she
had no part in the BMW’s sale: she did not know anything about the sale, was not
present for the sale or transfer of title, did not fill out or sign any paperwork, and did
not receive any of the sale’s proceeds.
Owner learned that Frazier sold the BMW during an altercation
between them. After Frazier told Owner that he sold the BMW, Owner began
investigating the matter and learned that the BMW was registered to someone she
did not know. Owner also learned that Tramble was involved in the BMW’s sale
after Tramble contacted a mutual cousin. After charges were filed, Tramble also
contacted Owner. She explained:
[OWNER:] Well, when he reached out to the cousin, she ended up saying that he just wanted to discuss the car because he didn’t know what was going on. She ended up calling us on three-way, we ended up talking. I told him everything as far as the altercation and that I did not have knowledge that he was selling it. He told me that he was going to take it to get the car fixed, the oil changed and whatever other things that needed to be fixed on the car. And I tried to ask him back for the car, like, try to at least keep it between us, like, “Hey, are you willing to give the car back to me because I had no knowledge, my car was damaged, that’s why he gave me this car.” And we talked, he said he would try to reach out to Frazier.
(Cleaned up.) Despite this information, Owner testified that Tramble never offered
to return the BMW. Owner recorded one of the calls she had with Tramble and saved it
“just in case.” The nearly 44-minute audio recording was played in its entirety for
the jury.1 During the call, Tramble stated that detectives were making calls about
the BMW’s sale. Tramble then explained how he became involved in the
transaction. According to Tramble, Frazier told him that he was selling the BMW
before his fallout with Owner. Tramble stated that he “was around” when Frazier
bought the BMW, knew what Frazier paid for it, questioned why Frazier was selling
it, and told Frazier that he was interested in buying it. According to Tramble, Frazier
told him that he had to get the title from Owner’s house, and it was difficult for
Owner to go to the BMV because of her work schedule. Tramble stated that he
wanted to do “everything legit-wise” but, because he knew Frazier from the
neighborhood, he told Frazier that he only needed the title since his father, Norris,
had friends that were notaries and at the license bureau. Tramble explained that he
and Norris “already knew it was [Frazier’s]” but when Frazier brought the title,
Norris looked it over, asked whether Frazier’s “girl [was] cool,” and confirmed that
any notes on the BMW were paid off. Tramble paid Frazier for the BMW and had
trouble getting in contact with him thereafter. Tramble explained that he
transferred the BMW’s title into Girlfriend’s name with Norris’s help, who acted as
Girlfriend’s power of attorney, since he sold cars, “kn[e]w all the ins and outs,” and
had friends.
1 A transcript of the recording was not provided. However, this court was able to discern the call’s content and quote relevant portions of the conversation. During the recorded call, Tramble stated that Frazier eventually
contacted him, informed him that he had been in jail, and explained the dispute he
and Owner were having. Tramble claimed that Frazier never told him that the BMW
was in Owner’s name and later stated that he transferred title one week prior
because he kept getting pulled over by police. Tramble claimed that he bought the
car under the questionable circumstances because he knew Frazier, did not know
anything about “the situation,” and believed “it was okay for us to go about what we
[were] doing” since Owner could not make it to the BMV.
Throughout the recorded call, Owner explained to Tramble that
Frazier transferred title to her because she needed a vehicle and Frazier damaged
hers. Owner told Tramble that she believed everything was planned: the BMW’s
license plates were expiring; Frazier inquired about the title and knew where she
kept important documents; and Frazier told her that he wanted the title to renew
the license plates since it was difficult for her to go to the BMV. Owner also told
Tramble that she believed Frazier was taking the BMW to the shop but sold it
instead. Owner told Tramble that she did not know Frazier was selling the BMW
and they only discussed selling the BMW “down the line,” after her damaged vehicle
was repaired and she transferred title back to Frazier. Owner further stated that she
understood Tramble’s perspective, but she was without a vehicle and did not receive
any money from the BMW’s sale. Owner repeatedly stated that she was not trying
to get back at Frazier; she just needed a mode of transportation, whether that be the
BMW or money to fix her damaged vehicle. In response, Tramble claimed that he bought the car “under the
circumstances” because he knew Frazier, did not know anything about “the
situation,” and “it was okay for us to go about what we [were] doing” since Owner
could not make it to the BMV. Acknowledging that fraud and forgery occurred,
Tramble repeatedly expressed concerns regarding the potential consequences
Norris, Norris’ friends, and Girlfriend could face. Tramble wanted to have a sit-
down with Frazier and Owner so that they could figure out the issues with the
vehicle. Tramble also wanted Owner to handle the BMW “accusations” differently
since money, family, and reputations were on the line. Noting that he “don’t take no
l[osse]s,” Tramble said that he wanted to pressure Frazier into either returning his
money or providing him with another vehicle and insisted that Owner needed to
“quit going forth in court” and “let the streets handle it.”
Throughout the recorded call, Tramble explained that he questioned
who Owner was after detectives started calling and initially believed she was “a
broad trying to get loaded.” Before doing his “homework,” Tramble planned to “pull
up” and “protect what’s going on.” Tramble said, “We was on our way to pulling up
at your house to be 100. . . . We was going to do it yesterday. But I’m like, you know
what, . . . we going to do it today. . . .” Instead, Tramble searched for the Owner on
Facebook, noticed that they shared friends and family, contacted a mutual-family
member, and learned that he and Owner were related. Tramble stated that if no one
knew Owner, he “was just going to pull up at [her] house . . . [be]cause [he] already
got all the information. . . .” Owner offered testimony as the recorded call was played. Owner
confirmed that it was difficult for her to go to the BMV but claimed that she had no
plans on going or doing any paperwork to sell the BMW. Owner testified that despite
Tramble’s insistence that he did not know the BMW was in her name, the paperwork
included her name even more so than Frazier’s name. Owner reiterated that she had
no part in signing the BMW over to Girlfriend and never met with Norris or
participated in the transfer. Tramble acknowledged this during the recorded call.
Owner stated that Frazier was able to sell the BMW without her knowledge because
he knew where she kept the title. Owner testified that she believed Tramble knew
that the BMW was stolen and it belonged to her but never offered to give it back
despite admitting as much during the recorded call; rather, he offered to have a sit-
down and contacted Frazier.
Owner further testified that she heard Tramble state throughout the
call that he was doing his homework and looking up her address and family. Owner
also heard Tramble state that he knew where she lived. Owner claimed that Tramble
made several statements threatening to come to her home and insisting she drop the
charges. Owner explained that she interpreted those statements as intimidation
threats “[b]ecause he was saying he was going to be pulling up” and “pulling up” is
a common term that typically means “trying to harm someone.” As a result, Owner
believed she, her family, and her home were “possibly in harm’s way” and she
wanted “nothing else to do with it.” On cross-examination, Owner acknowledged that Tramble did not
come to her home and said he would not “pull up” after he found out who she was;
however, that did not reassure her or take away any of her fear since she considered
herself a distant relative at best. Owner testified that she recorded two telephone
calls with Tramble within about one week of each other and did not tell him she was
recording. Owner stated that the nature of both calls were the same, the only
difference being that Norris was on the other call.
Finally, former BMV investigator Raymond J. Palermo (“Palermo”)
offered testimony regarding his investigation of the BMW’s sale. Palermo received
the case in March 2023 after Owner reported that the BMW was transferred out of
her name without her involvement or permission and that she did not know any of
the parties involved. Palermo contacted Owner and Girlfriend; learned that neither
of them were present during the transaction or involved in the BMW’s sale; and
identified Frazier, Norris, and Tramble as suspects. After interviewing Owner,
Palermo also learned that the signature on the title document did not belong to the
Owner and was in Frazier’s handwriting. Palermo further testified that the signature
did not match those on Owner’s driver’s license or the BMW’s prior title. Palermo
also interviewed Girlfriend and learned that “[s]he was involved only in the sense
that her name and information w[ere] being used” and was not present, or even in
the area, when the title document was executed. Instead, Palermo believed Norris
filled out power-of-attorney forms so he could transfer the BMW’s title. Palermo
was not able to locate any of the individuals involved with forging the signatures transferring title, but believed Frazier was responsible for forging Owner’s signature
and Norris was responsible for forging Girlfriend’s signature on the power-of-
attorney form.
During his investigation, Palermo discovered Tramble’s license was
suspended, which gave Tramble a reason to transfer the BMW into Girlfriend’s
name. Palermo explained, “[U]sually what people would do if they have [p]ower of
[a]ttorney and . . . vehicles titled to different names, so that they could still get
registration while they’re being suspended — or while their privileges are
suspended.” Palermo also obtained the recorded call between Owner and Tramble
and transcribed it in his report. Palermo testified that Tramble called him in April
2023. Palermo believed that “[Tramble] was trying to indicate that the case was
resolved and there [were] no issues anymore to investigate,” recalling: “He said
there w[ere] no more issues with the BMW and the girl that was having a problem
no longer wants to pursue it.” After speaking with Tramble, Palermo followed up
with Owner, who still wanted to pursue the investigation. Palermo testified that, to
his knowledge, the BMW was never returned to Owner.
The State rested and the following exhibits were admitted without
objection: certified copies of various title documents transferring ownership of the
BMW to Frazier in 2021, from Frazier to Owner in February 2023, and from Owner
to Girlfriend, also in February 2023; receipts from the title transfers from Frazier to
Owner and Owner to Girlfriend; the audio recording of the call between Owner and Tramble; and Tramble’s driver’s license photo. The defense moved for acquittal
under Crim.R. 29, and the trial court denied the motion.
Tramble then testified in his own defense, immediately addressing his
prior convictions for drug possession, attempted having weapons while under
disability, and theft. Tramble explained that he and Frazier grew up in the same
neighborhood and were closer when they were children. Tramble testified that he
was involved in a transaction with Frazier involving a vehicle. Tramble claimed that
he knew Frazier had a girlfriend at the time but did not know her name, stating, “I
don’t even know her name now, seeing that she just got off the stand, I still don’t
know her name.”
Tramble then described how he became involved in the BMW’s sale.
Tramble testified that Girlfriend indicated that she wanted him to purchase a vehicle
for her and he began looking for a car as a result. Tramble testified that he acted as
an advocate for Girlfriend when he and Norris went to look at the BMW. Tramble
contacted Norris regarding the transaction because he buys and sells cars for a living
on his own Facebook page. Tramble had no knowledge regarding Norris’ business
or how to buy or sell cars. Tramble did not believe Girlfriend’s absence was
troublesome since they successfully purchased other vehicles from Norris under
similar circumstances. Throughout his testimony, Tramble emphasized that his
involvement was limited to finding the BMW. Tramble claimed that when the
transaction occurred Frazier handed the title to Norris, not to him, and denied
signing any documents. According to Tramble, a detective or investigator contacted Girlfriend
after the transaction and that was “how we knew about the car situation.” Tramble
admitted that he spoke to the investigator but denied that he indicated the situation
was resolved: “I never, I never, I never — I don’t know if he talked to my father, but
I never talked to him about no situation being resolved. That’s what I was the only
thing, I was flabbergasted because I’m, like, dude, saying I said that, and I never had
that conversation.”
Tramble further testified that he had two or three conversations with
Owner to negotiate, however, they were unable to reach a resolution prior to his
indictment. Tramble addressed his statements about “pulling up” to Owner’s home,
claiming he was mad about the situation but did not mean any harm; rather, he just
wanted to “talk to her”:
I said it in the [recorded call]. I said, I was going to come to [Owner’s] house and have a conversation with [her] to let [her] know what [she] and [Frazier] got going on is affecting innocent people that’s in a blind, in oblivious of everything that’s transpired. We came with a title already signed with [her] name. We don’t know who signed it. We didn’t force, we didn’t come break into [her] house. . . . I was getting an understanding with her because all this stuff was happening, the investigator keep calling [Girlfriend].
Tramble also addressed his statements about “not coming to court,” stating: “I just
meant by, like, not come to court as far as prosecuting people that don’t have nothing
to do with [her] and [Frazier’s] situation. And we’ll try to figure it out and come to
an agreement, for me, you, and [Frazier] . . . .” On cross-examination, Tramble claimed that he technically did not
purchase the BMW because “[he] purchased it through [Girlfriend]” and his job was
only to make sure it was a good deal. Tramble agreed that the BMW was worth much
more than the listing and purchase price. Despite only paying a fraction of the
BMW’s worth, Tramble never thought he should ask questions. Instead, Tramble
told Frazier that he wanted to buy the car and set up the transaction. Tramble
testified that he gave Frazier half of the money to remove the listing from Facebook
and came into possession of the BMW’s title when he gave Frazier the other half. At
one point, Tramble claimed that he “never got the title. [Norris] got the title.”
Shortly thereafter, Tramble stated: “After I gave him the other half, he gave me the
title.” Tramble further testified that he never verified whether he received the
correct paperwork for the BMW and, admittedly, never took steps to ensure the
transaction was legal and sound. Because he did not look at the paperwork, Tramble
insisted that he did not know the BMW was stolen or registered to Owner at the time
of the transaction. Tramble acknowledged that he eventually learned that the BMW
was stolen and registered to Owner “through the phone call with the detective.”
During cross-examination, Tramble testified that he contacted Owner
after he learned the BMW was stolen to avoid charges. Tramble admitted that
during the recorded call he acknowledged that the BMW legally belonged to Owner
and that forgery, fraud, and illegal conduct occurred. Tramble further admitted that
he kept talking about “pulling up” on Owner’s house throughout the call and claimed
that “we was supposed to all talk to try to come up with a solution, but we started talking over the phone after we had trust with the family that it was family involved,
we just said, forget it, we ain’t got to go face to face.” Tramble claimed that he did
not mean any harm.
Finally, Tramble testified that he felt like “they was trying to rob me at
first” because “we bought a car, just like [Frazier] said, she used to be in the
background of the phone conversations of going to the BMV.” Tramble claimed that
Owner was lying during her testimony. Tramble further asserted that he never
called Palermo and does not have his phone number. Finally, Tramble testified that
he never tried to give the BMW back, noting, “Didn’t nobody say they was giving me
my money back.”
The defense rested and renewed its Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal,
which was denied by the trial court. The parties then began their closing arguments.
Tramble disrupted the closing arguments on multiple occasions by speaking. The
trial court repeatedly warned Tramble that he must remain silent or he would be
removed from the courtroom; asked Tramble if he understood; and advised that if
Tramble wished to communicate with defense counsel, he must do so in writing.
Tramble did not heed the trial court’s warnings and continued his outbursts. As a
result, Tramble was escorted from the courtroom by a deputy sheriff after the
conclusion of the defense’s closing argument and prior to the State’s rebuttal.
During a subsequent sidebar, the defense objected to Tramble’s
removal and requested that he be allowed to remain in the courtroom for the
duration of the trial. The State deferred to the trial court, noting, “He’s clearly causing a disruption to the Court as well as the jury.” The defense’s objection was
noted for the record. The trial court stated:
He was repeatedly cautioned. He also repeatedly showed he was unable to obey the instruction of the Court. It was with great reluctance, as I said I sent him from the court, but I didn’t see a better way around it. He should not be bound or gagged in the jury’s presence, that would be extremely prejudicial and I would not order that except in extreme cases. I think as he has heard the arguments of counsel for both the State and the defense up to this point, very capably offered on both sides, if I may say, it will not substantially prejudice the interest of the defendant to not hear the State’s rebuttal close. I would ask defense counsel to please take careful notes and they may share them with their client or the defense may ask for a transcript of the State’s rebuttal close and provide it to their client. But as he can play no meaningful, in fact, he ought not to play any meaningful role while the prosecution is offering its rebuttal close, I think on balance, it best that he be kept from the courtroom until the conclusion of the State’s rebuttal close. I will permit him to return for the reading of the jury instruction. But if there is any further incident, underline any, then he will again be removed from the courtroom.
The trial court asked whether the defense’s concerns were addressed, and defense
counsel acknowledged that they were.
After the State’s rebuttal, defense counsel claimed that he would
speak to Tramble but had concerns regarding Tramble’s return to the courtroom: “I
don’t know if he’s emotionally stable at this moment. My fear is that if we bring him
back into the courtroom, he still will not behave accordingly, and I think that, in a
sense, might be more prejudicial.” Upon speaking with Tramble, defense counsel
claimed that Tramble was “in a better state of mind,” apologized on behalf of his
client for “his outbursts of emotion,” and expressed his belief that Tramble could
“remain in the courtroom without causing any distraction.” The trial court then addressed Tramble and confirmed that he would not cause further disruption,
noting that such conduct was prejudicial to Tramble’s own interests. Tramble was
permitted to return to the courtroom for the reading of the jury instructions, which
included a cautionary instruction regarding Tramble’s behavior and how he
“behaved himself thereafter.” (Journal Entry, Aug. 16, 2024). Defense counsel
requested the State’s rebuttal transcript, and the trial court stated that it would be
provided as expeditiously as possible.
Ultimately, the jury found Tramble guilty of intimidation of a victim
in a criminal case and receiving stolen property, as charged in Counts 2 and 4 of the
indictment, and not guilty of tampering with records, improper use of a certificate
of title, and possessing criminal tools, as charged in Counts 1, 5, and 6 of the
indictment. At a later sentencing hearing, the trial court heard from Tramble, the
State, and Tramble’s mother and imposed the following sentence: 36 months on
Count 2 and 10 months on Count 4 to be served concurrently for “a minimum prison
term/aggregate prison term of and a maximum prison term of 36 month(s) at the
Lorain Correctional Institution” with up to 2 years of postrelease control at the
discretion of the parole board. (Sentencing Entry, Sept. 11, 2024.)
Tramble appeals, raising three assignments of error for review.
Assignment of Error No. 1
There was insufficient evidence produced at trial to support a finding of guilt on all counts. Assignment of Error No. 2
The jury lost their way by finding [Tramble] guilty against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Assignment of Error No. 3
[Tramble] was denied his fundamental right to be present during all stages of the trial pursuant to the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and Article 1 Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution.
II. Law and Analysis
A. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence
For ease of analysis, we address Tramble’s first and second
assignments of error together. In his first assignment of error, Tramble challenges
the sufficiency of the evidence, claiming that the State’s own witnesses failed to
establish the fundamental elements of the crimes charged. In his second assignment
of error, Tramble argues that his convictions were against the manifest weight of the
evidence and the jury lost its way in finding him guilty.
Sufficiency of the evidence and manifest weight of the evidence are
two distinct concepts: “‘sufficiency is a test of adequacy’” while manifest weight
depends on the evidence’s “‘“effect in inducing belief’.”’” In re Z.C., 2023-Ohio-
4703, ¶ 13, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386-387 (1997), quoting
Black’s Law Dictionary (6th Ed. 1990).
A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction
requires a reviewing court to determine whether the State has met its burden of
production at trial. Thompkins at 390. When reviewing a sufficiency challenge, an appellate court “examine[s] the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether
such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph
two of the syllabus. “The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in
a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.
During its review for sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court
does not assess whether the State’s evidence is to be believed, “but whether, if
believed, the evidence against a defendant would support a conviction.” Thompkins
at 390. Indeed, when evaluating evidence’s sufficiency, a reviewing court does not
contemplate witness credibility or weigh the evidence; rather, “the reviewing court
assumes that witnesses testified truthfully and evaluates whether that testimony,
along with any other direct or circumstantial evidence presented at trial, satisfies
each element of the offense.” State v. Haskins, 2024-Ohio-5908, ¶ 37 (8th Dist.),
citing State v. Young, 2022-Ohio-3132, ¶ 47 (8th Dist.), and Cleveland v. Clark,
2024-Ohio-4491, ¶ 37, 39 (8th Dist.) (noting that a challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence presents a question of law, not fact).
“But ‘even if a trial court judgment is sustained by sufficient evidence,
an appellate court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against the
manifest weight of the evidence.’” In re Z.C., 2023-Ohio-4703 at ¶ 14, quoting
Eastley v. Volkman, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 12. Unlike a sufficiency challenge, which
questions whether the State has met its burden of production, a manifest-weight challenge questions whether the State has met its burden of persuasion. State v.
Bowden, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13 (8th Dist.), citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380 at
390. In order to evaluate whether a judgment or verdict is against the manifest
weight of the evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the
evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and
determine whether the jury clearly lost its way in resolving conflicts and created such
a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial
ordered. State v. Jordan, 2023-Ohio-3800, ¶ 17, citing Thompkins at 387 and State
v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172 (1st Dist. 1983).
The Ohio Supreme Court has repeatedly held that “[a] manifest-
weight challenge should be sustained ‘“only in the exceptional case in which the
evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.”’’’ State v. Nicholson, 2024-Ohio-
604, ¶ 71, quoting Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175; State v. Hundley,
2020-Ohio-3775, ¶ 80. “‘[A] defendant is not entitled to a reversal on manifest-
weight grounds merely because inconsistent evidence was presented at trial.’” State
v. Kilton, 2019-Ohio-87, ¶ 20, quoting State v. Mossburg, 2013-Ohio-1664, ¶ 22
(8th Dist.). Nor is a conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence simply
because the trier of fact chose to believe the State’s version of events over the
defendants. State v. Wells, 2021-Ohio-2585, ¶ 40 (8th Dist.), citing State v.
Williams, 2018-Ohio-3368, ¶ 67 (8th Dist.).
With these concepts in mind, we review Tramble’s convictions for
receiving stolen property and intimidation of a victim to determine 1) whether sufficient evidence was presented and 2) whether the convictions were against the
manifest weight of the evidence.
1. Receiving Stolen Property
Tramble was convicted of receiving stolen property in violation of R.C.
2913.51(A). The statute provides, “No person shall receive, retain, or dispose of
property of another knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that the property
has been obtained through commission of a theft offense.” R.C. 2913.51(A).
Tramble does not dispute that a theft offense was committed. Rather,
Tramble argues that none of the evidence establishes that he took possession,
retained, or disposed of the BMW. Tramble claims that he was simply the “middle-
man” who arranged the sale between Frazier, the seller who held himself out to be
the titled owner of the BMW, and Girlfriend, the new purchaser, and asked Norris
to handle the title paperwork, a facet of the purchase process that he had no part in
either. Tramble further argues that none of the evidence establishes that he knew
or had reason to know that the BMW was stolen since Frazier acted like he had the
legal right to sell the vehicle and nothing occurred during the transaction to suggest
otherwise.
Regarding the statute’s first element — receiving, retaining, or
disposing of property — we note that possession of stolen property for purposes of
R.C. 2913.51 may be constructive as well as actual. In re S.C., 2014-Ohio-3908, ¶ 19
(8th Dist.), citing State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87 (1982), syllabus.
“Constructive possession exists when an individual knowingly exercises dominion and control over an object, even though that object may not be within his immediate
physical possession.” Id., citing id.; State v. Dean, 2021-Ohio-766, ¶ 24 (6th Dist.),
quoting State v. Emery, 2013-Ohio-208, ¶ 17 (“‘[A] generally accepted definition of
‘receive’ is to acquire control in the sense of physical dominion over or the apparent
legal power to dispose of said property.’”).
Moreover, this court has defined “retain” as “‘to continue to hold,
have, use, recognize, etc., and to keep.’” State v. Evans, 2020-Ohio-3968, ¶ 90 (8th
Dist.), quoting State v. Steward, 2003-Ohio-4082, ¶ 10 (4th Dist.). Since “retain”
is included in R.C. 2913.51(A), “[t]he crime of receiving stolen property does not
require that a suspect, immediately upon receipt, recognize the property as stolen.
Rather, it is sufficient that at some point after receipt, the recognition occur.” State
v. Ready, 143 Ohio App.3d 748, 760 (11th Dist. 2001) (“[E]ven if the suspect was
unaware that the property was stolen at the time of receipt, the suspect would still
be guilty if, after learning the true nature of the property, he or she retains it.”).
Next, we turn to the offense’s mens rea component: “knowing or
having reasonable cause to believe.” R.C. 2913.51(A). “Knowing” has been defined
as follows:
[A] person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of circumstances when the person is aware that such circumstances probably exist. When knowledge of the existence of a particular fact is an element of an offense, such knowledge is established if a person subjectively believes that there is a high probability of its existence and fails to make inquiry or acts with a conscious purpose to avoid learning the fact. R.C. 2901.22(B). Alternatively, the State must prove that a defendant had
“reasonable cause to believe that the property has been obtained through
commission of a theft offense.” R.C. 2913.51(A). This court has consistently held
that, “‘absent an admission by a defendant, whether there was reasonable cause for
a defendant to know if an item was stolen can only be shown by circumstantial
evidence.’” State v. Simpson, 2009-Ohio-6301, ¶ 22 (8th Dist.), quoting State v.
Prater, 2002-Ohio-5844, ¶ 9 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d
87, 92 (1982). We have further held that “the phrase ‘reasonable cause to believe’ as
it is used in R.C. 2913.51(A), imposes a duty upon those coming into contact with
possibly stolen items to examine fully and use all facts accessible in order to
determine whether the property was stolen.” Id. at ¶ 23, citing Guy v. McCartney,
2002-Ohio-3035, ¶ 25 (7th Dist.), citing State v. Bundy, 20 Ohio St.3d 51, 53 (1985).
Therefore, “‘[a] person may not blindly enter into a tainted transaction and escape
the consequences by a later claim of ignorance.’” Id., quoting State v. Reinke, 1992
Ohio App. LEXIS 5217 (9th Dist. Oct. 7, 1992), citing Bundy at 53.
After thorough review of relevant caselaw and the record before us, we
find that Tramble’s receiving-stolen-property conviction is supported by sufficient
evidence. The testimony and evidence presented at trial establishes that Frazier told
Tramble that it was difficult for Owner to go to the BMV due to her work schedule
prior to the BMW’s sale. If Frazier was the registered owner of the vehicle, Owner’s
inability to go to the BMV would have been of no consequence. This suggests that
Tramble was aware the BMW did not belong to Frazier when he purchased it. The evidence presented further establishes that Tramble questioned
Frazier’s reduced price for the BMW; Owner’s name was on the BMW’s title; Owner
was not present when the BMW was purchased; and Tramble did not review any
documents. Reviewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the State, this
evidence demonstrates that Tramble did not fully examine or use all facts accessible
to determine whether the property was stolen and, instead, blindly entered into a
tainted transaction.
The State also presented evidence that Frazier gave the title, keys, and
BMW to Tramble and Tramble then gave the title to Norris. Frazier claimed that
Tramble and Norris took the BMW and “d[id] everything after that.” If believed,
this evidence establishes that Tramble exercised enough dominion, control, and
apparent legal power over the BMW to recruit and direct Norris to transfer title from
Owner to Girlfriend without either being present.
Finally, even if Tramble believed Owner authorized Frazier’s unlawful
sale of the BMW, testimony was offered that Tramble learned the BMW was stolen
after the transaction occurred. Upon speaking with Tramble, Frazier testified that
he believed Tramble knew the BMW was stolen after being contacted by police
following its sale. Owner also testified that she believed Tramble knew that the
BMW was stolen and it belonged to her. During the recorded call, Owner explained
the circumstances surrounding the BMW’s sale and specifically told Tramble that
she neither authorized the sale nor received its proceeds. Despite this knowledge,
the evidence establishes that Tramble never returned the BMW to Owner; testimony was offered throughout trial that Tramble wanted his money back and never offered
or attempted to return the BMW.
After viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the State, we
find that any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, Tramble’s conviction for receiving
stolen property is supported by sufficient evidence.
Moreover, we cannot say that this is the exceptional case where the
evidence weighs heavily against Tramble’s conviction for receiving stolen property.
Based on this record, the jury did not clearly lose its way in resolving conflicts or
create a manifest miscarriage of justice when it found that Tramble received,
retained, or disposed of the BMW knowing or having reasonable cause to believe
that it had been obtained through the commission of a theft offense.
2. Intimidation of a Victim in a Criminal Case
Tramble was also convicted of intimidating Owner in violation of R.C.
2921.04(B)(1), which provides:
No person, knowingly and by force or by unlawful threat of harm to any person or property or by unlawful threat to commit any offense or calumny against any person, shall attempt to influence, intimidate, or hinder . . . [t]he victim of a crime or delinquent act in the filing or prosecution of criminal charges . . . .
Tramble acknowledges that because his statements were recorded,
there is no question as to the statements made; rather, the debate lies within the
meaning of those statements and whether they amount to a threat. Tramble argues
that he plainly told Owner that he was not going to “pull up” to her house and, therefore, his comments did not threaten harm, much less rise to the level of an
unlawful threat of harm.
The Ohio Supreme Court explained that “[t]he term ‘threat’ represents
a range of statements or conduct intended to impart a feeling of apprehension in the
victim, whether of bodily harm, property destruction, or lawful harm, such as
exposing the victim’s own misconduct.” State v. Cress, 2006-Ohio-6501, ¶ 39.
However, R.C. 2921.04(B)(1) does not proscribe intimidation by “threat” alone;
rather, it proscribes intimidation by an “unlawful threat of harm.” The Ohio
Supreme Court held that this statutory language is satisfied “only when the very
making of the threat is itself unlawful because it violates established criminal or civil
law.” Cress at ¶ 42. Moreover, this court held that R.C. 2921.04(B) requires only
that the defendant attempt to influence, intimidate, or hinder: “‘[T]he defendant
need only try to create fear about or try to influence or hinder the filing or
prosecution of criminal charges.’” State v. Serrano, 2016-Ohio-4691, ¶ 44 (8th
Dist.), quoting State v. Thompson, 2014-Ohio-1225, ¶ 16 (7th Dist.).
Again, after thorough review of relevant caselaw and the record before
us, we find that Tramble’s intimidation conviction is supported by sufficient
evidence. Our review of the record reveals that Tramble contacted Owner after he
learned the BMW was stolen to avoid charges. The audio recording of the call
between Tramble and Owner was played for the jury. Throughout the call, Tramble
stated that he “don’t take no l[osse]s” and insisted that Owner “quit going forth in
court” and “let the streets handle it.” Tramble made multiple comments that he did his “homework” on Owner, her family, and her house and planned to “pull up” and
“protect what’s going on” before he learned that they were related.
Owner testified that she believed Tramble’s comments meant that she,
her family, and her house were in harm’s way. Owner further interpreted Tramble’s
comments to mean that he wanted her to stop pursuing the stolen BMW and
prosecution of criminal charges. Owner explained that she interpreted those
statements as intimidation threats “[b]ecause he was saying he was going to be
pulling up” and “pulling up” is a common term that typically means “trying to harm
someone.” Owner testified that after those statements were made, she wanted
“nothing else to do with it” because she did not want her and her family to be in
harm’s way. While Owner acknowledged that Tramble did not come to her home
and said he would not “pull up” after realizing they were family, Owner explained
that those statements did not make her feel any better, provide any reassurance, or
minimize her fear since she considered herself a distant relative at best.
Viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the State, we
conclude that the jury could reasonably find that Tramble’s statements during the
recorded call with Owner amounted to unlawful threats of harm and an attempt to
influence, intimidate, or hinder the filing or prosecution of criminal charges. See,
e.g., State v. Strange, 2019-Ohio-4188 (2d Dist.) (affirming defendant’s
intimidation conviction where defendant urged his family during telephone calls to
“pull up down there,” “fix that,” and “go take care of that,” amongst other things,
and finding that these statements were an attempt to hinder his prosecution and intimidate victims since it could be inferred that the defendant wanted his family to
unlawfully threaten the victims or their property with harm).
Moreover, this is not the exceptional case where the evidence weighs
heavily against Tramble’s conviction for intimidation of a victim. Based on the
record before us, we cannot conclude that the jury clearly lost its way in resolving
conflicts in the evidence or created a manifest miscarriage of justice when it
convicted Tramble of intimidation of a victim. While we acknowledge Tramble’s
testimony that he did not mean any harm and merely wanted to have a conversation
with Owner, Tramble is not entitled to a reversal on manifest-weight grounds merely
because inconsistent evidence was presented at trial or because the trier of fact chose
to believe the State’s version of events over his.
Thus, after a thorough review of the record, we find that sufficient
evidence was presented for a rational trier of fact to find that the elements of
receiving stolen property and intimidation of a victim were proven beyond a
reasonable doubt. We further find that Tramble’s convictions were not against the
manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, Tramble’s first and second
assignments of error are overruled.
B. Right to be Present
In his third assignment of error, Tramble argues that his fundamental
right to be present during all stages of trial was violated when he was removed from
the courtroom during closing arguments absent accommodations allowing him to
hear the proceedings. A criminal defendant has the right to be present at every stage of the
criminal proceedings and trial. U.S. Const., amend. VI, XIV; Ohio Const., art. I, §
10; Crim.R. 43(A). However, Crim.R. 43(B) provides that a defendant displaying
disruptive conduct may be excluded
[w]here a defendant’s conduct in the courtroom is so disruptive that the hearing or trial cannot reasonably be conducted with the defendant’s continued physical presence, the hearing or trial may proceed in the defendant’s absence or by remote presence, and judgment and sentence may be pronounced as if the defendant were present. Where the court determines that it may be essential to the preservation of the constitutional rights of the defendant, it may take such steps as are required for the communication of the courtroom proceedings to the defendant.
This court recognized that a defendant’s right to be present is not absolute and may
be forfeited by disruptive conduct, explaining:
“A defendant can lose his right to be present at trial, . . . if after he has been warned by the judge that he will be removed if he continues his disruptive behavior, he nevertheless acts in a manner that is so disorderly, disruptive, and disrespectful to the court that his trial cannot be carried on with him in the courtroom. Once lost, the right to be present can be reclaimed when the defendant is willing to conduct himself consistently with proper decorum and respect.”
(Citations omitted.) State v. Bello, 2020-Ohio-1506, ¶ 24 (8th Dist.), quoting State
v. Boynton, 2018-Ohio-4429, ¶ 35 (8th Dist.). A trial court’s decision to remove a
defendant from the courtroom is reviewed on appeal for an abuse of discretion.
State v. Baskin, 2019-Ohio-2071, ¶ 22 (3d Dist.), citing State v. Dumas, 2015-Ohio-
2683, ¶ 19 (7th Dist.). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v. Hill, 2022-Ohio-4544, ¶ 9,
citing Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). Our review of the record reveals that the trial court repeatedly warned
Tramble throughout closing arguments that he would be removed from the
courtroom if he continued his disruptive behavior. Tramble chose not to heed the
trial court’s warnings and continued to interrupt the closing arguments. Defense
counsel later expressed concerns regarding Tramble’s emotional stability, fearing
that Tramble’s misbehavior would continue and be more prejudicial than his
absence. Tramble was removed from the courtroom for the State’s rebuttal but was
permitted to return for the reading of jury instructions once he was in a better state
of mind. During a sidebar, the trial court noted its reluctance to exclude Tramble
and stated, “I didn’t see a better way around it.” The trial court advised that Tramble
heard the parties’ closing arguments and would not be substantially prejudiced by
his removal for the State’s rebuttal. The trial court also ordered the State’s rebuttal
transcript be provided to the defense for Tramble’s review as expeditiously as
possible.
Tramble fails to show how this accommodation was improper or
prejudicial; he merely concludes that “proper accommodations were not made so
that he could hear the process via microphone and speaker in an adjacent room.”
Tramble does not cite any caselaw directly supporting his argument that the trial
court was required “to provide a speaker system or some alternate electronic means
in and adjacent room.” When an appellant fails to cite any legal authority in support
of their claims, this court is allowed to disregard them. See App.R. 12(A)(2); App.R.
16(A)(7). Based on the record before us, we cannot say that the trial court acted
unreasonably, arbitrarily, or unconscionably when Tramble was removed from the
courtroom. Tramble was afforded the opportunity to cease his disruptive behavior
and remain present for all stages of trial. Tramble lost his right to be present during
the State’s rebuttal after he continued to disrupt closing arguments. Following
Tramble’s removal, the trial court took steps to ensure that he was provided with the
transcript of the State’s rebuttal, the only portion of the proceedings during which
Tramble was absent. Tramble has not provided any legal support to suggest that his
rights were violated under the circumstances of this case. Accordingly, we decline
to find that an abuse of discretion occurred and overrule Tramble’s third assignment
of error.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s
conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
__________________________________ EMANUELLA D. GROVES, PRESIDING JUDGE
ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., and KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCUR