PHILLIPS, Judge.
Though the evidence of record certainly points the finger of suspicion at the defendants, it is not sufficient, in our opinion, to justify their conviction of the offense charged, and the case against them must be dismissed. This is because the record, even when favorably viewed for the State, as our law requires on motions to dismiss,
State v. Cummings,
301 N.C. 374, 271 S.E. 2d 277 (1980), does not contain substantial evidence of every essential element of the crime charged.
State v. Stephens,
244 N.C. 380, 93 S.E. 2d 431 (1956).
The essential elements of the crime that the defendants were tried for, and that the State had the burden to prove, are that: (1) The building was used in trade; (2) a fire occurred in it; (3) the fire was of incendiary origin; and (4) the defendants unlawfully and wilfully started or were responsible for it. G.S. 14-62. The record is replete with evidence as to all these elements but one — the defendants’ responsibility for the fire. As to that most important element, the evidence falls short of the standard that our law sets in matters of this kind.
The main reason that the evidence fell short, of course, was the State’s inability to place either defendant at or near the scene of the crime at any time when the fire could have been started. When that time was, even approximately, the evidence does not show; but nothing about the fire would justify a finding that it could have been started more than an hour or two before it revealed itself. And that there was no evidence that either of the defendants had been near the place during the preceding day and a half or were otherwise connected with the fire in any way is fatal to the State’s case. This is a void that proof of the other elements of the crime cannot fill. That there was a fire and that it
was of incendiary origin does not prove or tend to prove that either of these defendants was the incendiary.
State v. Needham,
235 N.C. 555, 71 S.E. 2d 29 (1950). Nor was this missing element established by proof of motive. Though motive evidence in arson and other burning cases can be highly probative and persuasive when it supplements evidence of a criminal scheme, plan or act, when such essential evidence is lacking, as it is here, motive evidence has no probative value.
State v. Needham, supra.
Which is as it should be, since many more people have motives to commit crimes than ever commit them and innumerable people often have a motive to commit a crime that only one perpetrates.
The State’s contention that this gap in the proof was bridged by evidence showing that only the defendants could have perpetrated the crime and that they did certain things from which their criminal scheme and act can be inferred, if supportable as a legal proposition, which is doubtful and no legal authorities close to the point were cited, is not supported by the record. The evidence that after the fire the street level doors and windows of the building were still secure and apparently had not been tampered with and that defendants had the only keys does not justify the inference that only the defendants could have entered the building — (and in view of the myriad unexplained criminal entries that occur in this country every year, it may not justify the inference that they were the only ones that could have entered at street level) — since the loft window was admittedly open and that possible entry place was not even investigated, much less eliminated, by the officers.
In contending that the defendants’ criminal plan and act could be inferred from evidence that they “overinsured” the contents of the building by obtaining a $30,000 policy, the State’s brief points not to testimony as to the
value
of the contents in either their damaged or undamaged state, but only to the irrelevant testimony of an insurance adjuster to the effect that the contents could be
cleaned
for between $3,000 and $5,000, smoke staining being the only damage done. Thus, the fact of “overin-surance,” like other facts essential to the State’s case, stands unproven.
The State’s further contention that the defendants’ criminality is inferable from the fact that, incompatible with their con
tinued operation of the business, they removed many articles from the building before the fire likewise fell of its own weight. Instead of depleting the place of its contents or removing articles of considerable value that were needed at the business and not at home, evidence of which might have cast things in a different light, the only articles removed from “The Loft” before the fire, according to the evidence, were a red sofa, which, according to defendants’ uncontradicted testimony, was in the way and had been needed at home for a long time and that from aught that the record shows had no significant value, some soft drinks, paper cups and ice needed for a school social, and a broom and vacuum cleaner to clean out the garage where the social was held. Under our law criminal acts and schemes cannot be inferred from such insubstantial and apparently innocuous acts.
Nor were the inadequacies of the evidence against them remedied by the “acting in concert” principle, erroneously contended for by the State and charged on to the jury by the court. Though “acting in concert” is a perfectly good principle of law, long recognized and applied by our courts to properly reduce the quantum of proof as to some defendants in suitable instances, its use here was singularly inappropriate. This principle justly enables one to be found guilty of an offense if he is “present at the scene of the crime and the evidence is sufficient to show he was acting together with another who does the acts necessary to constitute the crime pursuant to a common plan or purpose to commit the crime.”
State v. Joyner,
297 N.C. 349, 357, 255 S.E. 2d 390, 395 (1979); quoted with approval in
State v. Cox,
303 N.C. 75, 86, 277 S.E. 2d 376, 383 (1981). But here, so far as the record reveals, there was neither action nor concert in regard to anything criminal. Neither defendant was shown to be present at the criminal scene; neither defendant was shown to have committed the criminal act or any part of it; and no common plan or purpose to burn the building was shown.
Though a different crime was involved, what the Supreme Court said in
State v. Burton,
272 N.C. 687, 691, 158 S.E. 2d 883, 887 (1968) is strikingly applicable here:
In the instant case the State fails to place defendants at or near the scene of the crime on the date the crime was committed; fails to show any of the “fruits of the crime” in
the possession of either defendant, and relies solely upon possession of a crowbar used by someone in the commission of the crime to show “substantial evidence of all material elements of the offense.” True, the evidence is sufficient to put the instrument used at the scene of the crime, but whether one of the defendants, or both of the defendants, or either of the defendants was the person or persons who on or about 17 January 1967 “unlawfully and wilfully and feloniously did, by the use of a crowbar and other tools, force open a safe of General Electric Supply Company . . remains in the realm of speculation and conjecture.
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PHILLIPS, Judge.
Though the evidence of record certainly points the finger of suspicion at the defendants, it is not sufficient, in our opinion, to justify their conviction of the offense charged, and the case against them must be dismissed. This is because the record, even when favorably viewed for the State, as our law requires on motions to dismiss,
State v. Cummings,
301 N.C. 374, 271 S.E. 2d 277 (1980), does not contain substantial evidence of every essential element of the crime charged.
State v. Stephens,
244 N.C. 380, 93 S.E. 2d 431 (1956).
The essential elements of the crime that the defendants were tried for, and that the State had the burden to prove, are that: (1) The building was used in trade; (2) a fire occurred in it; (3) the fire was of incendiary origin; and (4) the defendants unlawfully and wilfully started or were responsible for it. G.S. 14-62. The record is replete with evidence as to all these elements but one — the defendants’ responsibility for the fire. As to that most important element, the evidence falls short of the standard that our law sets in matters of this kind.
The main reason that the evidence fell short, of course, was the State’s inability to place either defendant at or near the scene of the crime at any time when the fire could have been started. When that time was, even approximately, the evidence does not show; but nothing about the fire would justify a finding that it could have been started more than an hour or two before it revealed itself. And that there was no evidence that either of the defendants had been near the place during the preceding day and a half or were otherwise connected with the fire in any way is fatal to the State’s case. This is a void that proof of the other elements of the crime cannot fill. That there was a fire and that it
was of incendiary origin does not prove or tend to prove that either of these defendants was the incendiary.
State v. Needham,
235 N.C. 555, 71 S.E. 2d 29 (1950). Nor was this missing element established by proof of motive. Though motive evidence in arson and other burning cases can be highly probative and persuasive when it supplements evidence of a criminal scheme, plan or act, when such essential evidence is lacking, as it is here, motive evidence has no probative value.
State v. Needham, supra.
Which is as it should be, since many more people have motives to commit crimes than ever commit them and innumerable people often have a motive to commit a crime that only one perpetrates.
The State’s contention that this gap in the proof was bridged by evidence showing that only the defendants could have perpetrated the crime and that they did certain things from which their criminal scheme and act can be inferred, if supportable as a legal proposition, which is doubtful and no legal authorities close to the point were cited, is not supported by the record. The evidence that after the fire the street level doors and windows of the building were still secure and apparently had not been tampered with and that defendants had the only keys does not justify the inference that only the defendants could have entered the building — (and in view of the myriad unexplained criminal entries that occur in this country every year, it may not justify the inference that they were the only ones that could have entered at street level) — since the loft window was admittedly open and that possible entry place was not even investigated, much less eliminated, by the officers.
In contending that the defendants’ criminal plan and act could be inferred from evidence that they “overinsured” the contents of the building by obtaining a $30,000 policy, the State’s brief points not to testimony as to the
value
of the contents in either their damaged or undamaged state, but only to the irrelevant testimony of an insurance adjuster to the effect that the contents could be
cleaned
for between $3,000 and $5,000, smoke staining being the only damage done. Thus, the fact of “overin-surance,” like other facts essential to the State’s case, stands unproven.
The State’s further contention that the defendants’ criminality is inferable from the fact that, incompatible with their con
tinued operation of the business, they removed many articles from the building before the fire likewise fell of its own weight. Instead of depleting the place of its contents or removing articles of considerable value that were needed at the business and not at home, evidence of which might have cast things in a different light, the only articles removed from “The Loft” before the fire, according to the evidence, were a red sofa, which, according to defendants’ uncontradicted testimony, was in the way and had been needed at home for a long time and that from aught that the record shows had no significant value, some soft drinks, paper cups and ice needed for a school social, and a broom and vacuum cleaner to clean out the garage where the social was held. Under our law criminal acts and schemes cannot be inferred from such insubstantial and apparently innocuous acts.
Nor were the inadequacies of the evidence against them remedied by the “acting in concert” principle, erroneously contended for by the State and charged on to the jury by the court. Though “acting in concert” is a perfectly good principle of law, long recognized and applied by our courts to properly reduce the quantum of proof as to some defendants in suitable instances, its use here was singularly inappropriate. This principle justly enables one to be found guilty of an offense if he is “present at the scene of the crime and the evidence is sufficient to show he was acting together with another who does the acts necessary to constitute the crime pursuant to a common plan or purpose to commit the crime.”
State v. Joyner,
297 N.C. 349, 357, 255 S.E. 2d 390, 395 (1979); quoted with approval in
State v. Cox,
303 N.C. 75, 86, 277 S.E. 2d 376, 383 (1981). But here, so far as the record reveals, there was neither action nor concert in regard to anything criminal. Neither defendant was shown to be present at the criminal scene; neither defendant was shown to have committed the criminal act or any part of it; and no common plan or purpose to burn the building was shown.
Though a different crime was involved, what the Supreme Court said in
State v. Burton,
272 N.C. 687, 691, 158 S.E. 2d 883, 887 (1968) is strikingly applicable here:
In the instant case the State fails to place defendants at or near the scene of the crime on the date the crime was committed; fails to show any of the “fruits of the crime” in
the possession of either defendant, and relies solely upon possession of a crowbar used by someone in the commission of the crime to show “substantial evidence of all material elements of the offense.” True, the evidence is sufficient to put the instrument used at the scene of the crime, but whether one of the defendants, or both of the defendants, or either of the defendants was the person or persons who on or about 17 January 1967 “unlawfully and wilfully and feloniously did, by the use of a crowbar and other tools, force open a safe of General Electric Supply Company . . remains in the realm of speculation and conjecture.
Here the State failed to place either defendant at or near the scene of the fire during the day and a half that preceded it; failed to show that there were any fruits of the crime, much less connect the defendants with them; and failed, unlike in
Burton,
to connect them with the criminal device or method used in perpetrating the burning. And, as the court did there, we cannot but conclude that whether either of the defendants, or both of them, or someone else, was the person or persons that set fire to “The Loft” September 29, 1981 has not been judicially established, but still “remains in the realm of speculation and conjecture.”
Our belief that this case ought to be dismissed is bolstered by the Supreme Court’s like action in two burning cases that were based on much stronger evidence than is recorded here. In
State v. Needham,
235 N.C. 555, 565, 71 S.E. 2d 29, 36 (1952), “. . . the defendant’s car was seen parked near the tobacco barn before the fire and ... it was not seen there after the fire was discovered and . . . people along the road saw him drive in the opposite direction about the time the smoke from the fire was first seen.” In
State v. Blizzard,
280 N.C. 11, 184 S.E. 2d 851 (1971), the evidence was that: A fire began outside of the house and there was an odor of gasoline on the ground around the house; before the fire an automobile similar to the defendant’s was seen about a mile from the dwelling; the defendant had bought a gallon jug of gasoline a week before the fire and a gallon jug was found in defendant’s car after the fire; and tracks made by the defendant’s boots were found beside the road about sixty feet from the burned house. In dismissing the case the court pointed out that no criminal inference could be drawn from the jug of gasoline, which many people have for lawnmowers and other machines, and
that the defendant’s explanation as to the presence of the automobile and the tracks made by his boots clarified, rather than contradicted, the State’s evidence.
That somebody violated the statute in burning the building in question, there can be no doubt. But since the humanity of our law requires that the “all-important question whether the culprit was the defendant or somebody else,”
State v. Wooten,
239 N.C. 117, 79 S.E. 2d 254 (1953), not be left to conjecture and surmise, the convictions and sentences of the court below must be vacated, and judgments of acquittal entered pursuant to their motions for a directed verdict, which were erroneously denied.
Reversed.
Judges Webb and BECTON concur.