[Cite as State v. Tannert, 2016-Ohio-7046.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 103550
STATE OF OHIO PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
BRANDON TANNERT DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CR-14-588785-A
BEFORE: Stewart, J., Jones, A.J., and Celebrezze, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 29, 2016 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
Robert L. Tobik Cuyahoga County Public Defender
Cullen Sweeney Assistant Public Defender 310 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 200 Cleveland, OH 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Timothy J. McGinty Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
Marc Bullard Assistant County Prosecutor Justice Center, 9th Floor 1200 Ontario Street Cleveland, OH 44113 MELODY J. STEWART, J.:
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Brandon Tannert was the subject of a buy-bust drug
transaction in which he sold ecstacy to an informant working for an undercover agent for
the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. In addition to the sale of drugs, the agent
asked the informant to arrange for Tannert to sell the agent a firearm during the drug
transaction. After first refusing to sell the firearm, Tannert relented and engaged in
active negotiation over price. The buy went forward and Tannert was charged with drug
trafficking and drug possession. Both counts contained one-year firearm specifications.
{¶2} At trial, Tannert claimed that he had been the victim of entrapment — that the
agent intentionally combined a lawful firearm transaction (Tannert was licensed to carry a
concealed firearm and there was no question that he could legally sell the gun) with the
illegal drug transaction. The court rejected Tannert’s entrapment defense, albeit
declaring that it was “troubled” by the decision. The sole issue on appeal is whether the
court’s rejection of Tannert’s entrapment defense was against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
{¶3} “The defense of entrapment is established where the criminal design
originates with the officials of the government, and they implant in the mind of an
innocent person the disposition to commit the alleged offense and induce its commission
in order to prosecute.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Doran, 5 Ohio St.3d 187, 190, 449
N.E.2d 1295 (1983), paragraph one of the syllabus. A firearm specification under R.C. 2941.141 is not a criminal offense; it is a penalty enhancement. State v. Dean, 146 Ohio
St.3d 106, 2015-Ohio-4347, 54 N.E.3d 80, ¶ 219. By definition, the affirmative defense
of entrapment is inapplicable to sentencing enhancements, so any discussion of the
court’s rejection of an entrapment defense to the firearm specification is irrelevant. The
trial court did not err by rejecting Tannert’s entrapment defense.
{¶4} What Tannert really appears to be arguing is that the state engaged in
“sentencing manipulation” as distinct from “sentencing entrapment.” Sentencing
entrapment occurs when the state causes a defendant, initially predisposed to commit a
lesser crime, to commit a more serious crime. Sentencing manipulation occurs when the
state engages in improper conduct that has the effect of increasing a defendant’s sentence.
United States v. Turner, 569 F.3d 637, 641 (7th Cir.2009), citing United States v.
Garcia, 79 F.3d 74, 75 (7th Cir.1996). Sentencing manipulation arguments are typically
made in federal court, where government misconduct may be a basis for a downward
departure or variance from the federal sentencing guidelines. See, e.g., United States v.
Bigley, 786 F.3d 11 (D.C.Cir.2015); United States v. Fontes, 415 F.3d 174, 180 (1st
Cir.2005); but see Garcia, supra (rejecting the sentencing manipulation doctrine).
{¶5} Tannert claims that the state, via the informant, badgered him to sell the
weapon so that he would be in possession of it during the drug transaction — this
permitted the state to attach a firearm specification to the drug trafficking count. Tannert
argues that the trial court wrongfully convicted him of the specification and thus
improperly enhanced his sentence. Those arguments are unavailing in Ohio. {¶6} Tannert does not dispute that he was in possession of a firearm while
committing the drug offense. And because the firearm specification in this case applies
when “the offender had a firearm on or about the offender’s person or under the
offender’s control while committing the offense,” R.C. 2941.141(A), it did not matter that
Tannert had been licensed to carry a concealed weapon. The mere possession of the
firearm, whether lawful or not, while drug trafficking was sufficient to prove the firearm
specification.
{¶7} And even assuming for the sake of argument that Tannert was induced or
badgered to sell the gun simultaneously to the drug transaction, there is nothing in the
record that indicates such an inducement was misconduct on the part of law enforcement
or was done solely for the purpose of penalty enhancement. The agent testified that he
first learned from the informant that Tannert wanted to sell the firearm. Desiring to get
guns “off the street,” the agent arranged to buy the firearm at the same time he purchased
the drugs. The agent testified that he arranged to buy the firearm from Tannert to “get
that off [Tannert’s] hands” in light of “the people that Mr. Tannert was involved with
based on again on what [the informant] was telling us.” There is no evidence that the
agent arranged to buy the firearm to hang a firearm specification on Tannert.
{¶8} Additionally, Tannert’s argument that the firearm specification would not
apply if he had, for instance, sold the drugs in the house and sold the gun in the car is not
supported by case law. This court has consistently upheld convictions for firearm
specifications when a firearm was around or in close proximity to drug-related offenses. See State v. Benton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82810, 2004-Ohio-3116 (upholding firearm
specification where the defendant was arrested in his home and drugs and a firearm were
found in his wife’s car in a detached garage); State v. White, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
82495, 2004-Ohio-228 (affirming conviction for drug trafficking with a one-year firearm
specification when firearm was located in a bedroom of the house); State v. Easterly, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94797, 2011-Ohio-215 (upholding firearm specification where
defendant was arrested in one part of building and drugs and a gun were found in
defendant’s office).
{¶9} The court’s finding of guilt on the firearm specification was not in error.
The sentencing judge, therefore, had no discretion to refuse to impose a term of
incarceration for the firearm specification. See R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(a) (“Except as
provided in division (B)(1)(e) of this section, if an offender who is convicted of or pleads
guilty to a felony also is convicted of or pleads guilty to a specification of the type
described in section 2941.141, 2941.144, or 2941.145 of the Revised Code, the court
shall impose on the offender one of the following prison terms * * *.”).
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[Cite as State v. Tannert, 2016-Ohio-7046.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 103550
STATE OF OHIO PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
BRANDON TANNERT DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CR-14-588785-A
BEFORE: Stewart, J., Jones, A.J., and Celebrezze, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 29, 2016 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
Robert L. Tobik Cuyahoga County Public Defender
Cullen Sweeney Assistant Public Defender 310 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 200 Cleveland, OH 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Timothy J. McGinty Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
Marc Bullard Assistant County Prosecutor Justice Center, 9th Floor 1200 Ontario Street Cleveland, OH 44113 MELODY J. STEWART, J.:
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Brandon Tannert was the subject of a buy-bust drug
transaction in which he sold ecstacy to an informant working for an undercover agent for
the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. In addition to the sale of drugs, the agent
asked the informant to arrange for Tannert to sell the agent a firearm during the drug
transaction. After first refusing to sell the firearm, Tannert relented and engaged in
active negotiation over price. The buy went forward and Tannert was charged with drug
trafficking and drug possession. Both counts contained one-year firearm specifications.
{¶2} At trial, Tannert claimed that he had been the victim of entrapment — that the
agent intentionally combined a lawful firearm transaction (Tannert was licensed to carry a
concealed firearm and there was no question that he could legally sell the gun) with the
illegal drug transaction. The court rejected Tannert’s entrapment defense, albeit
declaring that it was “troubled” by the decision. The sole issue on appeal is whether the
court’s rejection of Tannert’s entrapment defense was against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
{¶3} “The defense of entrapment is established where the criminal design
originates with the officials of the government, and they implant in the mind of an
innocent person the disposition to commit the alleged offense and induce its commission
in order to prosecute.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Doran, 5 Ohio St.3d 187, 190, 449
N.E.2d 1295 (1983), paragraph one of the syllabus. A firearm specification under R.C. 2941.141 is not a criminal offense; it is a penalty enhancement. State v. Dean, 146 Ohio
St.3d 106, 2015-Ohio-4347, 54 N.E.3d 80, ¶ 219. By definition, the affirmative defense
of entrapment is inapplicable to sentencing enhancements, so any discussion of the
court’s rejection of an entrapment defense to the firearm specification is irrelevant. The
trial court did not err by rejecting Tannert’s entrapment defense.
{¶4} What Tannert really appears to be arguing is that the state engaged in
“sentencing manipulation” as distinct from “sentencing entrapment.” Sentencing
entrapment occurs when the state causes a defendant, initially predisposed to commit a
lesser crime, to commit a more serious crime. Sentencing manipulation occurs when the
state engages in improper conduct that has the effect of increasing a defendant’s sentence.
United States v. Turner, 569 F.3d 637, 641 (7th Cir.2009), citing United States v.
Garcia, 79 F.3d 74, 75 (7th Cir.1996). Sentencing manipulation arguments are typically
made in federal court, where government misconduct may be a basis for a downward
departure or variance from the federal sentencing guidelines. See, e.g., United States v.
Bigley, 786 F.3d 11 (D.C.Cir.2015); United States v. Fontes, 415 F.3d 174, 180 (1st
Cir.2005); but see Garcia, supra (rejecting the sentencing manipulation doctrine).
{¶5} Tannert claims that the state, via the informant, badgered him to sell the
weapon so that he would be in possession of it during the drug transaction — this
permitted the state to attach a firearm specification to the drug trafficking count. Tannert
argues that the trial court wrongfully convicted him of the specification and thus
improperly enhanced his sentence. Those arguments are unavailing in Ohio. {¶6} Tannert does not dispute that he was in possession of a firearm while
committing the drug offense. And because the firearm specification in this case applies
when “the offender had a firearm on or about the offender’s person or under the
offender’s control while committing the offense,” R.C. 2941.141(A), it did not matter that
Tannert had been licensed to carry a concealed weapon. The mere possession of the
firearm, whether lawful or not, while drug trafficking was sufficient to prove the firearm
specification.
{¶7} And even assuming for the sake of argument that Tannert was induced or
badgered to sell the gun simultaneously to the drug transaction, there is nothing in the
record that indicates such an inducement was misconduct on the part of law enforcement
or was done solely for the purpose of penalty enhancement. The agent testified that he
first learned from the informant that Tannert wanted to sell the firearm. Desiring to get
guns “off the street,” the agent arranged to buy the firearm at the same time he purchased
the drugs. The agent testified that he arranged to buy the firearm from Tannert to “get
that off [Tannert’s] hands” in light of “the people that Mr. Tannert was involved with
based on again on what [the informant] was telling us.” There is no evidence that the
agent arranged to buy the firearm to hang a firearm specification on Tannert.
{¶8} Additionally, Tannert’s argument that the firearm specification would not
apply if he had, for instance, sold the drugs in the house and sold the gun in the car is not
supported by case law. This court has consistently upheld convictions for firearm
specifications when a firearm was around or in close proximity to drug-related offenses. See State v. Benton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82810, 2004-Ohio-3116 (upholding firearm
specification where the defendant was arrested in his home and drugs and a firearm were
found in his wife’s car in a detached garage); State v. White, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
82495, 2004-Ohio-228 (affirming conviction for drug trafficking with a one-year firearm
specification when firearm was located in a bedroom of the house); State v. Easterly, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94797, 2011-Ohio-215 (upholding firearm specification where
defendant was arrested in one part of building and drugs and a gun were found in
defendant’s office).
{¶9} The court’s finding of guilt on the firearm specification was not in error.
The sentencing judge, therefore, had no discretion to refuse to impose a term of
incarceration for the firearm specification. See R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(a) (“Except as
provided in division (B)(1)(e) of this section, if an offender who is convicted of or pleads
guilty to a felony also is convicted of or pleads guilty to a specification of the type
described in section 2941.141, 2941.144, or 2941.145 of the Revised Code, the court
shall impose on the offender one of the following prison terms * * *.”). (Emphasis
added.)
{¶10} Judgment affirmed. It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common
pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
______________________________________________ MELODY J. STEWART, JUDGE
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCURS; LARRY A. JONES, SR., A.J., DISSENTS (WITH SEPARATE OPINION)
LARRY A. JONES, SR., A.J., DISSENTING:
{¶11} I respectfully dissent from the majority’s judgment and analysis. I
recognize that a firearm specification is “‘not a separate offense, but, rather, a sentencing
provision that enhances the penalty for the associated predicate offense.’” State v. Capp,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102919, 2016-Ohio 295, ¶ 27, quoting State v. Noor, 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 13AP-165, 2014-Ohio-3397, ¶ 51, fn. 2. I also recognize that the
affirmative defense of entrapment relates to a criminal “offense.” State v. Doran, 5
Ohio St.3d 187, 192, 449 N.E.2d 1295 (1983). But I would decline to apply a rigid
application of what constitutes a criminal “offense,” as I believe the majority does, to
reach what I believe is an unjust result.1
See, e.g., Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000) 1
(The fact that New Jersey labeled the hate crime a “sentence enhancement” rather than a separate {¶12} Although a firearm specification is not a separate, “stand-alone” offense, it
nonetheless is subject to the same measures of the predicate offense — it must be
charged in the indictment, it can be subject to plea negotiations, and the state is required
to prove it beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, I would hold that the entrapment defense
can apply to sentencing enhancements.
{¶13} Although I have not found an Ohio state case on point, I note that under the
federal system, a sentence enhancement for possession of a gun during a drug-trafficking
crime is not applicable where the defendant shows that he was entrapped into possessing
the gun. See, e.g., United States v. Parilla, 114 F.3d 124, 127 (9th Cir.1997), citing the
United States Sentencing Guidelines.
{¶14} In light of the above, I would find Tannert’s sole assignment of error well
taken, reverse the conviction on the firearm specifications, and remand for a new trial
solely on the specifications.2
criminal act was irrelevant for constitutional purposes. Id. at 478. “As a matter of simple justice, it seemed obvious that the procedural safeguards designed to protect” a defendant from punishment for the possession of a firearm should apply equally to his violation of the hate crime statute. Id. at 476. “Merely using the label ‘sentence enhancement’ to describe the latter did not provide a principled basis for treating the two crimes differently.” Id.)
See State v. Moss, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-91-126, 1992 Ohio App. LEXIS 3176 (June 19, 2
1992) (“Neither the Rules of Criminal Procedure nor Ohio statutes require that a new trial be granted as to both the firearm specification as well as the underlying offense where the only error occurred in the firearm specification charge.”) Id. at 3.