[Cite as State v. Street, 2020-Ohio-173.]
COURT OF APPEALS STARK COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES: : Hon. John W. Wise, P.J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. : Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J. -vs- : : JOY MARIE STREET : Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & : 2019CA00097 : Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Municipal Court, Case Nos. 2018TRC9333 & 2018CRB3379
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT: January 21, 2020
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
KASSIM AHMED JEFFREY JAKMIDES 2 James Duncan Plaza 325 East Main Street Massillon, OH 44646 Alliance, OH 44601 Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 2
Wise, Earle, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant Joy Marie Street appeals the May 6, 2019 judgment
of the Massillon Municipal Court which denied her motion to suppress. Plaintiff-appellee
is the state of Ohio.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶ 2} On December 11, 2018, at approximately 8:30 p.m., Dylan Gregorich was
a passenger in a friend's car when he noticed a blue Honda Accord being driven
erratically. The driver was swerving, and nearly drove the Accord into the ditch numerous
times. When the driver went left of center and came within inches of colliding with
oncoming traffic, Gregorich called 911.
{¶ 3} Gregorich stayed on the phone with 911 dispatch for roughly 15 minutes as
his friend continued to follow the vehicle. The driver eventually pulled into an allotment in
Lawrence Township and pulled into a driveway. Apparently having pulled into the wrong
driveway, the driver then backed out of the driveway, nearly hit a stop sign, turned into
another driveway and then pulled crookedly into the attached garage at that residence.
Gregorich's friend stopped and the two watched as an older woman, later identified as
Street, exited the Accord. Street walked toward the door of the home, stumbled, and
nearly fell over. After a man came out into the garage and helped the woman into the
house, Grogorich's friend drove away.
{¶ 4} Lawrence Township Police Officer Brandon Wright arrived at the address
given to dispatch by Gregorich within minutes of Gregorich's departure. Dispatch advised
Wright to conduct a welfare check. Wright observed the garage door of the residence was
open, the lights were on, and the blue Accord was parked askew in the garage with the Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 3
driver's side door hanging open. The plate on the Accord matched that which Grogorich
had provided to the 911 dispatcher. Wright approached the vehicle to see if anyone was
in it. Finding the car empty, Wright knocked on the man-door in the garage.
{¶ 5} Street's husband answered the door and Wright asked if he could speak to
Street. Mr. Street advised she was sleeping even though just minutes had passed since
Gregorich observed her entering the home.
{¶ 6} Street did, however, come to the door. She appeared confused, slurred her
speech, and exhibited glassy, bloodshot eyes. Wright asked Street if she could step
outside. Once she entered the garage, Wright noted Street emitted a strong odor of
alcohol.
{¶ 7} Wright explained why he was there, and Street claimed she had not been
driving. Her husband intervened and claimed they had just come home from dinner and
that he had driven the red truck parked in the driveway. The red truck, however, was cold
to the touch. Wright had further observed the driver's seat in the Accord was pulled close
to the steering wheel, consistent with Street's stature.
{¶ 8} Wright advised Street he wanted to perform field sobriety testing. Street
asked if she could go inside to get her shoes first, which she did and then returned.
{¶ 9} Street was later charged with operating a vehicle under the influence of
alcohol and menacing. On March 6, 2019, Street filed a Motion to Suppress/Dismiss. On
April 24, 2019, a hearing was held on the matter.
{¶ 10} The state presented testimony from Gregorich and Officer Wright. Street
rested without presenting evidence. The trial court overruled Street's motion to suppress. Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 4
{¶ 11} On June 6, 2019, Street entered pleas of no contest, and the trial court
found her guilty. This appeal followed. Street raises one assignment of error:
I
{¶ 12} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO SUPPRESS ALL
EVIDENCE OBTAINED AS A RESULT OF AN ILLEGAL SEARCH AND SEIZURE
CONDUCTED IN FLAGRANT VIOLATION OF THE FOURTH AMENDMENT.
OFFICERS ENTERED THE APPELLANT'S GARAGE WITHOUT A WARRANT,
ORDERED HER TO EXIT HER HOME FOR QUESTIONING, ORDERED HER TO
PERFORM FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS, AND PHYSICALLY ASSAULTED HER
HUSBAND WHEN HE ATTEMPTED TO CALL THEIR ATTORNEY – ALL IN
CONDUCTING WHAT THE POLICE REPORT ITSELF CHARACTERIZED AS A
"WELFARE CHECK" ON APPELLANT."
{¶ 13} In her sole assignment of error, Street argues the trial court erred in denying
her motion to suppress because police illegally entered her garage without a warrant,
ordered her out of her home for questioning and to perform field sobriety testing, and
physically assaulted her husband. We disagree.
{¶ 14} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a
motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's findings of fact. In
reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether said
findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio
St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982); State v. Klein, 73 Ohio App.3d 486, 597 N.E.2d
1141(1991); State v. Guysinger, 86 Ohio App.3d 592, 621 N.E.2d 726(1993). Second, an Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 5
appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or correct law to the
findings of fact. In that case, an appellate court can reverse the trial court for committing
an error of law. State v. Williams, 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141 (1993). Finally,
assuming the trial court's findings of fact are not against the manifest weight of the
evidence and it has properly identified the law to be applied, an appellant may argue the
trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to
suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate court must independently
determine, without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether the facts meet the
appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry, 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 641
N.E.2d 1172 (1994); State v. Claytor, 85 Ohio App.3d 623, 620 N.E.2d 906 (1993);
Guysinger, supra. As the United States Supreme Court held in Ornelas v. U.S., 517 U.S.
690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996), “... as a general matter
determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo
on appeal.”
{¶ 15} When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of
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[Cite as State v. Street, 2020-Ohio-173.]
COURT OF APPEALS STARK COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES: : Hon. John W. Wise, P.J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. : Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J. -vs- : : JOY MARIE STREET : Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & : 2019CA00097 : Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Municipal Court, Case Nos. 2018TRC9333 & 2018CRB3379
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT: January 21, 2020
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
KASSIM AHMED JEFFREY JAKMIDES 2 James Duncan Plaza 325 East Main Street Massillon, OH 44646 Alliance, OH 44601 Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 2
Wise, Earle, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant Joy Marie Street appeals the May 6, 2019 judgment
of the Massillon Municipal Court which denied her motion to suppress. Plaintiff-appellee
is the state of Ohio.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶ 2} On December 11, 2018, at approximately 8:30 p.m., Dylan Gregorich was
a passenger in a friend's car when he noticed a blue Honda Accord being driven
erratically. The driver was swerving, and nearly drove the Accord into the ditch numerous
times. When the driver went left of center and came within inches of colliding with
oncoming traffic, Gregorich called 911.
{¶ 3} Gregorich stayed on the phone with 911 dispatch for roughly 15 minutes as
his friend continued to follow the vehicle. The driver eventually pulled into an allotment in
Lawrence Township and pulled into a driveway. Apparently having pulled into the wrong
driveway, the driver then backed out of the driveway, nearly hit a stop sign, turned into
another driveway and then pulled crookedly into the attached garage at that residence.
Gregorich's friend stopped and the two watched as an older woman, later identified as
Street, exited the Accord. Street walked toward the door of the home, stumbled, and
nearly fell over. After a man came out into the garage and helped the woman into the
house, Grogorich's friend drove away.
{¶ 4} Lawrence Township Police Officer Brandon Wright arrived at the address
given to dispatch by Gregorich within minutes of Gregorich's departure. Dispatch advised
Wright to conduct a welfare check. Wright observed the garage door of the residence was
open, the lights were on, and the blue Accord was parked askew in the garage with the Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 3
driver's side door hanging open. The plate on the Accord matched that which Grogorich
had provided to the 911 dispatcher. Wright approached the vehicle to see if anyone was
in it. Finding the car empty, Wright knocked on the man-door in the garage.
{¶ 5} Street's husband answered the door and Wright asked if he could speak to
Street. Mr. Street advised she was sleeping even though just minutes had passed since
Gregorich observed her entering the home.
{¶ 6} Street did, however, come to the door. She appeared confused, slurred her
speech, and exhibited glassy, bloodshot eyes. Wright asked Street if she could step
outside. Once she entered the garage, Wright noted Street emitted a strong odor of
alcohol.
{¶ 7} Wright explained why he was there, and Street claimed she had not been
driving. Her husband intervened and claimed they had just come home from dinner and
that he had driven the red truck parked in the driveway. The red truck, however, was cold
to the touch. Wright had further observed the driver's seat in the Accord was pulled close
to the steering wheel, consistent with Street's stature.
{¶ 8} Wright advised Street he wanted to perform field sobriety testing. Street
asked if she could go inside to get her shoes first, which she did and then returned.
{¶ 9} Street was later charged with operating a vehicle under the influence of
alcohol and menacing. On March 6, 2019, Street filed a Motion to Suppress/Dismiss. On
April 24, 2019, a hearing was held on the matter.
{¶ 10} The state presented testimony from Gregorich and Officer Wright. Street
rested without presenting evidence. The trial court overruled Street's motion to suppress. Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 4
{¶ 11} On June 6, 2019, Street entered pleas of no contest, and the trial court
found her guilty. This appeal followed. Street raises one assignment of error:
I
{¶ 12} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO SUPPRESS ALL
EVIDENCE OBTAINED AS A RESULT OF AN ILLEGAL SEARCH AND SEIZURE
CONDUCTED IN FLAGRANT VIOLATION OF THE FOURTH AMENDMENT.
OFFICERS ENTERED THE APPELLANT'S GARAGE WITHOUT A WARRANT,
ORDERED HER TO EXIT HER HOME FOR QUESTIONING, ORDERED HER TO
PERFORM FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS, AND PHYSICALLY ASSAULTED HER
HUSBAND WHEN HE ATTEMPTED TO CALL THEIR ATTORNEY – ALL IN
CONDUCTING WHAT THE POLICE REPORT ITSELF CHARACTERIZED AS A
"WELFARE CHECK" ON APPELLANT."
{¶ 13} In her sole assignment of error, Street argues the trial court erred in denying
her motion to suppress because police illegally entered her garage without a warrant,
ordered her out of her home for questioning and to perform field sobriety testing, and
physically assaulted her husband. We disagree.
{¶ 14} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a
motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's findings of fact. In
reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether said
findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio
St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982); State v. Klein, 73 Ohio App.3d 486, 597 N.E.2d
1141(1991); State v. Guysinger, 86 Ohio App.3d 592, 621 N.E.2d 726(1993). Second, an Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 5
appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or correct law to the
findings of fact. In that case, an appellate court can reverse the trial court for committing
an error of law. State v. Williams, 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141 (1993). Finally,
assuming the trial court's findings of fact are not against the manifest weight of the
evidence and it has properly identified the law to be applied, an appellant may argue the
trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to
suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate court must independently
determine, without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether the facts meet the
appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry, 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 641
N.E.2d 1172 (1994); State v. Claytor, 85 Ohio App.3d 623, 620 N.E.2d 906 (1993);
Guysinger, supra. As the United States Supreme Court held in Ornelas v. U.S., 517 U.S.
690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996), “... as a general matter
determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo
on appeal.”
{¶ 15} When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of
trier of fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate the
credibility of witnesses. See State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio St.3d 308, 314, 1995-Ohio-243,
652 N.E.2d 988; State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982).
{¶ 16} First, we note the suppression hearing was limited to a narrow issue. At the
beginning of the hearing, the following exchange took place following opening statements
by each party: Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 6
The Court: Ok, well before we get started on the evidence 'cause I
think both sides are getting far afield. We're here to determine
whether it was lawful entering the property to even effect and arrest.
The State: Yes, your honor.
The Court: Ok, I think that's the purpose of it. So I'm not gonna get
into the…
Defense: What happened after.
The Court: …yeah, what happened afterwards. I'm not gonna be
watching…the 911 tape might be very relevant. However, I don't
think the, the, uh, the camera in the cruiser's gonna be relevant at all
because that's after the fact, right? I mean that's after the…we're
gonna first determine the purpose. If it turns out later that those other
things become relevant, then we can expand the hearing if there are
issues that are being asked to suppress involving the actual arrest.
Defense: Ok.
State: I understand your honor.
The Court: Alright. Is everybody…are we on the same page 'cause I
don't want to go and try the entire case here today.
Defense: I hear you. Ok, I hear you.
{¶ 17} Thus, the only issue before the trial court was whether Officer Wright had
the authority to enter Street's attached garage, knock on the door, and request that she
come to the door and out into the garage. We note appellant's statement of facts goes Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 7
well beyond this narrow focus. We further note appellant references a police report and
a cruiser video, neither of which was presented at the suppression hearing, nor are part
of the record. We therefore may not consider either of these items in our analysis of
appellant's assignment of error, and confine our analysis to the issue placed before the
trial court, and ultimately determined by the trial court.
Officer Wright's Entry into Appellant's Attached Garage
{¶ 18} Street first argues Officer Wright illegally entered her attached garage
without a warrant. We disagree.
{¶ 19} Street argues an attached garage falls within the curtilage of one's home
and therefore a warrant was required before Wright could enter the garage. The state
does not dispute the inclusion of an attached garage as part of the home itself, but argues
the intrusion here was warranted under the community caretaking/emergency aid
exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement. We agree.
{¶ 20} In State v. Applegate, 68 Ohio St.3d 348, 349-350, 626 N.E. 942 (1994),
the Supreme Court of Ohio stated:
A warrantless police entry into a private residence is not unlawful if
made upon exigent circumstances, a “specifically established and
well-delineated exceptio[n]” to the search warrant requirement. Katz
v. United States (1967), 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507, 514, 19
L.Ed.2d 576, 585. “ ‘The need to protect or preserve life or avoid Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 8
serious injury is justification for what would be otherwise illegal
absent an exigency or emergency.’ ” Mincey v. Arizona (1978), 437
U.S. 385, 392-393, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 2413, 57 L.Ed.2d 290, 300,
quoting Wayne v. United States (C.A.D.C.1963), 318 F.2d 205, 212,
certiorari denied (1963), 375 U.S. 860, 84 S.Ct. 125, 11 L.Ed.2d 86.
In Wayne, then-federal Court of Appeals Judge Warren Burger
explained the reasoning behind the exigent circumstances
exception:
“ [T]he business of policemen and firemen is to act, not to speculate
or meditate on whether the report is correct. People could well die in
emergencies if police tried to act with the calm deliberation of the
judicial process.” Wayne at 212.
A warrantless search must be “strictly circumscribed by the
exigencies which justify its initiation.” Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S.
1, 26, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1882, 20 L.Ed.2d 889, 908. * * *
{¶ 21} While the emergency aid exception does not require probable cause,
officers must have reasonable grounds to believe there is an immediate need to act in
order to protect lives or property, and there must be some reasonable basis for
associating an emergency with the location. State v. Bubenchick, 5th Dist. Stark No. Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 9
2014CA00020, 2014-Ohio-5056, ¶ 14 citing State v. Gooden, 9th Dist. Summit No.
23764, 2008-Ohio-178, ¶ 10.
{¶ 22} In their community caretaking roles, officers may intrude on a person's
privacy to carry out community-caretaking functions to enhance public safety. State v.
Stanberry, 11 th Dist. Lake No. 2002-L-028, 2003-Ohio-5700 ¶ 23, citing State v. Norman,
136 Ohio App.3d 46, 54, 735 N.E.2d 953 (1999). "The key to such permissible police
action, is the reasonableness required by the Fourth Amendment." Stanberry at ¶ 23.
{¶ 23} Street argues not only that Officer Wright entered her garage in violation of
the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement, but also that Wright had no concern for
her safety when he conducted the welfare check. However, “[a]n action is ‘reasonable’
under the Fourth Amendment, regardless of the individual officer's state of mind, ‘as long
as the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify [the] action.’ ” (Emphasis sic.) Brigham
City, Utah v. Charles W. Stuart, et al, 547 U.S. at 404, 126 S.Ct. 1943, 164 L.Ed.2d 650
(2006) quoting Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128, 138, 98 S.Ct. 1717, 56 L.Ed.2d 168
(1978).
{¶ 24} Here, when viewed objectively, certainly there was a reasonable basis for
Officer Wright to believe Street could be in need of assistance, and that a welfare check
was prudent. Based on Gregorich's report, Street's driving was profoundly impaired.
Street could have been intoxicated, or she could have been in need of medical assistance.
We find Wright's entry into the Street's attached garage to check for occupants in the
Honda Accord, did not violate Street's Fourth Amendment protections.
Continuing the Investigation Stark County, Case Nos. 2019CA00096 & 2019CA00097 10
{¶ 25} Street further argues that once her husband told Officer Wright she was
sleeping, Wright's welfare check was complete. We disagree.
{¶ 26} As we have already determined, Wright was lawfully within Street's garage
to conduct a welfare check. What exactly happened after Mr. Street said his wife was
sleeping is unclear from the record, which merely indicates Street "ultimately came to
the door." T. 30. What is clear, however, is Officer Wright never entered the home and
did not force Street to come to the door. Further, when Wright stated he wanted to
conduct field sobriety testing, Street voluntarily went back inside to retrieve shoes, and
returned to the garage to cooperate with the testing. Based upon the record before us,
we conclude that Wright was justified in continuing his investigation upon the report
from dispatch and after finding no one in the Honda Accord.
{¶ 27} The sole assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Massillon
Municipal Court is affirmed.
By Wise, Earle, J.
Wise, John, P.J. and
Baldwin, J. concur.
EEW/rw