State v. Stead

Opinion

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. NO. 33,098 5 NELSON STEAD, 6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Stan Whitaker, District Judge

9 Gary K. King, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM

11 for Appellee

12 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 13 Kathleen T. Baldridge, Assistant Appellate Defender 14 Santa Fe, NM

15 for Appellant 16 MEMORANDUM OPINION 17 ZAMORA, Judge.

1 {1} Defendant appeals following his conviction at a jury trial on four counts of 2 criminal sexual penetration of a minor in the second degree (child under 13) and three 3 counts of false imprisonment, contending that the district court erred in not granting 4 a mistrial following defense objections to two questions by the prosecutor that 5 allegedly “prejudicially touched on Defendant’s Fifth Amendment right to remain 6 silent.” [DS 6-7] This Court issued a calendar notice proposing summary affirmance. 7 Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition to this Court’s notice of proposed 8 disposition and a motion to amend the docketing statement, both of which we have 9 duly considered. Unpersuaded, we affirm. 10 {2} In our calendar notice, we examined the content and context of the prosecutor’s 11 questions and the witness’s sole answer and we proposed to determine that the 12 comments on Defendant’s silence in this case appear to have been, at most, indirect 13 and ambiguous. [CN 6] In the present case, like in State v. Baca, 1976-NMSC-015, 14 ¶ 5, 89 N.M. 204, 549 P.2d 282, the prosecutor’s first question was in regard to 15 whether the police officer had interviewed Defendant. However, unlike in Baca where 16 the officer’s response directly addressed the defendant’s invocation of his Miranda 17 rights, the witness in the current case was unable to answer the question due to a 18 sustained objection. Likewise, the officer’s testimony in response to the prosecutor’s

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1 question as to whether she had met with Defendant face to face did not contain any 2 information directly regarding Defendant’s silence. 3 {3} In his memorandum in opposition, Defendant points us to State v. Lara, 1975- 4 NMCA-095, ¶ 10, 88 N.M. 233, 539 P.2d 623, for the proposition that “[i]f [the] 5 defendant’s silence lacks significant probative value, any reference to defendant’s 6 silence has an intolerable prejudicial impact requiring reversal.” [MIO 9] However, 7 we recognize that our Supreme Court in Baca found it “necessary to distinguish and 8 limit [Lara] to those situations where the prosecutor is directly responsible for the 9 improper comment on the defendant’s silence.” Baca, 1976-NMSC-015, ¶ 3. While 10 Defendant asserts that “the State twice elicited from the lead detective a comment on 11 [Defendant’s] silence” [MIO 8], this conclusory statement does not distinguish the 12 prosecutor’s questions in this case from the question asked in Baca. We note that the 13 Court in Baca did not characterize the prosecutor’s question as directly eliciting a 14 response on the defendant’s silence, but rather analyzed the content of the witness’s 15 answer. Id. ¶¶ 5-6. Therefore, we conclude that here, as in Baca, the prosecutor’s 16 questions did not directly elicit a response from Detective Chavez regarding 17 Defendant’s silence. 18 {4} Additionally, the content of Detective Chavez’s testimony included no response 19 to the first question—due to the sustained objection—and the statement “I did not” in

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1 response to the second question. [DS 5] In light of the foregoing, and relying on 2 Baca’s observation that “[w]e are unwilling to go so far as to say that any comment 3 on the defendant’s silence must result in a mistrial, or a reversal of the defendant’s 4 conviction[,]” id. ¶ 5, we are not convinced that the district court abused its discretion 5 in denying Defendant’s motion for a mistrial in this case. 6 {5} Furthermore, in regard to Defendant’s contention that the prosecutor’s 7 questions “prejudicially touched on Defendant’s Fifth Amendment right to remain 8 silent” [DS 6-7], we explained in our calendar notice that we are unaware of any 9 authority that extends the Fifth Amendment’s due process clause protection against 10 prosecutorial comment to a defendant’s pre-arrest and pre-Miranda silence. [CN 5] 11 Thus, we proposed to hold that even if the prosecutor’s questions did elicit a response 12 on Defendant’s silence, the comments themselves did not implicate Defendant’s right 13 to remain silent as protected by the Fifth Amendment, and therefore, were not 14 improper. [CN 5] In response, Defendant has not provided us with any authority to 15 establish that pre-arrest and pre-Miranda silence is protected by the Fifth Amendment, 16 and in fact candidly cites us to Salinas v. Texas, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 2174 (2013), 17 for the proposition that “the use of pre-arrest silence as substantive evidence is not a 18 violation of a [d]efendant’s Fifth Amendment rights.” [MIO 7-9] {6} Instead, 19 Defendant points us to Degraff, 2006-NMSC-011, ¶ 15, 139 N.M. 211, 131 P.3d,

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1 where the Court stated that in the absence of controlling federal law, comments on 2 silence are still subject to the rules of evidence. [MIO 8] Without determining whether 3 Salinas controls in this case, we observe that it is unclear from the docketing statement 4 and the memorandum in opposition whether Defendant made a particular evidentiary 5 objection to the prosecutor’s questions at trial, or whether the objections at trial were 6 more generally linked to the alleged Fifth Amendment violation. 7 {7} In an attempt to clarify, Defendant has provided this Court with a motion to 8 amend his docketing statement to include “a Rule 11-403 challenge to the testimony 9 on [Defendant’s] pre-arrest silence.” [MIO 1] See Rule 12-208(F) NMRA (permitting 10 the amendment of the docketing statement based upon good cause shown); State v. 11 Rael, 1983-NMCA-081, ¶¶ 15-16, 100 N.M. 193, 668 P.2d 309 (setting out 12 requirements for a successful motion to amend the docketing statement). The essential 13 requirements to show good cause for our allowance of an amendment to an appellant’s 14 docketing statement are: (1) that the motion be timely, (2) that the new issue sought 15 to be raised was either (a) properly preserved below or (b) allowed to be raised for the 16 first time on appeal, and (3) the issues raised are viable. See State v. Moore, 1989- 17 NMCA-073, ¶ 42, 109 N.M. 119, 782 P.2d 91, overruled on other grounds by State 18 v. Salgado, 1991-NMCA-044, ¶ 2, 112 N.M. 537, 817 P.2d 730.

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1 {8} Defendant’s motion to amend purports to explain how this issue was preserved 2 in the district court. See Rael, 1983-NMCA-081, ¶¶ 15 (requiring a motion to amend 3 the docketing statement to include those issues sought to be added and “how they 4 were preserved” or showing “why they did not have to be preserved”). Specifically, 5 Defendant states that “[t]rial counsel moved in limine to prevent the State from 6 eliciting comments on [Defendant’s] pre-arrest silence from Detective Chavez.” [MIO 7 8] However, our examination of the motion itself [RP 89-91] and the quoted excerpt 8 in Defendant’s memorandum in opposition [MIO 2] reveal that not to be the case. 9 While Defendant moved to exclude “[a]ny comments made by [] Defendant when 10 Detective Chavez called Defendant over the telephone” pursuant to Rule 11-403 [MIO 11 2], there is no reference to Defendant’s silence or to the fact that Defendant did not 12 schedule a face to face interview with Detective Chavez. We see no reason to construe 13 this motion in limine to encompass Defendant’s silence when it clearly refers only to 14 statements made by Defendant. Therefore, we conclude that the Rule 11-403 issue was 15 not preserved by Defendant’s motion in limine. 16 {9} As to the viability of the issue, Defendant points us to Lara’s statement 17 regarding the “intolerable prejudicial impact” of references to Defendant’s silence. 18 1975-NMSC-095, ¶ 10. However, as explained above, this case is distinguishable 19 from Lara in that the comments on Defendant’s silence, if any, were not directly

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1 elicited by the prosecutor. Defendant’s argument is blunted further by our Supreme 2 Court’s recognition that ambiguous and indirect comments, like those in this case, 3 “are less likely to call a jury’s attention to the defendant’s exercise of his rights.” 4 DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-011, ¶ 8 (internal citation omitted). Consequently, given the 5 content and context of the prosecutor’s questions and the resultant answers, we are not 6 persuaded that Rule 11-403 would have demanded a different result. This is especially 7 the case where, as we noted in our calendar notice, the comments did not rise to the 8 level where the district court’s offered curative instruction would not have sufficiently 9 alleviated any prejudice to Defendant. [CN 6] See State v. Armijo, 2014-NMCA-013, 10 ¶ 9, 316 P.3d 902 (“[G]enerally, a prompt admonition from the court to the [j]ury to 11 disregard and not consider inadmissible evidence sufficiently cures any prejudicial 12 effect which might otherwise result.”) (alterations in original) (internal quotation 13 marks and citation omitted). Defendant’s citation to Armijo for the proposition that the 14 general rule does not apply where “inadmissible testimony [is] intentionally elicited 15 by the prosecution,” id. (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation 16 omitted) is not convincing given our determination that the prosecution in this case 17 did not elicit the comment on Defendant’s silence. Because we do not find that the 18 issue is viable, we deny Defendant’s motion to amend the docketing statement.

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1 {10} Finding no error on the part of the district court, we need not address the issue 2 of harmless error. Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, as well as those provided 3 in our calendar notice, we affirm. 4 {11} IT IS SO ORDERED.

5 _______________________________ 6 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge

7 WE CONCUR:

8 __________________________________ 9 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge

10 __________________________________ 11 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge