[Cite as State v. Starcher, 2015-Ohio-5250.]
COURT OF APPEALS STARK COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES: : : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. John W. Wise, J. : Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J. -vs- : : Case No. 2015CA00058 : KENNETH REED STARCHER : : : Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, case no. 2014CR1064
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: December 14, 2015
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee: For Defendant-Appellant:
JOHN D. FERRERO, JR. KENNETH J. LEWIS STARK CO. PROSECUTOR 1220 West 6th St. RENEE M. WATSON Ste. 502 110 Central Plaza South, Ste. 510 Cleveland, OH 44113 Canton, OH 44702-1413 Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 2
Delaney, J.
{¶1} Appellant Kenneth Reed Starcher appeals from the March 24, 2015
Judgment Entry of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas. Appellee is the state of
Ohio.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶2} The United States, Australia, and Russia are members of a Mutual Legal
Assistance Treaty whereby member nations share information about internet traffic on
websites including IMGSRC.RU, a Russian file-sharing site known to U.S. Homeland
Security as a repository for child pornography.
{¶3} On November 6, 2013, “Reed8082@gmail.com,” an individual seeking to
trade images of child pornography via IMGSRC.RU, contacted an Australian undercover
agent. The Australian agent communicated with Reed8082 for two days and advised
U.S. Homeland Security the individual was believed to be American and actively sought
images of child pornography.
{¶4} Homeland Security agents obtained user information from Russian
website administrators on the account Reed8082@gmail.com indicating the user
established the account in July 2013 and visited the site 17 times between July and
November 2013. Agents linked the account to appellant via social media accounts and
appellant’s photo attached to the Gmail address matching his photo in a law
enforcement database. Appellant was found to be living at an address in Canton, Ohio
with his girlfriend.
{¶5} On November 21, 2013, agents went to appellant’s residence and asked
to speak with him. Appellant was not arrested or placed into custody and voluntarily Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 3
spoke with agents. He claimed he began searching the internet for child pornography in
September 2013, leading him to IMGSRC.RU where he established an account as
Reed8082@gmail.com.
{¶6} Appellant admitted he made contact with a user named “Lodi” who
provided him with a password to a Photobucket account containing images of child
pornography. Appellant downloaded videos and photographs. Appellant admitted he
recently spoke to a user from Australia. He voluntarily turned over his cell phone and
laptop for investigation and signed a consent-to-search form. Agents did a preliminary
search at the residence and discovered images of “child erotica” and animated child
pornography on appellant’s laptop. The electronics were seized for further review.
{¶7} Appellant accompanied agents to the Canton office of the F.B.I. and
voluntarily agreed to speak to Special Agent Paul Pape. Appellant told Pape he
searched for and downloaded images of child pornography and gave agents permission
to assume his online identity. Agents confirmed appellant was the individual who
communicated with the Australian agent and appellant possessed an image sent to him
by the Australian agent. Appellant admitted he viewed the videos and images and said
he immediately deleted them.
{¶8} Forensic analysis of appellant’s cell phone yielded three videos of graphic
sexual abuse of children and 31 photo images of “pre-pubescent” children being
sexually abused. Images deleted by appellant were still retained on the hard drive of
the devices.
{¶9} Agents submitted the images to a law enforcement database tracking
victims and offenders of child pornography. All three videos and 12 of the photographic Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 4
images contained images of victims positively identified and known to law enforcement
as children who were “underage” at the time the images were captured. The remaining
victims were not identified. Appellant does not appear in the images.
{¶10} Agents created a disk of the material that was entered into evidence as
State’s Exhibit 7.
{¶11} Appellant was charged by indictment with one count of pandering sexually
oriented matter involving a minor pursuant to R.C. 2907.322(A)(6), a felony of the
second degree; and 21 counts of pandering sexually oriented matter involving a minor
pursuant to R.C. 2907.322(A)(5), all felonies of the fourth degree. Appellant entered
pleas of not guilty and the case proceeded to pretrial litigation. Appellant filed a motion
to suppress and at one point entered pleas of guilty. The trial court set the matter for
sentencing pending a pre-sentence investigation (P.S.I.).
{¶12} Appellant then filed a motion to vacate his guilty pleas because he
“changed his mind” (Motion to Vacate Plea Pursuant to Criminal Rule 32.1, page 3).
Appellee responded with a motion in opposition and the trial court scheduled a hearing,
following which the trial court permitted appellant to withdraw his guilty pleas.
{¶13} The case proceeded to trial by jury before a visiting judge. Pursuant to
leave of court, appellee entered a nolle prosequi upon counts 20 and 21, pandering
sexually oriented matter involving a minor pursuant to R.C. 2907.322(A)(5), both
felonies of the fourth degree. Appellant was otherwise found guilty as charged and the
trial court deferred sentencing to March 18, 2014.
{¶14} Appellant filed a sentencing memorandum on March 18, 2014 and a
sentencing hearing was held. Appellant argued he took responsibility for his actions, Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 5
cooperated with law enforcement, had strong family support, passed a polygraph
purporting to establish he did not abuse his own children, was a former Marine, and had
a consistent work history. Appellee pointed out, however, that appellant was convicted
of sexual battery against an adult victim in 2003 and failure to register in 2009.
Although not chargeable offenses, appellant also possessed 80 images of “child erotica”
and animated child pornography on his laptop. Finally, the investigation revealed
appellant’s sexual urges toward children.
{¶15} The trial court noted it reviewed and applied the applicable sentencing
statutes along with appellant’s sentencing memorandum. The trial court observed that
the former judge over the proceedings found 9 years to be a suitable sentence when
appellant had initially entered pleas of guilty. Having listened to the evidence at trial,
though, including viewing the images and videos, the trial court stated the evidence
could not have been more repugnant; the fact that agents could identify some of the
victims in the videos and images demonstrated the pernicious viability of child
pornography. Even once victims are identified and offenders are prosecuted, the
images take on a life of their own as they are shared over and over again, re-victimizing
children and perpetuating sexual enslavement. The trial court found it particularly
egregious that a former Marine made a conscious decision to victimize children. Finally,
the court noted appellant’s history of prior felony convictions.
{¶16} The trial court sentenced appellant to an aggregate prison term of 12
years and classified him as a Tier II offender.
{¶17} Appellant now appeals from the judgment entry of conviction and
sentence. Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 6
{¶18} Appellant raises one assignment of error:
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
{¶19} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN
SENTENCING APPELLANT TOO HARSHLY.”
ANALYSIS
{¶20} In his sole assignment of error, appellant argues the sentence is unduly
harsh, disproportionate, and constitutes an abuse of discretion. We disagree.
Our Standard of Review for Felony Sentences
{¶21} In State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 896 N.E.2d 124, 2008–Ohio–4912,
the Ohio Supreme Court established a two-step procedure for reviewing a felony
sentence. The first step is to “examine the sentencing court's compliance with all
applicable rules and statutes in imposing the sentence to determine whether the
sentence is clearly and convincingly contrary to law.” Kalish at ¶ 4. If the first step is
satisfied, the second step requires the trial court's decision be reviewed under an
abuse-of-discretion standard. Id.
{¶22} This district still relies upon Kalish's two-step standard of review because
it provides a meaningful framework for evaluating felony sentences, permitting us to
honor the sentencing discretion of trial courts while ensuring those sentences comply
with applicable statutes. State v. Bailey, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 14-COA-008, 2014-Ohio-
5129, ¶ 19. Other appellate districts which now reject the Kalish two-step standard of Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 7
review find only R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) is applicable and the abuse-of-discretion standard
of review is no longer allowed.1
{¶23} R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) provides two grounds for an appellate court to
overturn the imposition of consecutive sentences: (1) the sentence is “otherwise
contrary to law”; or (2) the appellate court, upon its review, clearly and convincingly
finds that “the record does not support the sentencing court's findings” under R.C.
2929.14(C)(4). We have recognized that “[w]here the record lacks sufficient data to
justify the sentence, the court may well abuse its discretion by imposing that sentence
without a suitable explanation.” State v. Firouzmandi, 5th Dist. Licking No.2006–CA–41,
2006–Ohio–5823, ¶ 52.
Appellant’s Sentence is Neither Contrary to Law nor an Abuse of Discretion
{¶24} A trial court has discretion to impose any sentence within the statutory
range. State v. Mathis, 109 Ohio St.3d 54, 2006–Ohio–855, 846 N.E.2d 1. The
sentence imposed here is within the range permitted by law for felonies of the second
and fourth degrees.
{¶25} Appellant’s sentence upon Count I, a felony of the second degree, is the
maximum sentence of 8 years. Subsequent to the Ohio Supreme Court's Foster
decision, “[t]he decision to impose the maximum sentence is simply part of the trial
court's overall discretion in issuing a felony sentence and is no longer tied to mandatory
fact-finding provisions.” State v. Parsons, 7th Dist. Belmont No. 12 BE 11, 2013–Ohio–
1281, ¶ 14.
1 See, e.g., State v. Zanders, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99146, 2013-Ohio-3619, ¶ 12 [“* * * our review of a defendant's sentence is not an abuse of discretion.”] Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 8
{¶26} On the record at the sentencing hearing and in the journal entry, the trial
court noted it considered the purposes and principles of sentencing contained in R.C.
2929.11 and considered the seriousness factors of R.C. 2929.12. The trial court cited
the relevant factors at the sentencing hearing as described in the statement of facts,
supra. The prison term of 8 years is within the statutory range for the offense of
pandering sexually oriented matter involving a minor pursuant to R.C. 2907.322(A)(6), a
felony of the second degree [Count I]; the prison terms of 18 months each upon Counts
II and III, and 12 months each upon Counts IV through XIX and Count XXII are within
the statutory range for pandering sexually oriented matter involving a minor pursuant to
R.C. 2907.322(A)(5), felonies of the fourth degree. The sentences are therefore in
accordance with law. R.C. 2929.13(B) and (D).
Appellant’s Sentence is supported by the Record
{¶27} We further find the sentence of the trial court is supported by the record
and does not constitute an abuse of discretion.
{¶28} Appellant takes issue with the consecutive sentences imposed in the
instant case. The presumption in Ohio is that sentences are to run concurrent, unless
the trial court makes the required findings for imposing consecutive sentence set forth in
R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). See, R.C. 2929.41(A).
{¶29} O.R.C. 2929.14(C) states:
(4) If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for
convictions of multiple offenses, the court may require the offender
to serve the prison terms consecutively if the court finds that the
consecutive service is necessary to protect the public from future Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 9
crime or to punish the offender and that consecutive sentences are
not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender's conduct
and to the danger the offender poses to the public, and if the court
also finds any of the following:
(a) The offender committed the multiple offenses while the offender
was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction imposed
pursuant to Section 2929.16, 2929.17 or 2929.18 of the Revised
Code, or was under post-release control for a prior offense.
(b) The harm caused by the multiple offenses was so great or
unusual that no single prison terms for any of the offenses
committed as part of a single course of conduct adequately reflects'
the seriousness of the offender's conduct.
(c) The offender's history of criminal conduct demonstrates that
consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from
future crime by the offender.
{¶30} 2011 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 86, which became effective on September 30,
2011, revived the language provided in former R.C. 2929.14(E) and moved it to R.C.
2929.14(C)(4). The revisions to the felony sentencing statutes now require a trial court
to make specific findings when imposing consecutive sentences.
{¶31} The Ohio Supreme Court recently addressed the requirements for
imposing consecutive sentences in a comprehensive fashion, finding a trial court must
make the findings mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the sentencing hearing and
incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry; the trial court has no obligation to state Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 10
reasons to support its findings. State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014–Ohio–3177,
16 N.E.3d 659, syllabus. The Court further explained “a word-for-word recitation of the
language of the statute is not required, and as long as the reviewing court can discern
that the trial court engaged in the correct analysis and can determine that the record
contains evidence to support the findings, consecutive sentences should be upheld.” Id.
at ¶ 29.
{¶32} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) requires the court to find that (1) consecutive
sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the
offender, (2) consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the
offender's conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public, and (3) at least
one of the three findings set forth in R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(a)-(c) applies.
Appellant’s Argument is based upon Merger, not Findings
{¶33} Appellant does not argue the trial court failed to make the requisite
findings, however.2 Instead, he argues consecutive sentences are contrary to law
because the offenses arose from the same conduct pursuant to R.C. 2941.25, the
allied-offenses statute. We note appellant never made an allied-offenses argument at
trial and only summarily states here that the offenses should have merged for
sentencing. We have previously found an appellant's failure to raise a claim that
offenses are allied offenses of similar import in the trial court constitutes a waiver of the
2 As appellee points out, appellant argues the trial court wrongfully found “at least two of the multiple offenses were committed as one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the offenses was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the offenses committed adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct,” citing to page 22 of the sentencing transcript. (Brief, 7-8). Upon our review, these findings do not appear at page 22 or anywhere else in the sentencing transcript. Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 11
claimed error. State v. Haynes, 5th Dist. Richland No. 2009 CA 0031, 2010-Ohio-944, ¶
12, citing State v. Comen, 50 Ohio St.3d 206, 553 N.E.2d 640 (1990). In the instant
case, however, we find appellant’s allied-offenses argument fails substantively.
{¶34} The Ohio Supreme Court recently clarified the test courts should employ
when deciding whether two or more offenses are allied offenses that merge into a single
conviction under R.C. 2941.25 in State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015–Ohio–995, 34
N.E.3d 892, ¶ 25, clarifying its decision in State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010–
Ohio–6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061 and describing that decision as “incomplete.” Id. at ¶ 16.
Johnson directed courts to focus on the defendant's conduct when evaluating whether
offenses are allied. The Ruff court maintained that when determining whether there are
allied offenses that merge into a single conviction, the court must first examine the
defendant's conduct. Ruff at ¶ 25. Multiple offenses do not merge if (1) the offenses are
dissimilar in import or significance, (2) the offenses were committed separately, or (3)
the offenses were committed with separate animus or motivation. Id. at syllabus. With
respect to the first factor, the court explained that two or more offenses are dissimilar
within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25(B) “when the defendant's conduct constitutes
offenses involving separate victims or if the harm that results from each offense is
separate and identifiable.” Id. at syllabus.
{¶35} We find the multiple offenses of pandering sexually oriented matter
involving a minor in the case do not merge. We thus join with multiple other Ohio
appellate court districts which have found that “multiple convictions are allowed for each
individual image because a separate animus exists every time a separate image or file
is downloaded and saved.” State v. Duhamel, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102346, 2015- Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 12
Ohio-3145, ¶ 62, citing State v. Mannarino, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98727, 2013–Ohio–
1795, ¶ 53; see also, State v. Eal, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP–460, 2012–Ohio–1373,
¶ 93. The selection of each individual video or image is a separate decision. Id.
{¶36} As observed in Duhamel, the children depicted in the images or videos
are the victims of the pandering offenses. Id., 2015-Ohio-3145, ¶ 61, citing State v.
Meadows, 28 Ohio St.3d 43, 49, 503 N.E.2d 697 (1986). Further,
[e]ach video and image presents a different child or group of
children. Individuals who view or circulate child pornography harm
the child in several ways (1) by perpetuating the abuse initiated by
the creator of the material, (2) by invading the child's privacy, and
(3) by providing an economic motive for producers of child
pornography. U.S. v. Norris, 159 F.3d 926 (5th Cir.1998). As
previously stated, the dissemination of child pornography
exacerbates and continues the exploitation and victimization of the
individual child. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 at 759, 102 S.Ct. 3348, 73
L.Ed.2d 1113; See also U.S. v. Sherman, 268 F.3d 539, 545 (7th
Cir.2001) (even a “passive consumer who merely receives or
possesses the images directly contributes to this continuing
victimization.”).
State v. Duhamel, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102346, 2015-Ohio-
3145, ¶ 61.
{¶37} Appellant’s convictions are not allied offenses of similar import because he
downloaded each file of child pornography with a separate animus, and each Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 13
downloaded file was a crime against a separate victim or victims. Id.; see also, State v.
Sanchez, 11th Dist. No. 98-A-0006, 1999 WL 270055 (Apr. 9, 1999), at 6; State v.
Yodice, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2001-L-155, 2002-Ohio-7344, ¶ 25; State v. Hendricks, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92213, 2009–Ohio–5556, ¶ 35; State v. Stone, 1st Dist. Hamilton
No. C–040323, 2005–Ohio–5206.
Appellant’s Sentence is not Unduly Harsh or Disproportionate
{¶38} Finally, appellant summarily argues his sentence is disproportionate to
those of similarly-situated individuals. A felony sentence should be proportionate to the
severity of the offense committed so as not to “shock the sense of justice in the
community.” State v. Chafin, 30 Ohio St.2d 13, 17, 282 N.E.2d 46; R.C. 2929.11(B). A
defendant alleging disproportionality in felony sentencing has the burden of producing
evidence to “indicate that his sentence is directly disproportionate to sentences given to
other offenders with similar records who have committed these offenses * * *.” State v.
Ewert, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2012–0002, 2012–Ohio–2671, ¶ 33, citing State v.
Breeden, 8th Dist. No. 84663, 2005–Ohio–510, ¶ 81.
{¶39} Appellant failed to provide any evidence his sentence is constitutionally
disproportionate. Instead, in the trial court, he presented a list of cases involving sex
crimes against children with relatively light sentences. When sentencing an offender,
though, each case stands on its own unique facts. Thus, another court has concluded
that “[a] list of child pornography cases is of questionable value in determining whether
the sentences imposed are consistent for similar crimes committed by similar offenders
since it does not take into account all the unique factors that may distinguish one case Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 14
from another.” State v. Siber, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94882, 2011–Ohio–109, ¶ 15. In
this case, one such factor is appellant’s felony record.
{¶40} Appellant also argues the trial court did not place enough emphasis on
factors in mitigation, including his “genuine remorse and regret.” R.C. 2929.11 requires
trial courts to be guided by the overriding principles of felony sentencing. Those
purposes are “to protect the public from future crime by the offender and others and to
punish the offender using the minimum sanctions that the court determines accomplish
those purposes without imposing an unnecessary burden on state or local government
resources.” R.C. 2929.11(A). The court must “consider the need for incapacitating the
offender, deterring the offender and others from future crime, rehabilitating the offender,
and making restitution to the victim of the offense, the public, or both.” Id. R.C.
2929.11(B) further provides that “[a] sentence imposed for a felony shall be reasonably
calculated to achieve the two overriding purposes of felony sentencing * * *,
commensurate with and not demeaning to the seriousness of the offender's conduct
and its impact upon the victim, and consistent with sentences imposed for similar crimes
committed by similar offenders.”
{¶41} Despite appellant’s protestations of remorse, the trial court observed
appellant had prior felony convictions for sexual battery and failure to register. This
criminal history indicates appellant “failed to respond to prior sanctions for a similar
offense.” See R.C. 2929.14(D)(3) and State v. Baker, 7th Dist. Belmont No. 11-BE-40,
2013-Ohio-900, ¶ 18. The purposes of felony sentencing support the trial court’s
sentence in the instant case. Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 15
{¶42} The record supports the court's findings and sentence. In Duhamel, supra,
2015-Ohio-3145, the court cited New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 756, 102 S.Ct.
3348, 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982), recognizing the government's interest in safeguarding
the physical and psychological well-being of children and in preventing their sexual
exploitation:
Every video or image of child pornography on the internet
constitutes a permanent record of that particular child's sexual
abuse. The harm caused by these videos is exacerbated by their
circulation. Id. The videos in [appellant’s] library show eight, nine,
and ten-year old girls being vaginally raped by adult men. Adult
men are seen video-recording and photographing young girls while
they are being molested, raped, and abused. These videos are far
worse than solitary photographs of naked children, which are
themselves harmful to the child victims. [Appellant] downloaded the
videos at different times as part of a course of conduct. Therefore,
the record supports the court's finding that consecutive sentences
are proportionate to the seriousness of [appellant’s] crimes, are
necessary to punish [appellant] for his multiple downloads of child
pornographic material, and to protect the public.
3145, ¶ 55.
{¶43} The factors relevant in Duhamel unfortunately apply in the instant case.
The trial court noted factors it considered at sentencing and specifically stated that it Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 16
considered the purposes and principles of sentencing under R.C. 2929.11, as well as
the sentencing factors in R.C. 2929.12. The transcript of the sentencing hearing and
resulting judgment entry indicate the trial court engaged in the appropriate analysis and
made the required findings. Rather than establishing error, the record supports the trial
court's sentence of 12 years.
{¶44} Appellant's sole assignment of error is thus overruled.
CONCLUSION
{¶45} Appellant’s sole assignment of error is overruled and the judgment of the
Stark County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed. Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00058 17
By: Delaney, J. and
Gwin, P.J.
Wise, J., concur.