[Cite as State v. Sowders, 2023-Ohio-4498.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-230153 TRIAL NO. B-2104918 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :
CHRISTOPHER SOWDERS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 13, 2023
Melissa A. Powers, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Judith Anton Lapp, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Santen & Hughes and H. Louis Sirkin, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
BERGERON, Judge.
{¶1} When a defendant fails to raise an evidentiary objection at trial, whether
because they failed to appreciate the problem or as a matter of trial strategy, they are
often hamstrung on appeal and limited to plain error review. A bodycam video
featuring defendant-appellant Christopher Sowders possessing a handgun five days
prior to the crimes for which he was convicted, notwithstanding its shaky evidentiary
foundation, fails to clear the high bar of plain error in this appeal. Further, we find no
ineffective assistance of counsel, no convincing argument that his convictions were
against the manifest weight of the evidence, and no constitutional violations in the
Reagan Tokes Law sentencing scheme. We therefore affirm his convictions for
aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, and kidnapping, all with firearm
specifications.
I.
{¶2} On the morning of August 11, 2021, two men hid in the backyard of
Elizabeth Ventre, a public school teacher. According to her, when she stepped outside
to check on her dogs, the men, one Black and one white, approached her and forced
her back into the home, brandishing firearms and pointing them near her face. They
demanded to know where her son, Charlie, kept his money in the house, insisting that
he owed them a debt. The white man, later identified as Mr. Sowders, gave his
accomplice zip ties and ordered him to tie up Ms. Ventre’s wrists in her bedroom. At
one point, she tried to escape out the front door, but she claims Mr. Sowders and his
accomplice tackled her, causing injuries. Rummaging through the house, the men
opened jewelry boxes, a safe, and other containers, all the while threatening her and
admonishing her not to call the police. At one point, Mr. Sowders warned her that he
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
had killed before and would not hesitate to do so again, emphasizing that he would not
be leaving the house empty-handed. She maintained that he and his accomplice had
guns with them “the whole time.”
{¶3} Panicked, Ms. Ventre told him that she had money in a bank account.
With her assistance, he used her laptop to add a cash advance to her checking account,
bringing its total to over $10,000. After the men forced her to put on street clothes,
the three of them drove in her car to a PNC Bank branch. As confirmed by a neighbor’s
doorbell camera, Mr. Sowders drove, with Ms. Ventre in the passenger seat and the
accomplice in the back. They were trailed by another accomplice, Vincente Quinones,
who drove a white Dodge Charger and assisted the men over the phone throughout the
ordeal. At the bank, Mr. Sowders told Ms. Ventre to withdraw $10,000 cash and to
act normal, adding that if she tried to alert the tellers about the situation, he would
shoot her and flee. As established by the recorded bank footage, he stayed physically
close to Ms. Ventre, walking her into the bank as she requested the money and signed
a slip. The teller testified that Mr. Sowders told her that Ms. Ventre was his
grandmother and that she was buying him a car. They returned to the car with the
cash, but Mr. Sowders did not stop there. He drove around to multiple ATMs and
banks, captured on various ATM and bank videos, withdrawing Ms. Ventre’s cash
while keeping her close in the vehicle.
{¶4} After several hours, the men parked the vehicle in a Kroger parking lot.
Mr. Sowders told Ms. Ventre to lay on the floor in the back seat and ordered her to stay
there for 20 minutes while the men fled. He warned her not to call the police,
otherwise he would kill her and her son, reminding her that they had taken photos of
their identification documents. She waited, then drove to her father’s home to take
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
him to a medical appointment and did not mention the attack, not wanting to disrupt
her father’s care with her kidnapping. After that, she returned to her neighborhood
and told a neighbor that she had been robbed. A friend later convinced her to call the
police, and the investigation began.
{¶5} At trial, Mr. Sowders’ counsel conceded in opening and closing
statements that his client was one of the men who visited Ms. Ventre’s house on August
11, citing the state’s DNA, cell phone, and video evidence proving his presence at her
home that morning. Defense counsel pursued the theory that Ms. Ventre voluntarily
went along with Mr. Sowders and willingly withdrew money to repay her son’s debt.
Crucially, though, he contested Ms. Ventre’s claims that he possessed and used a
firearm throughout the morning, a fact the state relied on in pursuing firearm
specifications on each of the three charges.
{¶6} Despite Mr. Sowders’ concessions on identity, the state introduced
layers of evidence proving his involvement in the attack. Investigators’ first
breakthrough was a DNA swab taken from a water bottle in Ms. Ventre’s home, which
established a likely match for Mr. Sowders’ DNA taken from a 2013 crime scene in
Indiana. In that case, he was acquitted of burglary and murder charges, facts never
learned by the jury in the present case. With a warrant, police searched Mr. Sowders’
phone records and concluded that he rented a white Dodge Charger that matched the
vehicle driven by Mr. Quinones, the second accomplice in the attack. After a grand
jury indictment, police arrested Mr. Sowders and searched his home in Louisville,
Kentucky, retrieving a Glock handgun and a rifle. They took a fresh DNA sample,
which matched the DNA found on the water bottle.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶7} While coordinating with Louisville police to arrest Mr. Sowders and to
execute the search warrant, investigators obtained body-worn camera (“BWC”) video
from an August 6, 2021 incident involving him, just five days prior to the attack on Ms.
Ventre in Cincinnati. The video, recorded and provided by Louisville police, depicts
police officers approaching a white Dodge Charger with Mr. Sowders inside in the
driver seat, seemingly asleep, with a handgun in his lap. After officers pulled him from
the vehicle, handcuffed him, and took the handgun away for inspection, Mr. Sowders
told officers that he lives in a nearby apartment. He is shown sitting on the ground,
handcuffed, for several minutes, at times overcome with emotion. Officers explained
that they approached and secured him based on a concerned caller who witnessed him
and the gun in the car, but they later informed him that he broke no laws and was free
to go.
{¶8} The state used the video throughout trial, referencing it and photo stills
taken from the video during examination of several witnesses, showing the video to
the jury, and entering the full video into evidence after showing the video deposition
of the Louisville police officer who recorded it. Further, Mr. Quinones, who was
present inside Mr. Sowders’ apartment during the August 6 incident, testified about
what Mr. Sowders told him about the incident and the fact that Mr. Sowders kept guns
in the apartment. However, he also testified that he never saw Mr. Sowders with a gun
on the day of the attack, and the state’s lead detective added that he observed no guns
in the ATM and bank video footage.
{¶9} The jury convicted Mr. Sowders of aggravated robbery, aggravated
burglary, and kidnapping, all with firearm specifications. The court sentenced him to
30 to 34 ½ years in prison, merging one firearm specification with one of the others.
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
He appeals his convictions, asserting plain error regarding the Louisville BWC video
and regarding the state’s reference to evidence of his DNA recovered from the 2013
Indiana crime scene. Further, he challenges his convictions as against the manifest
weight of the evidence, advances an ineffective assistance of counsel claim concerning
the absence of a motion to suppress the 2013 DNA evidence, and cites facial
constitutional errors in Ohio’s Reagan Tokes Law, under which he was sentenced.
II.
{¶10} We first address Mr. Sowders’ arguments in his first assignment of error
that the trial court improperly admitted the Louisville BWC video and testimony
regarding the presence of DNA evidence at a 2013 crime scene in Indiana. He relies
primarily on Evid.R. 404, which generally bars evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
acts as pure propensity evidence—that is, when utilized to establish a person’s
character trait and their conformity in the present case with that trait. Evid.R.
404(B)(1); State v. Curry, 43 Ohio St.2d 66, 68, 330 N.E.2d 720 (1975). The state
relies on the exceptions to this general rule, found in Evid.R. 404(B)(2), which allows
for evidence of other acts for permissible, nonpropensity purposes, including “proving
motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of
mistake, or lack of accident.” Evid.R. 404(B)(2). In assessing evidence under Evid.R.
404(B), we first “evaluate whether the evidence is relevant to the particular purpose
for which it is offered,” which must not be based on propensity. (Emphasis sic.) State
v. Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214, 2020-Ohio-4440, 161 N.E.3d 651, ¶ 26; see State v.
McDaniel, 2021-Ohio-724, 168 N.E.3d 910, ¶ 17 (1st Dist.). To be relevant and
admissible under Evid.R. 404(B), the evidence also “must go to a ‘material’ issue that
is actually in dispute between the parties.” Hartman at ¶ 27, quoting Huddleston v. 6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
United States, 485 U.S. 681, 686, 108 S.Ct. 1496, 99 L.Ed.2d 771 (1988). We then
assess the evidence’s probative value against the prejudice of its admission under
Evid.R. 403(A), reviewing the trial court’s determination for an abuse of discretion.
Id. at ¶ 29-30; McDaniel at ¶ 17.
{¶11} Typically, determining whether evidence is offered for a permissible,
nonpropensity purpose under Evid.R. 404(B) presents a question of law, which this
court reviews de novo. Hartman at ¶ 22, citing Leonard, The New Wigmore: Evidence
of Other Misconduct and Similar Events, Section 4.10 (2d Ed.2019). However, Mr.
Sowders concedes that he failed to preserve any errors below relating to the video or
to the DNA evidence. Accordingly, we must apply a plain error standard of review:
Mr. Sowders must show that an error occurred, that the error was plain, meaning
“obvious,” and that the error affected his “substantial rights,” meaning it “affected the
outcome of the trial.” State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002);
Crim.R. 52(B). To show the error affected the outcome, the law requires the defendant
“demonstrate [] a reasonable probability that but for [the error], the outcome of the
trial would have been different.” State v. Mounts, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-210608,
2023-Ohio-3861, ¶ 48-52 (synthesizing recent Supreme Court of Ohio plain error
cases); see State v. Bailey, 171 Ohio St.3d 486, 2022-Ohio-4407, 218 N.E.3d 858, ¶ 8;
State v. Brunson, 171 Ohio St.3d 384, 2022-Ohio-4299, 218 N.E.3d 765, ¶ 25; State v.
West, 168 Ohio St.3d 605, 2022-Ohio-1556, 200 N.E.3d 1048, ¶ 22. We reverse the
trial court’s judgment based on plain error only “under exceptional circumstances and
only to prevent a miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d
804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus.
7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
A.
{¶12} Mr. Sowders claims the state introduced the Louisville BWC video for
propensity purposes—to convince the jury that because he possessed a firearm in the
video on August 6, 2021, he must be the type of person who carries firearms, and thus
he used one during the August 11 attack. The state asserts two nonpropensity purposes
for using the video: to prove Mr. Sowders’ identity, and to support Ms. Ventre’s
testimony that he used a handgun during the attack.
{¶13} The state’s identity argument strains under Hartman’s rule that the
nonpropensity purpose must relate to an actually disputed, material issue. See
Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214, 2020-Ohio-4440, 161 N.E.3d 651, at ¶ 27. Mr. Sowders’
concession to identity in opening statements, consistent with his entire theory of the
case that Ms. Ventre agreed to pay him to cover her son’s debt, supports his claim that
identity was not seriously in dispute. Indeed, the Hartman court held that the state’s
other acts evidence was not admissible to show modus operandi, and thus was not
admissible to prove identity, because the defense established during opening
statements that consent was their theory of the case and thus “identity was not an issue
in this case.” Id. at ¶ 39.
{¶14} The state’s alternative premise fares no better. In fact, the claim that
showing the video was important to prove that Mr. Sowders used a firearm in the
attack on Ms. Ventre leans into the type of propensity argument that the rules of
evidence seek to exclude. Even though his possession of a handgun five days prior to
the attack on Ms. Ventre might logically bolster the notion that he would possess and
use it during the robbery, Evid.R. 404(B) squarely rejects such arguments when they
rest on a character-based inference. In certain situations, such as when the other acts
8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
are “ ‘inextricably related to the alleged criminal act’ ” or “establish[] a modus operandi
applicable to the crime with which a defendant is charged,” Evid.R. 404(B) may make
room for their admission. State v. Lowe, 69 Ohio St.3d 527, 531, 634 N.E.2d 616
(1994), quoting Curry, 43 Ohio St.2d at 73, 330 N.E.2d 720. But even if the state had
a colorable argument as to either of these possible nonpropensity ends, they ultimately
collapse into the purpose of proving the assailant’s identity, an issue not in contention
here. See Lowe at 531. Of course, because trial counsel failed to object, the state never
had an opportunity to develop any of the Evid.R. 404(B) exceptions below.
{¶15} Ultimately, our review is cabined to plain error, and we can reverse only
upon concluding that any error was plain, and that, but for the error, the outcome of
the trial would have been different. West, 168 Ohio St.3d 605, 2022-Ohio-1556, 200
N.E.3d 1048, at ¶ 22; Mounts, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-210608, 2023-Ohio-3861, at
¶ 52. Even assuming, without deciding, that the trial court admitted the Louisville
BWC video in error, and that the error was plain, we resolve this question by
concluding there is no reasonable probability that, but for admission of the video, the
outcome of the trial would have been different. Mr. Sowders argues that, absent the
video, the jury would not have concluded that he possessed and brandished a firearm
during the attack, eliminating the basis for the firearm specifications and possibly for
the aggravated robbery and burglary convictions. But the jury had ample other
evidence that he used a gun—mainly Ms. Ventre’s testimony—and his opposing
evidence failed to undermine her claims. “ ‘A conviction may rest solely on the
testimony of a single witness, including the victim, if believed, and there is no
requirement that a victim’s testimony be corroborated to be believed.’ ” State v.
Mitchell, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-210675, 2022-Ohio-3713, ¶ 17, quoting State v.
9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Flores-Santiago, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108458, 2020-Ohio-1274, ¶ 38. Bolstering
this point, Mr. Quinones testified that Mr. Sowders kept guns in his apartment, and
the Louisville police retrieved firearms from that apartment during their search (and
none of that testimony was objected to). Thus, the jury learned about Mr. Sowders’
use or access to firearms through three different witnesses—independent of the video.
{¶16} Fulfilling their role as fact-finder, the jury found Ms. Ventre’s testimony
credible, and there is no reasonable probability the video tipped the scales against Mr.
Sowders. See Johnson v. Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d
463, ¶ 6 (“It is well settled that the responsibility of weighing the credibility of a witness
rests with the fact-finder.”). In short, the jury’s conclusion that Mr. Sowders used a
firearm to kidnap and rob Ms. Ventre was backed by significant evidence, and he failed
to demonstrate that the state’s use of the Louisville BWC video affected the outcome
of the trial. Although we do not decide whether its admission constituted error, any
potential error here did not create an “exceptional circumstance” warranting reversal
under plain error review. See Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804, at paragraph
three of the syllabus.
B.
{¶17} Mr. Sowders also challenges the admission of evidence relating to his
2013 charges of burglary and murder in Indiana, of which he was acquitted in 2014.
But across his briefs, he fails to show where in the record the state, as he claims,
“introduce[ed] the acquitted crime to establish Mr. Sowders’ identity.” Although Mr.
Sowders filed a motion in limine seeking to block any evidence of the 2013 charges and
the 2014 acquittals, the court never ruled on it, and our independent review of the
10 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
record fails to reveal when or how the jury might have been exposed to the fact he was
ever charged with crimes in that case.
{¶18} He first cites to Ms. Ventre’s testimony that “[Mr. Sowders] told me that
he killed somebody before,” and claims that she made additional suggestions about his
2013 charges. Later, in his reply brief, Mr. Sowders for the first time points to the trial
testimony of a detective, who stated that “I received a call from a detective in Indiana.
* * * The DNA from his crime scene matched our crime scene.” This statement was
admitted over defense counsel’s objection. Later, in response to the question, “[W]ere
you also give[n] a name of a possible suspect from the Indiana officer?” the detective
stated, “He did provide the name that was from their scene, which was—he said Jared
Sowders.” Regardless of whether these issues were properly presented in the appellate
brief, App.R. 16(A); 1st Dist. Loc.R. 16.1(A) (requiring an appellant to identify and
reference “the parts of the record demonstrating the alleged error”), Mr. Sowders
concedes that any error regarding the 2013 charges was not preserved and that we may
reverse only if we find plain error.
{¶19} At trial, Ms. Ventre testified at least twice to Mr. Sowders’ comment that
he had killed someone before, which was certainly probative to prove his threats of
deadly force. Evid.R. 801(D)(2) (admission by party-opponent not hearsay). But her
statements made no reference to any 2013 charges. Additionally, the detective’s
testimony about the DNA match from Indiana does not refer to any criminal charges,
nor to the nature of the crime scene from which the DNA was recovered. He makes no
mention of Mr. Sowders’ alleged bad acts from that case, minimizing the risk of any
unfair prejudice. At most, the jury learned that he was a “suspect” in some other case,
but even that paled in comparison to Ms. Ventre’s testimony. Therefore, even
11 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
assuming without deciding that the trial court erred in allowing references to the 2013
Indiana crime scene and DNA sample, and that the error was plain, Mr. Sowders failed
to show how the error affected the outcome of the trial.
{¶20} In sum, we find no plain error regarding the state’s use of the Louisville
BWC video or references to Mr. Sowders’ 2013 Indiana charges because he failed to
establish prejudice from their admission. Accordingly, we overrule the first
assignment of error.
III.
{¶21} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Sowders challenges his
conviction as against the manifest weight of the evidence, positing that
“inconsistencies, contradictions, and questionable actions” by Ms. Ventre undermined
her credibility and thus the judgment. Further, he claims that “without the wrongful
inclusion of other acts evidence admitted by the trial court,” her testimony would have
been insufficient for the jury to convict him.
{¶22} In reviewing whether the conviction runs counter to the manifest weight
of the evidence, we sit as a “thirteenth juror,” reviewing the evidence, the credibility of
witnesses, and the entire record. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678
N.E.2d 541 (1997). However, we can reverse the judgment only if the jury “clearly lost
its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485
N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Further, “it is well settled law that matters as to the
credibility of witnesses are for the trier of fact to resolve.” State v. Ham, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-170043, 2017-Ohio-9189, ¶ 21. And “when conflicting evidence is
presented at trial, a conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence 12 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
simply because the trier of fact believed the prosecution testimony.” State v. Lunsford,
12th Dist. Brown No. CA2010-10-021, 2011-Ohio-6529, ¶ 17.
{¶23} Even if we set the evidence relating to the Louisville BWC video and
references to the 2013 Indiana charges aside, the remaining evidence at trial does not
“weigh[] heavily against the conviction,” such that reversal and a new trial would be
necessary. See Martin at 175. Despite the minor inconsistencies in Ms. Ventre’s
testimony, the jury was free to believe her. Further, the state presented ample
evidence that Mr. Sowders and his accomplice waited in the early morning for a chance
to rush Ms. Ventre at her back door, forced their way into her home, used zip ties on
her, ransacked her home searching for cash, and threatened her into withdrawing
thousands in cash from multiple banks under threat of violence. Mr. Quinones and
video and photo evidence corroborated many aspects of Ms. Ventre’s testimony,
except for Mr. Sowders’ use of a firearm. But as explained above, Ms. Ventre’s
testimony sufficed to establish that he used a deadly weapon and threats of force to
obtain cash. Therefore, the convictions were not against the manifest weight of the
evidence, and we overrule the second assignment of error.
IV.
{¶24} In his third assignment of error, Mr. Sowders challenges his conviction
on the grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel, citing both the Sixth Amendment
to the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution. To prove
an ineffective assistance claim, the defendant must demonstrate both that “counsel’s
performance was deficient,” and that “the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d
674 (1984). To show prejudice, an appellant “must prove that there exists a reasonable
13 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
probability that, were it not for counsel’s errors, the result of the trial would have been
different.” State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 143, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989).
{¶25} Across Mr. Sowders’ brief, he at times seems to attack the performance
of trial counsel from his 2014 (successful) trial on the Indiana charges in addition to
the effectiveness of his trial counsel below here. We first note that any ineffective
assistance of counsel claim on appeal now can only relate to the trial court’s judgment
from which he now directly appeals, and we confine our analysis accordingly.
{¶26} To that end, he faults his trial counsel for failing to file some type of
motion to suppress DNA evidence collected in connection with the 2013 Indiana
charges that investigators relied on to identify Mr. Sowders after they discovered it
matched DNA recovered from the water bottle left inside Ms. Ventre’s home. He
broadly asserts a general “expectation of privacy” arising from his apparently mistaken
belief that his DNA record was expunged following his acquittal on those charges.
Ultimately, though, he fails to connect the dots from this claimed privacy interest to
trial counsel’s deficient assistance, and thus we are left with only the broad contours
of a constitutional argument that his counsel should have sought suppression of the
2013 DNA evidence. Citing no case law or theory supporting that argument, Mr.
Sowders fails to meet the first prong of the Strickland test on the state of this record.
See State v. Adams, 103 Ohio St.3d 508, 2004-Ohio-5845, 817 N.E.2d 29, ¶ 35 (To
prove deficiency on a suppression issue, a defendant “must establish that a basis
existed to suppress” the evidence.). We thus overrule the third assignment of error.
V.
{¶27} Finally, for his fourth assignment of error, Mr. Sowders challenges the
Reagan Tokes Law (“RTL”) sentencing scheme, under which he was sentenced, as a
14 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
facial violation of the separation of powers doctrine embedded in the Ohio
Constitution. He also claims that it facially violates procedural due process but does
not identify a particular constitutional provision or amendment. But this court and
the Supreme Court of Ohio considered and rejected these arguments—the RTL does
not violate the separation of powers principles embedded in the Ohio Constitution,
State v. Hacker, Slip Opinion No. 2023-Ohio-2535, ¶ 14, 25; State v. Searight, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-230060, 2023-Ohio-3584, ¶ 13, nor does the RTL violate procedural
due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
Hacker at ¶ 39-40; Searight at ¶ 11. Because Mr. Sowders makes no independent
arguments that either this court or the Ohio Supreme Court has not previously rejected
regarding the RTL, we overrule his fourth and final assignment of error.
* * *
{¶28} Having overruled all four assignments of error, we affirm Mr. Sowders’
convictions and the judgment of the trial court.
Judgment affirmed.
CROUSE, P.J., and ZAYAS, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.