Mr. Justice FisheR
delivered the opinion of the court.
The appellees were, about the first of July, 1843, appointed reporters of the decisions of the high court of errors and appeals, for the term of four years.
The statute of the 6th of February, 1841, Hutch. Code, 413, is as follows, to wit: “Hereafter the compensation of four dollars per page, for as many pages as are contained in one copy of each volume of the reports of the high court of errors and appeals, shall be allowed the reporter of said court, upon his depositing four hundred copies of each succeeding volume of said reports, neatly bound in calf and lettered, in the office of the secretary of state, as is now required by law.” The act of 1846 reduces this compensation to three dollars per page for reports to be thereafter prepared. The act also contains the following proviso, to wit: “ Provided, that this act shall not affect the. fifth volume of Smedes & Marshall’s Reports, now in press.”
After the passage of this law, and before the expiration of their term of office, the appellees prepared, caused to be printed, and otherwise to be executed according to law, and deposited in the office of the secretary of state, the sixth volume of Smedes & Marshall’s Reports. The manuscript of the seventh volume was also prepared during their said term; and the volume was in other respects afterwards executed and deposited with the secretary of state. For each of these volumes the reporters have received payment at three dollars per page, according to the provisions of the act of 1846.
The object sought by the bill is a decree against the State for the additional sum of one dollar per page, according to the stipulations of the act of 1841, the law in force regulating the compensation of the reporter at the time of the appellees’ appointment.
[49] The attorney-general, on behalf of the State, filed a demurrer to the bill, which was overruled by the chancellor; whence the cause comes into this court by appeal.
The counsel on the part of the appellees has argued that “ the business of reporting was not only under the act of 1841 and preceding laws an office, but it was a contract by which the reporter was to be paid a stipulated sum for a stipulated amount of work;” that “the office, by law, could not be taken from the incumbent for the period of four years; and during that period he was entitled to do all the work of reporting at a stipulated price, which amounted to a contract with him to pay so much money for certain work;” that “the act of February, 1846, therefore, can only have a prospective action, and apply to reporters after the term of complainants expired.”
The substance of these positions is this: That the act of 1841, the law in force regulating the compensation of the reporters at the date of the appellees’ appointment, entered into and constituted an essential ingredient in their contract with the State in accepting the office; so much so that it was not in the power of the legislature, during their said term of office, to repeal or modify the law. ,
That the appellees had a vested right, in one sense, in the office, a right to hold it for' the period of four yearsn,to the exclusion of every other person, and to receive its emoluments, maybe admitted. But this falls far short of settling the question at issue, whether these emoluments were immutably fixed by the act of 1841, or only such as the legislature in its wisdom, having a due regard to services already performed, might from time to time prescribe. For it may be true that the appellees had a vested right in the office; and it may also be true, as argued by counsel, that the legislature would have no power-, except by abolishing the office, to take it from the incumbents during their term, and yet be untrue that the legislature could ■not during this period modify or vary the compensation provided for in a previous law.
The distinction between the two questions is, that, in regard to the former, of a vested right in the office, the legislature would have no jurisdiction over the subject except in the man[50] ner stated, to abolish the office itself. The fact in such case to be ascertained would be, whether the incumbents had done an act which ought in law to result in a forfeiture of their office. To adjudge and pronounce upon which would not, according to the theory and structure of the government, fall legitimately within the scope of legislative action. The question, in its very nature, would be one for judicial decision ; and whether this decision should be made by one of the judicial tribunals of the country or by the senate, it would nevertheless be a judicial, and not a legislative sentence.
But how is it in regard to the other question, — of fees, salaries, or compensation of public officers 1 The right to enact the law on this subject in the first instance, and to modify it in all cases, not prohibited by either the constitution of the State or of the United States, so that it apply only to services thereafter to be rendered, rests exclusively with the legislature. No other department can exercise any jurisdiction whatever over the subject, unless it be to enforce obedience to the law.
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Mr. Justice FisheR
delivered the opinion of the court.
The appellees were, about the first of July, 1843, appointed reporters of the decisions of the high court of errors and appeals, for the term of four years.
The statute of the 6th of February, 1841, Hutch. Code, 413, is as follows, to wit: “Hereafter the compensation of four dollars per page, for as many pages as are contained in one copy of each volume of the reports of the high court of errors and appeals, shall be allowed the reporter of said court, upon his depositing four hundred copies of each succeeding volume of said reports, neatly bound in calf and lettered, in the office of the secretary of state, as is now required by law.” The act of 1846 reduces this compensation to three dollars per page for reports to be thereafter prepared. The act also contains the following proviso, to wit: “ Provided, that this act shall not affect the. fifth volume of Smedes & Marshall’s Reports, now in press.”
After the passage of this law, and before the expiration of their term of office, the appellees prepared, caused to be printed, and otherwise to be executed according to law, and deposited in the office of the secretary of state, the sixth volume of Smedes & Marshall’s Reports. The manuscript of the seventh volume was also prepared during their said term; and the volume was in other respects afterwards executed and deposited with the secretary of state. For each of these volumes the reporters have received payment at three dollars per page, according to the provisions of the act of 1846.
The object sought by the bill is a decree against the State for the additional sum of one dollar per page, according to the stipulations of the act of 1841, the law in force regulating the compensation of the reporter at the time of the appellees’ appointment.
[49] The attorney-general, on behalf of the State, filed a demurrer to the bill, which was overruled by the chancellor; whence the cause comes into this court by appeal.
The counsel on the part of the appellees has argued that “ the business of reporting was not only under the act of 1841 and preceding laws an office, but it was a contract by which the reporter was to be paid a stipulated sum for a stipulated amount of work;” that “the office, by law, could not be taken from the incumbent for the period of four years; and during that period he was entitled to do all the work of reporting at a stipulated price, which amounted to a contract with him to pay so much money for certain work;” that “the act of February, 1846, therefore, can only have a prospective action, and apply to reporters after the term of complainants expired.”
The substance of these positions is this: That the act of 1841, the law in force regulating the compensation of the reporters at the date of the appellees’ appointment, entered into and constituted an essential ingredient in their contract with the State in accepting the office; so much so that it was not in the power of the legislature, during their said term of office, to repeal or modify the law. ,
That the appellees had a vested right, in one sense, in the office, a right to hold it for' the period of four yearsn,to the exclusion of every other person, and to receive its emoluments, maybe admitted. But this falls far short of settling the question at issue, whether these emoluments were immutably fixed by the act of 1841, or only such as the legislature in its wisdom, having a due regard to services already performed, might from time to time prescribe. For it may be true that the appellees had a vested right in the office; and it may also be true, as argued by counsel, that the legislature would have no power-, except by abolishing the office, to take it from the incumbents during their term, and yet be untrue that the legislature could ■not during this period modify or vary the compensation provided for in a previous law.
The distinction between the two questions is, that, in regard to the former, of a vested right in the office, the legislature would have no jurisdiction over the subject except in the man[50] ner stated, to abolish the office itself. The fact in such case to be ascertained would be, whether the incumbents had done an act which ought in law to result in a forfeiture of their office. To adjudge and pronounce upon which would not, according to the theory and structure of the government, fall legitimately within the scope of legislative action. The question, in its very nature, would be one for judicial decision ; and whether this decision should be made by one of the judicial tribunals of the country or by the senate, it would nevertheless be a judicial, and not a legislative sentence.
But how is it in regard to the other question, — of fees, salaries, or compensation of public officers 1 The right to enact the law on this subject in the first instance, and to modify it in all cases, not prohibited by either the constitution of the State or of the United States, so that it apply only to services thereafter to be rendered, rests exclusively with the legislature. No other department can exercise any jurisdiction whatever over the subject, unless it be to enforce obedience to the law.
To test the correctness of the principle, then, we have only to inquire, first, whether the subject is one falling exclusively under the jurisdiction of the legislature. And, secondly, whether there is any thing in the state or federal. constitution, restraining legislative action in the particular case. All must admit the authority of the legislature over the subject. "Where, or in what clause of the state constitution, then, are we to look for a restraint upon the exercise of' this authority in regard to the reporter of the decisions of the high court ? None can be suggested. But it is said that the appellees are protected by that clause in the constitution of the United States which says, “ That no State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts.” Here we have but on.e inquiry to make; and that is, whether their claim is a “ contract ” in the sense and meaning of said clause. On this subject it is only necessary to refer to the elaborate and able opinion of the court in the Dartmouth College Case, 4 Wheat. 518. In that case the court said, “ That the framers of the constitution did not intend to restrain the States in the regulation of their civil institutions, adopted for internal government, and that the instrument they have given [51] us, is not to be so construed, may be admitted.” “ The provision in the constitution never has been understood to embrace other contracts, than those which respect property, or some object of value, and confer rights which may be asserted in a court of justice.” The court throughout the whole opinion recognize the distinction between the character of contracts protected by the constitution, and those which in one sense exist between the State and her officers. The latter have never been held or thought to receive any protection whatever from the constitutional provision. They are not, in either a technical or ordinary sense, contracts. In all contracts there must be mutuality,— both parties must be bound. They can only be dissolved, discharged, or performance dispensed with by their terms, or by consent of parties. If officers were placed in this situation, it would be difficult to see how they could resign their offices when they desired to relinquish public trusts. The proposition is so plain, that it only appears to be necessary to state it, to show that an officer’s salary, or compensation, is not of the description of contracts, the protection of which is provided for in the constitution.
We are therefore of opinion, that there is error in the decree, and that the same ought to be reversed.
Decree reversed, and bill dismissed.