1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Filing Date: March 25, 2009
3 NO. 31,049
4 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
5 Plaintiff-Appellee,
6 v.
7 KAREN SMALLWOOD,
8 Defendant-Appellant.
9 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY 10 Michael Eugene Vigil, District Judge
11 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 12 Lelia Lorraine Hood, Assistant Public Defender 13 Santa Fe, NM
14 for Appellant
15 Gary K. King, Attorney General 16 Nicole Beder, Assistant Attorney General 17 Santa Fe, NM
18 for Appellee
19 DECISION
20 SERNA, Justice.
21 {1} Karen Smallwood (Defendant) pled no contest to felony murder, NMSA 1978,
22 § 30-2-1(A)(2) (1963), though she reserved her right to appeal the district court’s 1 denial of her motion to suppress. She argues that the warrantless seizure of her car
2 was unreasonable under both the New Mexico and federal constitutions and that the
3 warrant authorizing the search of her car was not supported by probable cause. See
4 U.S. Const. amend IV; N.M. Const. Art. II, § 10. We affirm.
5 I. FACTS
6 {2} On October 13, 2004, Ursula Duran (Victim) was found shot to death at her
7 aunt and uncle’s house in Santa Fe. Nine millimeter projectiles and casings were
8 found at the scene. Victim’s purse, checkbook, ATM card, keys, and a roll of quarters
9 were missing from the house.
10 {3} When Detective Bill Johnson obtained Victim’s bank records, they showed that
11 there had been multiple ATM withdrawals subsequent to the time of Victim’s death,
12 one just minutes after the time that police suspected Victim was shot. In viewing the
13 surveillance videos from three ATM machines, police identified Defendant as the
14 individual using Victim’s ATM card. In one of the videos, Defendant was seen
15 driving a silver 1997 Saturn with Arizona license plate 390KMM.
16 {4} An informer, Sharon Clahchischillage, told Detective Johnson that Defendant
17 had a storage unit in Santa Fe and that she possibly had been sleeping in it.
18 Clahchischillage also told police that when she knew Defendant in the past, Defendant
19 had shown her a semi-automatic pistol that she owned. Another informer, Elizabeth
20 Findling, told Detective Johnson that Defendant had mentioned that “she would live
21 in a storage shed if she could get away with it.”
2 1 {5} Investigators confirmed that Defendant had a storage unit and identified its
2 location. The storage facility’s records showed that Defendant entered the storage unit
3 approximately one-half hour after the time that police suspected Victim was shot and
4 when Defendant first used Victim’s ATM card. At that time, Defendant paid several
5 months’ rental fee for her unit in cash. The records also showed that Defendant
6 entered the storage unit early the following morning after another use of Victim’s
7 ATM card.
8 {6} After obtaining a search warrant for Defendant’s storage unit, Detective
9 Johnson entered it and found nearly two hundred spent nine millimeter casings and
10 projectiles. He also found information leading to a relative of Defendant in New York
11 who provided an address where Defendant was staying with other family members in
12 Florida.
13 {7} Detective Johnson contacted Florida law enforcement and requested assistance
14 in locating and arresting Defendant pursuant to an outstanding arrest warrant for the
15 fraudulent use of Victim’s ATM card.
16 {8} At 8:00 p.m. on Friday, October 29, 2004, Florida law enforcement officers
17 went to the address where they believed Defendant was staying to check whether her
18 vehicle was there. The vehicle was there, though it is unclear from the record whether
19 it was located on the street or on Defendant’s relatives’ property. There is no
20 evidence that the vehicle was parked illegally or otherwise subject to removal. When
21 the officers consulted vehicle registration records, the car was listed as belonging to
3 1 Defendant.
2 {9} The officers knocked on the door of the residence and Defendant’s relative
3 answered. The relative confirmed that Defendant was inside and gave his consent for
4 the officers to enter and arrest Defendant and to search and seize her belongings in the
5 home.
6 {10} At 9:40 p.m., though they did not have a warrant to seize Defendant’s vehicle,
7 the officers had the vehicle towed to the county sheriff’s office, per the request of
8 Detective Johnson from Santa Fe. Detective Johnson later testified that he directed
9 the Florida police to seize the vehicle without a warrant because he was unfamiliar
10 with the process of obtaining a warrant over the weekend in Florida and he wanted to
11 be present when the vehicle was searched. The vehicle was apparently not searched
12 over the weekend. Detective Johnson flew to Florida and, on the morning of Monday,
13 October 31, 2004, assisted the Florida police with obtaining a search warrant for
14 Defendant’s car. The ensuing search produced evidence inculpating Defendant in
15 both Victim’s murder and the unauthorized use of Victim’s ATM card, including a
16 nine millimeter pistol, ammunition, and eight hundred dollars in twenty dollar bills.
17 {11} Defendant was indicted for murder, aggravated burglary, two counts of
18 unauthorized ATM withdrawl, and tampering with evidence. Defendant moved to
19 suppress the evidence that the police obtained through the warrantless seizure and
20 subsequent search of her car. The district court denied the motion, concluding that the
21 seizure and search were reasonable. Defendant entered a conditional no contest plea
4 1 to felony murder and reserved her right to appeal the suppression issue. She was
2 sentenced to life.
3 II. DISCUSSION
4 A. The Warrantless Seizure of Defendant’s Car Was Reasonable
5 {12} Defendant argues that the seizure of her car was unreasonable under both the
6 Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and Art. II, Section 10 of the New
7 Mexico Constitution because police did not have a warrant and no exception applies.
8 {13} The State has the burden of showing that a particular seizure was reasonable.
9 State v. Vasquez, 112 N.M. 363, 366, 815 P.2d 659, 662 (Ct. App. 1991). Warrantless
10 seizures are per se unreasonable unless an exception to the warrant requirement
11 applies. Id. at 367, 815 P.2d at 663. The exception applicable here is the automobile
12 exception, which allows warrantless seizures or searches of vehicles under exigent
13 circumstances when police have probable cause to believe that the fruits or
14 instrumentalities of crimes are contained therein. See Carroll v. United States, 267
15 U.S. 132, 149 (1925). Thus, there are two prongs to the automobile exception:
16 probable cause and exigent circumstances.
17 {14} Since the automobile exception exists in some manner in the jurisprudence of
18 both the Fourth Amendment and Article II, Section 10 and Defendant preserved her
19 argument under both provisions, our interstitial approach to constitutional
20 interpretation requires that we first address Defendant’s claims under the federal
21 constitution and then, if she is not protected thereunder, we analyze whether she is
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1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Filing Date: March 25, 2009
3 NO. 31,049
4 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
5 Plaintiff-Appellee,
6 v.
7 KAREN SMALLWOOD,
8 Defendant-Appellant.
9 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY 10 Michael Eugene Vigil, District Judge
11 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 12 Lelia Lorraine Hood, Assistant Public Defender 13 Santa Fe, NM
14 for Appellant
15 Gary K. King, Attorney General 16 Nicole Beder, Assistant Attorney General 17 Santa Fe, NM
18 for Appellee
19 DECISION
20 SERNA, Justice.
21 {1} Karen Smallwood (Defendant) pled no contest to felony murder, NMSA 1978,
22 § 30-2-1(A)(2) (1963), though she reserved her right to appeal the district court’s 1 denial of her motion to suppress. She argues that the warrantless seizure of her car
2 was unreasonable under both the New Mexico and federal constitutions and that the
3 warrant authorizing the search of her car was not supported by probable cause. See
4 U.S. Const. amend IV; N.M. Const. Art. II, § 10. We affirm.
5 I. FACTS
6 {2} On October 13, 2004, Ursula Duran (Victim) was found shot to death at her
7 aunt and uncle’s house in Santa Fe. Nine millimeter projectiles and casings were
8 found at the scene. Victim’s purse, checkbook, ATM card, keys, and a roll of quarters
9 were missing from the house.
10 {3} When Detective Bill Johnson obtained Victim’s bank records, they showed that
11 there had been multiple ATM withdrawals subsequent to the time of Victim’s death,
12 one just minutes after the time that police suspected Victim was shot. In viewing the
13 surveillance videos from three ATM machines, police identified Defendant as the
14 individual using Victim’s ATM card. In one of the videos, Defendant was seen
15 driving a silver 1997 Saturn with Arizona license plate 390KMM.
16 {4} An informer, Sharon Clahchischillage, told Detective Johnson that Defendant
17 had a storage unit in Santa Fe and that she possibly had been sleeping in it.
18 Clahchischillage also told police that when she knew Defendant in the past, Defendant
19 had shown her a semi-automatic pistol that she owned. Another informer, Elizabeth
20 Findling, told Detective Johnson that Defendant had mentioned that “she would live
21 in a storage shed if she could get away with it.”
2 1 {5} Investigators confirmed that Defendant had a storage unit and identified its
2 location. The storage facility’s records showed that Defendant entered the storage unit
3 approximately one-half hour after the time that police suspected Victim was shot and
4 when Defendant first used Victim’s ATM card. At that time, Defendant paid several
5 months’ rental fee for her unit in cash. The records also showed that Defendant
6 entered the storage unit early the following morning after another use of Victim’s
7 ATM card.
8 {6} After obtaining a search warrant for Defendant’s storage unit, Detective
9 Johnson entered it and found nearly two hundred spent nine millimeter casings and
10 projectiles. He also found information leading to a relative of Defendant in New York
11 who provided an address where Defendant was staying with other family members in
12 Florida.
13 {7} Detective Johnson contacted Florida law enforcement and requested assistance
14 in locating and arresting Defendant pursuant to an outstanding arrest warrant for the
15 fraudulent use of Victim’s ATM card.
16 {8} At 8:00 p.m. on Friday, October 29, 2004, Florida law enforcement officers
17 went to the address where they believed Defendant was staying to check whether her
18 vehicle was there. The vehicle was there, though it is unclear from the record whether
19 it was located on the street or on Defendant’s relatives’ property. There is no
20 evidence that the vehicle was parked illegally or otherwise subject to removal. When
21 the officers consulted vehicle registration records, the car was listed as belonging to
3 1 Defendant.
2 {9} The officers knocked on the door of the residence and Defendant’s relative
3 answered. The relative confirmed that Defendant was inside and gave his consent for
4 the officers to enter and arrest Defendant and to search and seize her belongings in the
5 home.
6 {10} At 9:40 p.m., though they did not have a warrant to seize Defendant’s vehicle,
7 the officers had the vehicle towed to the county sheriff’s office, per the request of
8 Detective Johnson from Santa Fe. Detective Johnson later testified that he directed
9 the Florida police to seize the vehicle without a warrant because he was unfamiliar
10 with the process of obtaining a warrant over the weekend in Florida and he wanted to
11 be present when the vehicle was searched. The vehicle was apparently not searched
12 over the weekend. Detective Johnson flew to Florida and, on the morning of Monday,
13 October 31, 2004, assisted the Florida police with obtaining a search warrant for
14 Defendant’s car. The ensuing search produced evidence inculpating Defendant in
15 both Victim’s murder and the unauthorized use of Victim’s ATM card, including a
16 nine millimeter pistol, ammunition, and eight hundred dollars in twenty dollar bills.
17 {11} Defendant was indicted for murder, aggravated burglary, two counts of
18 unauthorized ATM withdrawl, and tampering with evidence. Defendant moved to
19 suppress the evidence that the police obtained through the warrantless seizure and
20 subsequent search of her car. The district court denied the motion, concluding that the
21 seizure and search were reasonable. Defendant entered a conditional no contest plea
4 1 to felony murder and reserved her right to appeal the suppression issue. She was
2 sentenced to life.
3 II. DISCUSSION
4 A. The Warrantless Seizure of Defendant’s Car Was Reasonable
5 {12} Defendant argues that the seizure of her car was unreasonable under both the
6 Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and Art. II, Section 10 of the New
7 Mexico Constitution because police did not have a warrant and no exception applies.
8 {13} The State has the burden of showing that a particular seizure was reasonable.
9 State v. Vasquez, 112 N.M. 363, 366, 815 P.2d 659, 662 (Ct. App. 1991). Warrantless
10 seizures are per se unreasonable unless an exception to the warrant requirement
11 applies. Id. at 367, 815 P.2d at 663. The exception applicable here is the automobile
12 exception, which allows warrantless seizures or searches of vehicles under exigent
13 circumstances when police have probable cause to believe that the fruits or
14 instrumentalities of crimes are contained therein. See Carroll v. United States, 267
15 U.S. 132, 149 (1925). Thus, there are two prongs to the automobile exception:
16 probable cause and exigent circumstances.
17 {14} Since the automobile exception exists in some manner in the jurisprudence of
18 both the Fourth Amendment and Article II, Section 10 and Defendant preserved her
19 argument under both provisions, our interstitial approach to constitutional
20 interpretation requires that we first address Defendant’s claims under the federal
21 constitution and then, if she is not protected thereunder, we analyze whether she is
5 1 protected under the New Mexico Constitution. See State v. Gomez, 1997-NMSC-006,
2 ¶ 19, 122 N.M. 777, 932 P.2d 1.
3 1. The Warrantless Seizure of Defendant’s Car Was Reasonable Under the 4 Fourth Amendment
5 a. There Was Probable Cause to Search Defendant’s Car
6 {15} First, in order to justify the warrantless seizure of Defendant’s car, the police
7 must have had probable cause to believe that it contained lawfully seizable items. See
8 Carroll, 267 U.S. at 149. Probable cause exists when there are reasonable grounds to
9 believe an offense has been committed or seizable evidence exists in the particular
10 place. See, e.g., Husty v. U.S., 282 U.S. 694, 701 (1931). Whether there was
11 sufficient probable cause to make a warrantless search or seizure is reviewed de novo.
12 Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996).
13 {16} The strongest fact supporting probable cause that there was seizable evidence
14 in Defendant’s car was that she was seen in her car in one of the incriminating ATM
15 surveillance videos. While the record is not clear whether Defendant simply drove to
16 the banks to make the unauthorized withdrawals from Victim’s account in her
17 automobile or whether she utilized the drive-through ATM service and thus made the
18 unauthorized withdrawals from within her automobile, either way it was plainly
19 reasonable for the police to conclude that Defendant’s car contained evidence of the
20 unauthorized withdrawals. Further, since the use of Victim’s ATM card was so
21 closely tied to her murder, indeed access to Victim’s money may have been the motive
6 1 behind her murder, any belief that evidence of the use of the ATM card would have
2 also tied Defendant to the murder was reasonable and supported the ultimate
3 determination of probable cause.
4 {17} An additional factor supporting the police determination that Defendant’s car
5 may have contained seizable evidence came from the fact that they suspected that she
6 did not have a home apart from the storage unit and had just driven all the way from
7 Santa Fe to Florida in her car. Thus, it was reasonable for the police to suspect that
8 the car was the main repository of Defendant’s personal effects. Since there was
9 strong evidence linking Defendant to Victim’s murder (most notably the use of
10 Victim’s ATM card after her death and the spent ammunition in the storage unit of the
11 same kind used to kill Victim), but the gun used to kill Victim was still missing, it was
12 reasonable for the police to suspect that the weapon was in the car. Because there
13 were reasonable grounds to believe that seizable evidence was located in Defendant’s
14 car, the police had probable cause to search it.
15 b. The Exigent Circumstances Prong of the Automobile Exception is Satisfied 16 Under the Fourth Amendment
17 {18} The second traditional requirement for satisfaction of the automobile exception
18 is that there must exist exigent circumstances to justify the warrantless search or
19 seizure. The requirement of exigent circumstances comes from the original rationale
20 for the automobile exception, that cars may be quickly removed from the particular
21 jurisdiction and the efforts of law enforcement thereby thwarted. See, e.g., Cooper v.
7 1 California, 386 U.S. 58, 59 (1967); Preston v. United States, 376 U.S. 364, 366-67
2 (1964). While the idea that exigency inhered in the mobility of automobiles was
3 prominent in the early automobile exception cases, see, e.g., Chambers v. Maroney,
4 399 U.S. 42, 51 (1970); Cooper, 386 U.S. at 59; Carroll, 267 U.S. at 153-54, the
5 subsequent cases justify warrantless searches and seizures of automobiles not only on
6 the mobility of automobiles but also on a car owner or occupant’s diminished
7 expectation of privacy. See California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386, 393 (1985) (holding
8 that the warrantless search of a mobile home comports with the Fourth Amendment
9 because mobile homes are readily capable of mobility and because the heavy
10 government regulation of vehicles results in a reduced expectation of privacy).
11 {19} The growing reliance on the diminished expectation of privacy and the
12 concomitant lessening reliance on the inherent mobility of automobiles for
13 justification of warrantless searches has meant that federal courts have relaxed the
14 required showing of exigency. See id. Thus, under the Fourth Amendment, exigent
15 circumstances may now be found, and the automobile exception applied, based solely
16 on the fact that an automobile is involved, without a separate showing that the
17 automobile was likely to be moved or the evidence inside subject to destruction. See
18 id.; South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 376 (1976) (concluding that the
19 warrantless inventory search of an impounded vehicle was reasonable); United States
20 v. Graham, 275 F.3d 490, 509 (6th Cir. 2001) (holding that, since Carney, “the
21 necessity of a special exigency has waned”); United States v. Mercado, 307 F.3d
8 1 1226, 1231 (10th Cir. 2002) (“[W]hen probable cause exists, the agents’ time and
2 opportunity to obtain a warrant are irrelevant.”) (internal citation and quotation marks
3 omitted). In light of the foregoing, the warrantless seizure of Defendant’s vehicle
4 satisfies Fourth Amendment scrutiny.
5 2. The Warrantless Seizure of Defendant’s Car Was Reasonable Under 6 Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution
7 a. There Was Probable Cause to Search Defendant’s Car
8 {20} Next, we consider whether the warrantless seizure of Defendant’s car was
9 reasonable under Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution. Like the
10 federal automobile exception, the first prong of the exception in New Mexico hinges
11 on whether there was probable cause to believe that lawfully seizable items were
12 present in the automobile. See, e.g., State v. Rowell, 2008-NMSC-041, ¶ 26, 144 N.M.
13 371, 188 P.3d 95. In this respect, it is identical to the federal automobile exception
14 and warrants no discussion apart from that above. Because police had reasonable
15 grounds to believe that there was evidence of the unauthorized ATM withdrawals and
16 the murder in Defendant’s car, there was probable cause to search it.
17 b. There Were Exigent Circumstances to Seize Defendant’s Car Under 18 Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico Constitution
19 {21} It is the exigent circumstances prong where Article II, Section 10 precedent
20 differs from that of the Fourth Amendment. In New Mexico, we have rejected the
21 federal bright-line rule and instead require that the State make a particularized
22 showing of exigent circumstances to justify the warrantless search of an automobile.
9 1 Gomez, 1997-NMSC-006, ¶ 39. The purpose of Gomez “was to keep intact the fact-
2 specific nature of reasonableness determinations under search and seizure principles.”
3 State v. Bomboy, 2008-NMSC-029, ¶ 6, 144 N.M. 151, 184 P.3d 1045. “The
4 reasonableness inquiry looks at the particular facts of a situation to evaluate whether
5 an objectively reasonable, well-trained officer could have determined that swift action
6 was called for to prevent destruction of evidence . . . .” Rowell, 2008-NMSC-041, ¶
7 30. Thus, in the instant case, we ask whether the arresting officers could have
8 objectively and reasonably determined that seizing Defendant’s car was necessary to
9 prevent the destruction of evidence therein.
10 {22} It would have been objectively reasonable for the officers to have believed that
11 the warrantless seizure was necessary to preserve evidence because the car was parked
12 outside the home of Defendant’s relatives and they may have attempted to destroy or
13 remove evidence to protect her.1 In Gomez, this Court upheld the warrantless search
14 of an automobile where the officer believed that the search was necessary to prevent
15 the destruction or removal of the evidence by the surrounding crowd. See Gomez,
16 1997-NMSC-006, ¶¶ 8, 41-42; cf. Bomboy, 2008-NMSC-029, ¶ 2 (concluding that the
17 warrantless seizure of contraband evidence in plain view inside an automobile is
18 justified by the exigent circumstances exception). Because Defendant’s car was
1 19 While the record seems to reflect that Defendant’s relatives were cooperative 20 with police, this fact does not undermine the ultimate judgment of police that the 21 integrity of the evidence may have been at risk.
10 1 parked outside the home of her relatives and was potentially subject to their control,
2 an objectively reasonable, well-trained officer could have determined that the
3 warrantless seizure of Defendant’s car was necessary to prevent the destruction of
4 evidence therein. See Rowell, 2008-NMSC-041, ¶ 30.
5 {23} Moreover, a seizure affects an individual’s possessory interest while a search
6 affects an individual’s privacy interest. Police encroachment on the privacy interest
7 is the greater intrusion. We conclude that the officers’ decision to seize the car until
8 they could obtain a warrant for the greater intrusion was the prudent, and thereby
9 proper, course of action. We are particularly persuaded that the warrantless seizure
10 of Defendant’s car was reasonable in light of our previous pronouncement in Gomez:
11 It would have been reasonable—and perhaps preferable—for [the 12 officer] to have refrained from searching the vehicle and closed 13 containers within it until after it was impounded, at which point he could 14 have obtained a warrant. This course of action would have shown more 15 deference to the warrant process.
16 Gomez, 1997-NMSC-006, ¶ 43. Because the police in the instant case followed our
17 guidance and took the “preferable” course of action, we decline to find fault with their
18 actions.
19 {24} Defendant argues that the police could have stationed an officer at her car to
20 prevent the removal or destruction of evidence while another officer attempted to
21 secure the warrant. However, this procedure also may have given rise to a seizure
22 because posting a guard at the car would only have been effective if the guard would
23 have excluded anyone attempting to enter or move the car. Thus, posting a guard to
11 1 exclude Defendant’s family members from her car would have been constitutionally
2 indistinguishable from the impoundment which actually occurred.
3 {25} Article II, Section 10 requires a “fact-specific . . . reasonableness
4 determination[]” to determine the applicability of the automobile exception to a
5 particular warrantless seizure. See Bomboy, 2008-NMSC-029, ¶ 6. Having reviewed
6 the facts, we conclude that there were exigent circumstances sufficient to justify the
7 warrantless seizure of Defendant’s car. Specifically, it was objectively reasonable for
8 the police to determine that swift action, in the form of a seizure, was needed to
9 prevent the potential destruction of incriminating evidence by Defendant’s nearby
10 relatives.
11 c. The Warrant to Search Defendant’s Car Was Supported by Probable 12 Cause
13 {26} “[N]o Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
14 affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or
15 things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV; accord N.M. Const. Art. II, Sec. 10; see
16 also Rule 5-211(E) NMRA (requiring probable cause to be based on substantial
17 evidence). There is a strong preference that searches be conducted pursuant to
18 warrants. See, e.g., Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236 (1983).
19 {27} The facts supporting the affidavit for search warrant were largely the same facts
20 underlying the probable cause determination made predicate to the warrantless seizure
21 of Defendant’s car. Having reviewed and accepted the probable cause determination
12 1 made by the officers in our above analysis, we necessarily accept the same
2 determination made by the magistrate. The search warrant for Defendant’s car was
3 supported by probable cause and does not require suppressing the evidence found
4 pursuant to it.
5 III. CONCLUSION
6 {28} For all of the above reasons, we affirm the district court in the denial of
7 Defendant’s motion to suppress.
8 {29} IT IS SO ORDERED.
9 _________________________________ 10 PATRICIO M. SERNA, Justice
11 WE CONCUR:
12 _________________________________
13 1 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Chief Justice
2 _________________________________ 3 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice
4 _________________________________ 5 RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice
6 _________________________________ 7 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice