[Cite as State v. Scott, 2022-Ohio-1796.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 20CA011693
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE JOSHUA SCOTT COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO Appellant CASE No. 20CR102131
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: May 31, 2022
HENSAL, Judge.
{¶1} Joshua Scott appeals his sentence from the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas.
This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Mr. Scott was charged with one count of possession of cocaine, one count of
obstructing official business, and one count of failure to comply with an order or signal of a police
officer. He pleaded not guilty. The State later amended the failure-to-comply count to reduce it
from a felony to a misdemeanor, and Mr. Scott pleaded guilty to the amended indictment. The
trial court ordered a pre-sentence investigation (“PSI”) and set the matter for a sentencing hearing.
{¶3} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court noted that it had reviewed the PSI report.
On appeal, the parties rely on the facts contained in that report. This Court will do the same. State
v. Womack, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 18AP-353, 2019-Ohio-1964, ¶ 14. 2
{¶4} According to the PSI report, Officer Hume with the Elyria Police Department
encountered Mr. Scott’s vehicle while Officer Hume was on his way to provide back-up to other
officers conducting a traffic stop on West Avenue. Officer Hume observed Mr. Scott’s vehicle
turn onto West Avenue, accelerate at a high rate of speed, and become dangerously close to the
rear of one of the officer’s police cruisers before eventually driving left of the cruiser and passing
the traffic stop. Officer Hume found Mr. Scott’s conduct to be suspicious, an aggressive movement
toward those officers, and/or a sign that Mr. Scott was impaired.
{¶5} Officer Hume attempted a traffic stop on Mr. Scott’s vehicle. Officer Hume
activated his overhead emergency lights and his overhead take-down lights, and Mr. Scott brought
his vehicle to a stop. Officer Hume then approached the passenger side of Mr. Scott’s vehicle, at
which time Mr. Scott accelerated and fled. Officer Hume alerted dispatch to the situation, activated
his emergency equipment and sirens, and began pursuing the fleeing vehicle.
{¶6} Officer Hume eventually closed the distance between his vehicle and Mr. Scott’s
vehicle, and Mr. Scott came to a stop. Officer Hume approached Mr. Scott’s vehicle and observed
that the passenger-side window was partially rolled down, and that smoke was inside the vehicle.
Officer Hume instructed Mr. Scott to roll the window completely down and to show his hands.
Mr. Scott did not respond to Officer Hume’s commands. As a result, Officer Hume relayed this
information to dispatch and requested additional officers in the event of a standoff. After a few
minutes, Mr. Scott rolled the window completely down, exited his vehicle, and was taken into
custody without further incident.
{¶7} As previously noted, at the sentencing hearing, the trial court noted that it had
reviewed the PSI report. It then sentenced Mr. Scott to three years of community control on all
three counts and suspended his driver’s license for twelve months in relation to the failure-to- 3
comply count. He now appeals his sentence, raising one assignment of error for this Court’s
review.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT FINDING THAT OBSTRUCTING OFFICIAL BUSINESS AND FAILURE TO COMPLY ARE ALLIED OFFENSES OF SIMILAR IMPORT AND MERGED FOR PURPOSES OF SENTENCING.
{¶8} In his sole assignment of error, Mr. Scott argues that the trial court erred by not
finding that the obstructing-official-business count and the failure-to-comply count were allied
offenses, and by not merging them for purposes of sentencing. Mr. Scott acknowledges that his
counsel did not raise the issue of merger at the trial court and, as a result, his argument is subject
to plain-error review.
{¶9} The Supreme Court has stated that, “[a]n accused’s failure to raise the issue of allied
offenses of similar import in the trial court forfeits all but plain error, and a forfeited error is not
reversible error unless it affected the outcome of the proceeding and reversal is necessary to correct
a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 3.
“Accordingly, an accused has the burden to demonstrate a reasonable probability that the
convictions are for allied offenses of similar import committed with the same conduct and without
a separate animus; absent that showing, the accused cannot demonstrate that the trial court’s failure
to inquire whether the convictions merge for purposes of sentencing was plain error.” Id.
{¶10} Revised Code Section 2941.25 “is the primary indication of the General
Assembly’s intent to prohibit or allow multiple punishments for two or more offenses resulting
from the same conduct” and is “an attempt to codify the judicial doctrine of merger[.]” State v.
Washington, 137 Ohio St.3d 427, 2013-Ohio-4982, ¶ 11. It provides: 4
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.
(B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.
R.C. 2941.25. In State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, the Ohio Supreme Court
interpreted Section 2941.25(B), explaining:
Under R.C. 2941.25(B), a defendant whose conduct supports multiple offenses may be convicted of all the offenses if any one of the following are true: (1) the conduct constitutes offenses of dissimilar import, (2) the conduct shows that the offenses were committed separately, or (3) the conduct shows that the offenses were committed with separate animus.
Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus. It also explained that offenses are of dissimilar import under
Section 2941.25(B) if they involved “separate victims or if the harm that results from each offense
is separate and identifiable.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶11} The trial court found Mr. Scott guilty of one count of failure to comply in violation
of Section 2921.331(B) and one count of obstructing official business in violation of Section
2921.31(A). Section 2921.331(B) provides that “[n]o person shall operate a motor vehicle so as
willfully to elude or flee a police officer after receiving a visible or audible signal from a police
officer to bring the person’s motor vehicle to a stop.” Section 2921.31(A) provides that “[n]o
person, without privilege to do so and with purpose to prevent, obstruct, or delay the performance
by a public official of any authorized act within the public official’s official capacity, shall do any
act that hampers or impedes a public official in the performance of the public official’s lawful
duties.” 5
{¶12} Mr. Scott argues that the failure-to-comply and obstructing-official-business counts
stemmed from the same conduct of failing to pull his vehicle over, fleeing from the police, and
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[Cite as State v. Scott, 2022-Ohio-1796.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 20CA011693
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE JOSHUA SCOTT COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO Appellant CASE No. 20CR102131
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: May 31, 2022
HENSAL, Judge.
{¶1} Joshua Scott appeals his sentence from the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas.
This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Mr. Scott was charged with one count of possession of cocaine, one count of
obstructing official business, and one count of failure to comply with an order or signal of a police
officer. He pleaded not guilty. The State later amended the failure-to-comply count to reduce it
from a felony to a misdemeanor, and Mr. Scott pleaded guilty to the amended indictment. The
trial court ordered a pre-sentence investigation (“PSI”) and set the matter for a sentencing hearing.
{¶3} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court noted that it had reviewed the PSI report.
On appeal, the parties rely on the facts contained in that report. This Court will do the same. State
v. Womack, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 18AP-353, 2019-Ohio-1964, ¶ 14. 2
{¶4} According to the PSI report, Officer Hume with the Elyria Police Department
encountered Mr. Scott’s vehicle while Officer Hume was on his way to provide back-up to other
officers conducting a traffic stop on West Avenue. Officer Hume observed Mr. Scott’s vehicle
turn onto West Avenue, accelerate at a high rate of speed, and become dangerously close to the
rear of one of the officer’s police cruisers before eventually driving left of the cruiser and passing
the traffic stop. Officer Hume found Mr. Scott’s conduct to be suspicious, an aggressive movement
toward those officers, and/or a sign that Mr. Scott was impaired.
{¶5} Officer Hume attempted a traffic stop on Mr. Scott’s vehicle. Officer Hume
activated his overhead emergency lights and his overhead take-down lights, and Mr. Scott brought
his vehicle to a stop. Officer Hume then approached the passenger side of Mr. Scott’s vehicle, at
which time Mr. Scott accelerated and fled. Officer Hume alerted dispatch to the situation, activated
his emergency equipment and sirens, and began pursuing the fleeing vehicle.
{¶6} Officer Hume eventually closed the distance between his vehicle and Mr. Scott’s
vehicle, and Mr. Scott came to a stop. Officer Hume approached Mr. Scott’s vehicle and observed
that the passenger-side window was partially rolled down, and that smoke was inside the vehicle.
Officer Hume instructed Mr. Scott to roll the window completely down and to show his hands.
Mr. Scott did not respond to Officer Hume’s commands. As a result, Officer Hume relayed this
information to dispatch and requested additional officers in the event of a standoff. After a few
minutes, Mr. Scott rolled the window completely down, exited his vehicle, and was taken into
custody without further incident.
{¶7} As previously noted, at the sentencing hearing, the trial court noted that it had
reviewed the PSI report. It then sentenced Mr. Scott to three years of community control on all
three counts and suspended his driver’s license for twelve months in relation to the failure-to- 3
comply count. He now appeals his sentence, raising one assignment of error for this Court’s
review.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT FINDING THAT OBSTRUCTING OFFICIAL BUSINESS AND FAILURE TO COMPLY ARE ALLIED OFFENSES OF SIMILAR IMPORT AND MERGED FOR PURPOSES OF SENTENCING.
{¶8} In his sole assignment of error, Mr. Scott argues that the trial court erred by not
finding that the obstructing-official-business count and the failure-to-comply count were allied
offenses, and by not merging them for purposes of sentencing. Mr. Scott acknowledges that his
counsel did not raise the issue of merger at the trial court and, as a result, his argument is subject
to plain-error review.
{¶9} The Supreme Court has stated that, “[a]n accused’s failure to raise the issue of allied
offenses of similar import in the trial court forfeits all but plain error, and a forfeited error is not
reversible error unless it affected the outcome of the proceeding and reversal is necessary to correct
a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 3.
“Accordingly, an accused has the burden to demonstrate a reasonable probability that the
convictions are for allied offenses of similar import committed with the same conduct and without
a separate animus; absent that showing, the accused cannot demonstrate that the trial court’s failure
to inquire whether the convictions merge for purposes of sentencing was plain error.” Id.
{¶10} Revised Code Section 2941.25 “is the primary indication of the General
Assembly’s intent to prohibit or allow multiple punishments for two or more offenses resulting
from the same conduct” and is “an attempt to codify the judicial doctrine of merger[.]” State v.
Washington, 137 Ohio St.3d 427, 2013-Ohio-4982, ¶ 11. It provides: 4
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.
(B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.
R.C. 2941.25. In State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, the Ohio Supreme Court
interpreted Section 2941.25(B), explaining:
Under R.C. 2941.25(B), a defendant whose conduct supports multiple offenses may be convicted of all the offenses if any one of the following are true: (1) the conduct constitutes offenses of dissimilar import, (2) the conduct shows that the offenses were committed separately, or (3) the conduct shows that the offenses were committed with separate animus.
Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus. It also explained that offenses are of dissimilar import under
Section 2941.25(B) if they involved “separate victims or if the harm that results from each offense
is separate and identifiable.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶11} The trial court found Mr. Scott guilty of one count of failure to comply in violation
of Section 2921.331(B) and one count of obstructing official business in violation of Section
2921.31(A). Section 2921.331(B) provides that “[n]o person shall operate a motor vehicle so as
willfully to elude or flee a police officer after receiving a visible or audible signal from a police
officer to bring the person’s motor vehicle to a stop.” Section 2921.31(A) provides that “[n]o
person, without privilege to do so and with purpose to prevent, obstruct, or delay the performance
by a public official of any authorized act within the public official’s official capacity, shall do any
act that hampers or impedes a public official in the performance of the public official’s lawful
duties.” 5
{¶12} Mr. Scott argues that the failure-to-comply and obstructing-official-business counts
stemmed from the same conduct of failing to pull his vehicle over, fleeing from the police, and
then failing to comply with Officer Hume’s command to roll his window down and show his hands.
He argues that, since his convictions arose from the same conduct, the failure-to-comply and
obstructing-official-business counts were allied offenses that should have been merged for
purposes of sentencing.
{¶13} In support of his position, Mr. Scott attempts to distinguish his case from this
Court’s decision in State v. Washington, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 11CA010015, 2014-Ohio-1876.1
There, the defendant led the police on a high-speed car chase. Id. at ¶ 2, citing State v. Washington,
9th Dist. Lorain No. 11CA010015, 2012-Ohio-2117, ¶ 11. After the defendant’s tires were blown
out, the defendant exited the vehicle and led the police on a foot chase until the police located the
defendant in a ditch. Id. The defendant was found guilty of failure to comply in violation of
Section 2921.331(B) and obstructing official business in violation of Section 2921.31(A). Id.
{¶14} On appeal, the defendant argued that the trial court erred by sentencing him on
allied offenses of similar import. Id. at ¶ 7. This Court disagreed, explaining that the conduct
supporting the failure-to-comply count ended once the defendant stopped driving the vehicle, and
that the subsequent foot chase constituted separate conduct that could serve as the basis for the
obstructing-official-business count. Id. at ¶ 17, 18. This Court also explained that the defendant
had not shown that the State relied upon the same conduct to support both offenses. Id. at ¶ 18.
{¶15} Mr. Scott argues that this case is distinguishable from Washington because, unlike
Washington, both of his convictions arose from the brief car chase and there was no separate
1 We note that Mr. Scott incorrectly states that this decision was from the Ohio Supreme Court. This Court rendered the cited decision after the Ohio Supreme Court’s remand in State v. Washington, 137 Ohio St.3d 427, 2013-Ohio-4982. 6
conduct that led to the obstructing-official-business count. The State disagrees, arguing that the
failure-to-comply count arose from the high-speed car chase, and that the obstructing-official-
business count arose from Mr. Scott’s failure to obey the officer’s repeated commands to roll his
window down and show his hands.
{¶16} This Court is unpersuaded by Mr. Scott’s attempt to distinguish his case from
Washington. The facts indicate that Mr. Scott fled from Officer Hume and, once that pursuit ended,
Mr. Scott refused to obey Officer Hume’s commands to roll his window completely down and
show his hands, which prompted Officer Hume to call for back-up in the event of a standoff. Like
in Washington, Mr. Scott’s failure-to-comply conduct ended when Mr. Scott brought his vehicle
to a stop after fleeing from Officer Hume. See Washington, 2014-Ohio-1876, at ¶ 17 (“The
conduct supporting the failure to comply count ended once the police successfully deflated the
tires on the stolen car and Washington was forced to stop driving it.”) Mr. Scott then refused to
obey Officer Hume’s commands to roll his window completely down and show his hands, which
was separate conduct from the conduct supporting the failure-to-comply count.2 See id. at ¶ 18
(“The foot chase Washington initiated constituted separate conduct that could serve as the basis
for his obstructing count.”). Having reviewed the record and the arguments presented, this
2 We note that Mr. Scott waived his right to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence when he pleaded guilty to the charged offenses. See State v. Deskins, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 10CA009875, 2011-Ohio-2605, ¶ 24, citing State v. Phillips, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24198, 2008-Ohio-6795, ¶ 10. 7
Court concludes that Mr. Scott has not demonstrated that the trial court erred by not inquiring as
to whether his convictions should merge for purposes of sentencing. Rogers, 2015-Ohio-2459, at
¶ 3. Accordingly, Mr. Scott’s assignment of error is overruled.
III
{¶17} Mr. Scott’s assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Lorain County
Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period
for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to
mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the mailing in the
docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
JENNIFER HENSAL FOR THE COURT 8
CALLAHAN, J. SUTTON, J. CONCUR.
APPEARANCES:
ALISSA R. BARBOSKY and MICHAEL E. STEPANIK, Attorneys at Law, for Appellant.
J.D. TOMLINSON, Prosecuting Attorney, and LINDSEY C. POPROCKI, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.