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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 33,108
5 GENARO SANDOVAL,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Kenneth H. Martinez, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 Kenneth H. Stalter, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 15 Sergio Viscoli, Appellate Defender 16 B. Douglas Wood III, Assistant Appellate Defender 17 Santa Fe, NM
18 for Appellant
19 MEMORANDUM OPINION
20 ZAMORA, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant, Genaro Sandoval, appeals his convictions for one count each of
2 criminal sexual penetration of a minor (CSPM), kidnapping, sexual exploitation of a
3 child, and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. Defendant challenges the
4 relevance of evidence admitted against him and claims that evidentiary errors
5 cumulatively deprived him of a fair trial. Defendant also challenges the sufficiency
6 of the evidence to support the convictions for sexual exploitation of a child and
7 kidnapping and argues that the CSPM and kidnapping convictions violate the
8 prohibition against double jeopardy. We affirm.
9 BACKGROUND
10 {2} Defendant was originally indicted on 25 counts relating to eight different
11 individuals. The trials were severed, and this case relates only to offenses against one
12 victim, B.A.
13 {3} In this case, the State alleged that in 2003, Defendant approached B.A., an
14 eleven-year-old boy, when he was walking home from school and tricked him into
15 going to a secluded area with the promise of money, and once there, he threatened
16 B.A. with a gun and sexually assaulted him.
17 {4} At trial, B.A.’s father testified that B.A. reported the sexual assault to him soon
18 after it happened, and that B.A.’s father in turn contacted the police. B.A. described
19 his attacker as wearing a gray sweatshirt and glasses and having a gun and a video
2 1 camera. B.A. was taken to the hospital and examined by a sexual assault nurse
2 examiner (SANE nurse) who administered a sexual assault kit and took swabs from
3 B.A.’s body and clothing. DNA testing revealed the presence of semen on B.A.’s
4 shorts.
5 {5} In 2005 Defendant was investigated for crimes in McKinley County. As part
6 of that investigation, a search warrant was executed on Defendant’s residence, and
7 among the evidence collected, by police, was a video camera. In 2007 Defendant pled
8 guilty to the McKinley County crimes and gave a DNA sample as part of that plea
9 agreement. Defendant’s DNA profile was matched to the DNA profile from the semen
10 found on B.A.’s shorts in 2003. Albuquerque Police, investigating Defendant in
11 connection with B.A.’s sexual assault, executed two search warrants on Defendant’s
12 residence in Gallup, New Mexico. Evidence collected during the investigation
13 included hooded sweatshirts, glasses, and ammunition for a .45 caliber handgun.
14 Defendant’s employer, having learned of the investigation, turned over to police a .45
15 caliber handgun that Defendant gave her. According to the employer, Defendant gave
16 her the gun in 2006 for protection and told her he was “unable to hold it.”
17 {6} The case went to trial in January 2013. Evidence admitted over Defendant’s
18 objections included: the video camera, the gun along with its case, magazine and the
19 ammunition (the gun evidence), a pair of glasses, a gray sweatshirt, and photographs
3 1 of two other sweatshirts collected from Defendant’s residence in 2007 (the sweatshirt
2 evidence). Defendant was convicted of CSPM, kidnapping, sexual exploitation of a
3 child, and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. The jury also found that a firearm
4 that was used in the commission of these crimes.
5 DISCUSSION
6 Evidentiary Challenges
7 {7} Defendant challenges the admissibility of the video camera, the gun evidence,
8 the sweatshirt evidence, and the glasses. He argues that the State failed to demonstrate
9 a “nexus” between this physical evidence and the crimes perpetrated against B.A. We
10 review the admission or exclusion of evidence for an abuse of discretion. State v.
11 Montoya, 2014-NMSC-032, ¶ 15, 333 P.3d 935. “An abuse of discretion arises when
12 the evidentiary ruling is clearly contrary to logic and the facts and circumstances of
13 the case.” State v. Downey, 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 24, 145 N.M. 232, 195 P.3d 1244
14 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
15 {8} Relevant evidence is evidence having “any tendency to make a fact more or less
16 probable than it would be without the evidence.” Rule 11-401(A) NMRA. All relevant
17 evidence is generally admissible unless otherwise provided by law. Rule 11-402
18 NMRA. In order to establish the requisite relevancy sufficient to permit admission of
19 the challenged evidence, the State is required to show that the evidence is “connected
4 1 with the defendant, the victim, or the crime itself.” State v. Apodaca, 1994-NMSC-
2 121, ¶ 28, 118 N.M. 762, 887 P.2d 756 (internal quotation marks and citation
3 omitted); State v. Kenny, 1991-NMCA-094, ¶ 15, 112 N.M. 642, 818 P.2d 420; State
4 v. Young, 1985-NMCA-079, ¶ 11, 103 N.M. 313, 706 P.2d 855. “[I]t is not necessary
5 that [the evidence] relate directly to the facts in controversy.” State v. Ramming, 1987-
6 NMCA-067, ¶ 33, 106 N.M. 42, 738 P.2d 914. “Evidence may be relevant even if it
7 is circumstantial” and any “[d]oubts concerning the . . . case go to the weight of the
8 evidence, not to their admissibility. Id.
9 The Handgun Evidence
10 {9} Defendant’s former brother-in-law identified the handgun (along with the case
11 and magazine) as one he had given Defendant in 2000. Defendant’s former employer
12 identified the handgun (along with the case and magazine), as the gun that Defendant
13 gave her in 2006 that she turned in to police in 2007. The evidence related to the
14 handgun is probative and relevant to show that Defendant owned a handgun at the
15 time the crimes against B.A. were committed in 2003 and that Defendant had the
16 opportunity to use the handgun in the commission of those crimes. See Kenny, 1991-
17 NMCA-094, ¶ 16 (stating that “it is well established that weapons and other
18 instruments found in the possession of an accused’s associates are admissible as
19 bearing on the crime” and that “[e]vidence of a weapon or related effects found in the
5 1 possession of [the] defendant . . . are generally admissible as part of the history of the
2 charged offenses”).
3 {10} Defendant cites Casaus v. State, 1980-NMSC-017, 94 N.M. 58, 607 P.2d 596,
4 in support of his argument that the handgun evidence is not relevant because it was
5 not directly linked to the crimes against B.A. and that any probative value of the
6 handgun evidence is outweighed by its prejudicial impact. Defendant’s reliance on
7 Casaus is misplaced.
8 {11} In that case, the New Mexico Supreme Court held that the prejudicial impact
9 of admitting a gun into evidence, where the record suggested that the gun was not the
10 one used in the crimes charged, outweighed its probative value. Id. ¶ 3. Casaus stands
11 for the proposition that the “the state may not introduce into evidence a handgun not
12 used in the perpetration of a crime for which the defendant is charged if the [s]tate
13 does so to link the defendant to the commission of another crime.” State v. Espinosa,
14 1988-NMSC-050, ¶ 11, 107 N.M. 293, 756 P.2d 573. Here, there is nothing in the
15 record to indicate that the handgun was not the weapon used in perpetrating the crimes
16 against B.A., and there is no indication that the State introduced the handgun to link
17 Defendant to a crime other than the crimes charged in this case. Accordingly, we
18 reject Defendant’s contention that Casaus controls under the facts of this case.
6 1 {12} We also reject Defendant’s contention that the handgun evidence was
2 inadmissible as evidence of prior bad acts. The evidence was used to show that
3 Defendant used the weapon in the commission of the crimes charged. Defendant
4 argued that the gun evidence should be suppressed under Rule 11-404(B)(1) NMRA
5 because it was being used to show that “[D]efendant had a gun, therefore, he’s a bad
6 person and he must have used that gun . . . in the assault of [B.A.]” The court denied
7 the motion. On appeal, Defendant does not point to anywhere in the record where the
8 evidence was used to show that Defendant acted in conformity with an inadmissible
9 prior bad act as contemplated by Rule 11-404(B). We conclude that the district court
10 did not abuse its discretion in admitting handgun evidence.
11 The Glasses and Sweatshirt Evidence
12 {13} Retired Albuquerque Police Department (APD) Detective Jay Barnes testified
13 that the glasses were taken from Defendant when he wore them during a police
14 interview in 2007. Defendant argues that because the glasses were not identified as the
15 glasses worn by B.A.’s assailant, they are not relevant. We disagree. Our Supreme
16 Court has held that when police seize an item a defendant is wearing, those items are
17 sufficiently connected to the defendant to establish relevance and admissibility. State
18 v. Campos, 1956-NMSC-082, ¶ 9, 61 N.M. 392, 301 P.2d 329, abrogated on other
19 grounds by State v. Holly, 2009-NMSC-004, 145 N.M. 513, 201 P.3d 844. Where a
7 1 question with regard to the “connection of the article sought to be admitted with the
2 defendant or the crime is raised, the evidence should be admitted for the determination
3 of the jury. The lack of positive identification in such a case affects the weight of the
4 article or substance as evidence rather than its admissibility.” Campos, 1956-NMSC-
5 082, ¶ 9 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
6 {14} However, where clothing cannot be connected to the defendant, the victim, or
7 the crime, its admission is not proper. In State v. Gray, 1968-NMCA-059, ¶¶ 5, 11,
8 27, 79 N.M. 424, 444 P.2d 609, this Court held that the identification of certain
9 articles of children’s clothing was “wholly insufficient to connect them with the
10 [victim] or with the crime itself and were improperly admitted” where children’s
11 clothing was collected from the victim’s residence, several other children lived in the
12 home, blood on the clothing did not yield DNA that could be tested and matched to
13 the victim, and no testimony was given that the clothing belonged to or was worn by
14 the victim.
15 {15} In this case, three hooded sweatshirts (or hoodies)—one gray, one dark blue,
16 and one black—were recovered from Defendant’s residence in 2007. Detective Barnes
17 testified that he did not remember where the gray sweatshirt was found, but that the
18 two other sweatshirts were taken from a closet that was being used by two boys that
19 were living with Defendant in the residence at the time. This testimony is insufficient
8 1 to connect the sweatshirts to Defendant. Moreover, B.A. was not asked to identify any
2 of the sweatshirts as being worn by his assailant, and the sweatshirts were not
3 otherwise identified as belonging to or being worn by Defendant. Thus, the
4 sweatshirts recovered from Defendant’s home were not sufficiently connected to
5 Defendant such that they were relevant to the present case. The district court abused
6 its discretion by admitting the three sweatshirts into evidence.
7 The Video Camera
8 {16} Detective Barnes testified that the police came to possess a video camera
9 belonging to Defendant, at some point after Defendant’s arrest in 2007. There was no
10 testimony regarding when the camera was discovered or how it was identified as
11 belonging to Defendant. There was no direct evidence that Defendant possessed the
12 camera in 2003, and B.A. was not asked to identify the camera as the camera used in
13 the crimes committed against him. Nor was there circumstantial evidence to
14 purportedly link the video camera to the crimes committed. B.A.’s testimony—that
15 a video camera was used by his assailant, and the detective’s testimony—that police
16 came to possess a camera belonging to Defendant four years later is not relevant to
17 show that Defendant used the video camera in perpetrating the crimes charged in the
18 present case.
9 1 {17} In sum, we conclude that the gun evidence and glasses were properly admitted
2 and that the sweatshirt evidence and the video camera were not. We must now
3 determine whether the improperly admitted evidence is grounds for a new trial or
4 whether the error was harmless. See State v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 25, 275
5 P.3d 110.
6 Harmless Error
7 {18} “Improperly admitted evidence is not grounds for a new trial unless the error
8 is determined to be harmful.” Id. Violations of the Rules of Evidence are considered
9 non-constitutional error for the purpose of harmless error analysis. State v. Marquez,
10 2009-NMSC-055, ¶ 20, 147 N.M. 386, 223 P.3d 931, overruled on other grounds by
11 Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008. Non-constitutional error is harmless only if “there is no
12 reasonable probability the error affected the verdict.” Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 36
13 (emphasis, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). “[H]armless error review
14 necessarily requires a case-by-case analysis [of] whether the guilty verdict actually
15 rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error.” Id. ¶ 44 (emphasis,
16 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). In determining whether the
17 impermissible evidence contributed to Defendant’s conviction, we must “evaluate all
18 of the circumstances surrounding the error[,]” which may include an examination of
19 the source of the error, the emphasis placed upon the error, and the properly admitted
10 1 evidence, at least to the extent such evidence provides “context for understanding how
2 the error arose and what role it may have played in the trial proceedings.” Id. ¶ 43.
3 {19} Here, there is no reasonable probability that the admission of the sweatshirt and
4 camera affected the jury’s verdict. In stark contrast to the sweatshirt and camera
5 evidence, the State solidly proved the likely use of the handgun and, more importantly
6 the State called five witnesses and devoted nearly two days of the trial to testimony
7 that established that Defendant’s DNA profile matched the DNA profile of the semen
8 on B.A.’s shorts. The State presented the testimony of three witnesses regarding the
9 2003 investigation and the collection of physical evidence related to B.A.’s assault,
10 and the testimony of two witnesses concerning the medical examinations performed
11 and the medical treatment provided to B.A. after the assault. The State presented
12 B.A.’s testimony that gave context to and corroborated the State’s other evidence and
13 played a significant role in the case against Defendant. In court, B.A. identified
14 Defendant as his assailant. B.A. also testified that it was Defendant who approached
15 him as he walked home, insisted on B.A.’s help and even offered B.A. money for his
16 help. B.A. provided a detailed account of Defendant’s actions of fondling and
17 penetrating him. B.A. also provided details of these actions during his medical
18 examination on the day of the assault and at his safehouse interview. B.A. further
19 testified about his inability to remove himself from the situation until Defendant
11 1 finished the sexual assault. In light of the relatively small role the evidence played in
2 the State’s case as a whole, we conclude that its admission was harmless.
3 Cumulative Error
4 {20} Defendant also argues that the erroneous admission of evidence amounted to
5 cumulative error that deprived him of a fair trial. “The doctrine of cumulative error
6 applies when multiple errors, which by themselves do not constitute reversible error,
7 are so serious in the aggregate that they cumulatively deprive the defendant of a fair
8 trial.” State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 33, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61. Cumulative
9 error “requires reversal of a defendant’s conviction when the cumulative impact of
10 errors which occurred at trial was so prejudicial that the defendant was deprived of a
11 fair trial. This doctrine is to be strictly applied, and . . . cannot [be] invoke[d] . . . if the
12 record as a whole demonstrates that [the defendant] received a fair trial.” State v.
13 Woodward, 1995-NMSC-074, ¶ 59, 121 N.M. 1, 908 P.2d 231 (internal quotation
14 marks and citation omitted), abrogated by State v. Montoya, 2014-NMSC-032, 333
15 P.3d 935. Reviewing the record in this case and for the reasons explained above, we
16 conclude that the cumulative affect of the improperly admitted video camera and
17 sweatshirt evidence was slight, and that it did not deprive Defendant of a fair trial.
18 Double Jeopardy
12 1 {21} Defendant argues that his convictions for kidnapping and CSPM violate the
2 prohibition against double jeopardy. “A double jeopardy challenge is a constitutional
3 question of law which we review de novo.” State v. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 10,
4 279 P.3d 747. The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, made
5 applicable to New Mexico by the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibits double jeopardy
6 and “functions in part to protect a criminal defendant against multiple punishments for
7 the same offense.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Double
8 jeopardy cases involving multiple punishments are classified as either double-
9 description cases, “where the same conduct results in multiple convictions under
10 different statutes” or unit-of-prosecution cases, “where a defendant challenges
11 multiple convictions under the same statute.” Id. The present case is a double-
12 description case because Defendant challenges two convictions under different
13 statutes for what he claims is the same conduct.
14 {22} Double-description cases involve a two-part analysis. See Swafford v. State,
15 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 25, 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223. First, we consider whether the
16 conduct underlying the offenses was unitary. See id.; see also Swick, 2012-NMSC-
17 018, ¶ 11; State v. Melendrez, 2014-NMCA-062, ¶ 7, 326 P.3d 1126. If the conduct
18 is not unitary, there is no double jeopardy violation. Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 28.
13 1 If the conduct is unitary, we must determine “whether the [L]egislature intended to
2 create separately punishable offenses.” Id. ¶ 25.
3 {23} “Conduct is not unitary if sufficient indicia of distinctness separate the
4 transaction into several acts.” State v. Montoya, 2011-NMCA-074, ¶ 31, 150 N.M.
5 415, 259 P.3d 820 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Distinctness can
6 be established by looking to the quality and nature of the acts, the objects and results
7 involved, and the defendant’s mens rea and goals during each act.” State v.
8 Dominguez, 2014-NMCA-064, ¶ 8, 327 P.3d 1092 (internal quotation marks and
9 citation omitted). “[R]eviewing whether conduct is unitary in the double jeopardy
10 context, we indulge in all presumptions in favor of the verdict.” State v. Herrera, ___-
11 NMCA-___, ¶ 12, ___ P.3d ___, 2015 WL 5174133 (Sept. 3, 2015) (internal
12 quotation marks and citation omitted).
13 {24} In addition, to B.A. identifying Defendant as his assailant, B.A. also testified
14 that Defendant approached him as he was walking home from school in 2003.
15 Defendant told B.A. that someone had broken his skateboard and asked B.A. to help
16 him write “Matt sucks” under a bridge nearby as retaliation. B.A. testified that he told
17 Defendant he did not want to help, but Defendant “kept persisting, persisting,
18 persisting.” Defendant also offered B.A. money to help him write under the bridge.
19 Eventually, B.A. gave in and followed Defendant into an arroyo under the bridge.
14 1 Once under the bridge, Defendant asked B.A. to “moon” a camera to really get back
2 at the people who broke his skateboard. B.A. testified that he resisted, but felt that
3 even saying “No,” he was trapped and there was no way for him to get out of the
4 situation. B.A. pulled down his pants to flash his backside to the camera. Defendant
5 told B.A. to pull his shirt up over his eyes so that he could not see.
6 {25} Defendant put the camera away. B.A. testified “[a]nd that’s when he applied
7 some kind of [lubricant] to, I don’t know, basically fondle me, I guess you can say [I
8 know] it sounds filthy, but he kind of lubed up my butt.” Defendant was behind B.A.
9 and B.A. was crouched over with his hands either on his knees or with his feet on the
10 ground. Defendant fondled B.A.’s scrotum and penis. B.A. felt something inserted
11 into his anal cavity. Defendant was grasping B.A. by the hips. B.A. cried out and
12 yelled, “[w]hy are you doing this[?]” B.A. tried to pull free, but Defendant said that
13 he had a gun and pulled the gun from his backpack.
14 {26} At some point during the encounter, Defendant peeked out from the tunnel
15 under the bridge and told B.A. to put his clothes back on. According to B.A., a boy
16 whom B.A. perceived to be a student, walked past them, through the tunnel.
17 Defendant waited for the boy to pass through. B.A. testified that he was afraid to say
18 anything or to flee because he did not know if Defendant would use the gun to harm
19 him or the boy. After the boy went through the arroyo, Defendant continued the
15 1 assault, “pulling [B.A.’s] pants down and finishing up.” B.A. testified that during the
2 assault, his hands were flat on the ground with Defendant’s hands directly on top of
3 his, so that he could not move. After Defendant “finished up,” he told B.A. to pull his
4 pants up, threw some money down, and told him to count to 300 before leaving.
5 {27} With regard to the kidnapping charge, the jury was instructed that in order to
6 convict Defendant of kidnapping, it must find that Defendant “took[,] restrained[,]
7 confined[,] or transported [B.A.] by force[,] intimidation[,] or deception” and that
8 Defendant intended to “hold [B.A.] against [his] will to inflict death, physical injury[,]
9 or a sexual offense on [him].” Defendant argues that CSPM, by definition, includes
10 some force or restraint and that in this case the force or restraint associated with the
11 CSPM is indistinguishable from that associated with the kidnapping. Therefore, being
12 sentenced for both crimes violates his right to be free of double jeopardy. We
13 disagree.
14 {28} “The crime of kidnapping is complete when the defendant, with the requisite
15 intent, restrains the victim, even though the restraint continues through the
16 commission of a separate crime.” Dominguez, 2014-NMCA-064, ¶ 10. Our Supreme
17 Court has recognized that kidnapping by deception “can occur when an association
18 [between a victim and a defendant] begins voluntarily but the defendant’s actual
19 purpose is other than the reason the victim voluntarily associated with the defendant.”
16 1 State v. Jacobs, 2000-NMSC-026, ¶ 24, 129 N.M. 448, 10 P.3d 127; accord State v.
2 Sanchez, 2000-NMSC-021, ¶ 32, 129 N.M. 284, 6 P.3d 486; see also State v. Laguna,
3 1999-NMCA-152, ¶¶ 2, 13, 128 N.M. 345, 992 P.2d 896 (stating that a teenage victim
4 was kidnapped by deception where he associated with the offender under false
5 pretenses). “[T]he key to finding the restraint element in kidnapping, separate from
6 that involved in criminal sexual penetration, is to determine the point at which the
7 physical association between the defendant and the victim was no longer voluntary.”
8 Jacobs, 2000-NMSC-026, ¶ 24.
9 {29} In this case, B.A. testified that he reluctantly agreed to accompany Defendant
10 into the arroyo based on Defendant’s story about the broken skateboard and request
11 for help writing something under the bridge. According to B.A.’s testimony, once the
12 two were alone in the arroyo, Defendant did not mention writing anything under the
13 bridge. Instead, Defendant asked him to “moon” the camera and that even though B.A.
14 resisted, he knew he was “not getting out of the situation.” This evidence supports a
15 finding that B.A. was kidnapped by deception when Defendant lured him into the
16 arroyo. See State v. McGuire, 1990-NMSC-067, ¶ 10, 110 N.M. 304, 795 P.2d 996
17 (determining that the jury may infer, from evidence of a later sexual assault, that the
18 defendant had the necessary criminal intent at the time the victim was first restrained).
17 1 {30} The elements of kidnapping by force were satisfied by the evidence that
2 Defendant pulled out his gun during the sexual assault. Defendant argues that because
3 the use of the gun occurred contemporaneously with the sexual assault, it was not
4 distinct from the sexual assault. We acknowledge that some degree of force is inherent
5 in CSP or CSPM. State v. Pisio, 1994-NMCA-152, ¶ 28, 119 N.M. 252, 889 P.2d 860.
6 However, a defendant’s culpability increases with force or restraint that is beyond that
7 inherent in or is distinct from that used in the sexual assault. Id.
8 {31} Here, B.A. testified that during the sexual assault, Defendant restrained him by
9 grasping onto his hips and by holding his hands down and that Defendant did not
10 produce the gun until B.A. cried out and attempted to get free. This testimony
11 provided a sufficient basis to determine that the force element of kidnapping was
12 satisfied by Defendant’s use of the handgun and that the restraint element of CSPM
13 was satisfied by evidence that Defendant held Victim’s hips and hands. Viewed in this
14 way, it is reasonable to conclude that Defendant’s purpose in using the handgun was
15 to force Victim not to flee, whereas his purpose for holding Victim’s hips was to
16 physically restrain Victim in order to perpetrate the CSPM. State v. Saiz, 2008-
17 NMSC-048, ¶ 30, 144 N.M. 663, 191 P.3d 521 (“Distinctness may be established by
18 determining whether the acts constituting the two offenses are sufficiently separated
19 by time or space, looking to the quality and nature of the acts, the objects and results
18 1 involved, and the defendant’s mens rea and goals during each act.”), abrogated on
2 other grounds by State v. Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, 146 N.M. 357, 210 P.3d 783.
3 {32} Based on B.A.’s testimony that he knew he was not going to be able to get out
4 of the situation and that he was afraid to say anything or flee when the boy walked
5 passed him in the arroyo, the jury also could have found that B.A. was kidnapped by
6 intimidation. It is not clear which alternative the jury relied on in reaching its
7 verdict—kidnapping by force, intimidation, or deception. Under any of the three
8 alternatives, Defendant’s conduct was factually distinct from the conduct supporting
9 the CSPM conviction and was not unitary. Thus, we conclude that Defendant’s
10 convictions for kidnapping and CSPM do not violate double jeopardy, and we need
11 not proceed to the second part of the Swafford analysis.
12 Sufficiency of the Evidence
13 {33} Defendant also claims that the State presented insufficient evidence to support
14 his convictions for kidnapping and sexual exploitation of a minor. When reviewing
15 sufficiency of the evidence, we must “determine whether substantial evidence of either
16 a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a
17 reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v.
18 Dowling, 2011-NMSC-016, ¶ 20, 150 N.M. 110, 257 P.3d 930 (internal quotation
19 marks and citation omitted). In doing so, we “view the evidence in the light most
19 1 favorable to the [s]tate, resolving all conflicts and indulging all permissible inferences
2 in favor of the verdict.” State v. Reed, 2005-NMSC-031, ¶ 14, 138 N.M. 365, 120 P.3d
3 447.
4 Kidnapping
5 {34} As we noted previously, in order to convict Defendant of kidnapping, the jury
6 had to find that Defendant “took[,] restrained[,] confined[,] or transported [B.A.] by
7 force[,] intimidation[,] or deception” and that Defendant intended to “hold [B.A.]
8 against [his] will to inflict death, physical injury[,] or a sexual offense on [him].”
9 Defendant claims that there is insufficient evidence to support a kidnapping
10 conviction, separate from the sexual assault. More specifically, Defendant argues that
11 the restraint or force supporting the kidnapping charge occurred simultaneously with
12 and was incidental to the sexual assault and cannot, therefore, be the basis of the
13 kidnapping conviction. This analysis overlaps somewhat with our analysis of
14 Defendant’s double jeopardy argument. See Dominguez, 2014-NMCA-064, ¶ 4
15 (“[O]ur resolution of [the d]efendant’s double jeopardy argument is largely
16 determinative of his insufficiency of the evidence argument. Indeed, in the context of
17 combined kidnapping and sexual offense convictions, these two areas of law have
18 generated considerable analytical overlap in our case law.”).
20 1 {35} With regard to incidental force or restraint, this Court has held that force or
2 restraint of a victim that is merely incidental to another crime is not separately
3 punishable as kidnapping. State v. Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-112, ¶¶ 6-8, 289 P.3d 238,
4 cert. quashed, 2015-NMCERT-003, 346 P.3d 1163. The determination of whether
5 conduct is incidental is fact dependent and based on the totality of the circumstances.
6 Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-112, ¶¶ 42-43. Factors that have been considered “whether a
7 defendant intended to prevent the victim’s liberation for a longer period of time or to
8 a greater degree than that which is necessary to commit the other crime[,]” whether
9 the force or restraint subjected the victim to a “risk of harm over and above that
10 necessarily present in the other crime,” and whether the force or restraint is “of the
11 kind inherent in the nature of the other crime” or whether it has “some significance
12 independent of the other crime in that it makes the other crime substantially easier [to
13 commit] or substantially lessens the risk of detection.” Id. ¶¶ 34, 36-37, 39
14 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citations omitted). Although we have not
15 adopted a specific test to determine whether a defendant’s conduct is incidental to
16 another crime, the ultimate question is “whether the restraint or movement increases
17 the culpability of the defendant over and above his culpability for the other crime.”
18 Id. ¶ 38.
21 1 {36} B.A. testified that Defendant showed him the gun in response to his cries and
2 attempts to get free. B.A. also testified that he did not try to escape or say anything to
3 the boy in the arroyo knowing that Defendant had a gun, because B.A. did not want
4 to “take chances” with the boy’s life or his own. As we concluded above, Defendant’s
5 use of the gun was not the type of force inherent in sexual assault. Threatening B.A.
6 with a firearm had significance independent from the sexual assault in that it deterred
7 B.A. from resisting or seeking help. The presence of the gun also significantly
8 increased the risk of harm to B.A. beyond that present in the sexual assault. We
9 conclude that Defendant’s use of the gun increased his culpability over and above his
10 culpability for the sexual assault, and it was not incidental to the CSPM. Therefore,
11 the kidnapping and CSPM in this case are separately punishable.
12 {37} Defendant further argues that there is insufficient evidence to support
13 kidnapping by deception because there is no evidence that he deceived B.A. with the
14 intent to commit a sexual offense against him. As we previously concluded, the
15 evidence supports a finding that Defendant lured B.A. to the arroyo by deception. The
16 evidence that Defendant sexually assaulted B.A. once they were alone under the
17 bridge supports the inference that Defendant intended to sexually assault B.A. at the
18 time Defendant convinced B.A. to follow him. See McGuire, 1990-NMSC-067, ¶ 10
19 (determining that the jury may infer, from evidence of a later sexual assault, that the
22 1 defendant had the necessary criminal intent at the time the victim was first restrained).
2 Accordingly, we reject Defendant’s argument that there was not sufficient evidence
3 of deception and force, independent of the force used during the CSPM to support
4 Defendant’s kidnapping conviction.
5 Sexual Exploitation of a Child
6 {38} Defendant was convicted of sexual exploitation of a child in violation of
7 NMSA1978, Section 30-6A-3(C) (2001, amended 2007). The jury was instructed that
8 to find Defendant guilty of sexual exploitation of a child, it must find that Defendant
9 “intentionally caused or permitted [B.A.] to engage in a prohibited sexual act or
10 simulation of such an act” and that Defendant “knew or had reason to know or
11 intended that the act be recorded in any obscene visual or print medium or performed
12 publicly.” Defendant argues that since B.A. testified at trial that after he “mooned” the
13 camera, Defendant “put it away,” there is insufficient evidence that Defendant knew
14 or intended that a prohibited act be recorded. We disagree. Based on the evidence
15 presented at trial, the jury could have found that the sexual assault on B.A. constituted
16 a prohibited act, and that Defendant knew or intended that the sexual assault be
17 recorded.
18 {39} The jury was instructed that a prohibited sexual act means: “sexual intercourse,
19 including genital-genital, oral-genital, anal-genital[,] or oral-anal . . .[,] or
23 1 masturbation.” At trial, B.A. testified that he believed that the “insertion” he felt
2 during the assault was digital penetration, though he could not be sure. B.A. also
3 testified that during the medical examination on the day of the assault and during the
4 safehouse interview, he reported that the penetration was genital. Additionally, B.A.
5 testified that during the penetration Defendant restrained him by grasping him by the
6 hips and by holding his hands down. B.A. stated that his hands were flat on the ground
7 and Defendant’s hands were on top of his hands, pressing them down. Based on this
8 testimony, the jury could have concluded that Defendant caused B.A. to engage in
9 anal-genital intercourse—a prohibited act under the statute.
10 {40} Defendant also argues that there is insufficient evidence that he knew or
11 intended that the prohibited act be “recorded in any obscene visual or print medium
12 or performed publicly.” The jury was instructed that obscene material is “any material,
13 when the content if taken as a whole: (1) appeals to a prurient interest in sex, as
14 determined by the average person applying contemporary community standards; (2)
15 portrays a prohibited sexual act in a patently offensive way; and (3) lacks serious
16 literary, artistic, political[,] or scientific value.” The jury was also instructed that
17 “visual or print medium” is: “(1) any film, photograph, negative, slide, computer
18 diskette, videotape, videodisc[,] or any computer or electronically generated imagery;
19 or (2) any book, magazine[,] or other forms of publication or photographic
24 1 reproduction containing or incorporating any film, photograph, negative, slide,
2 computer diskette, videotape, videodisc[,] or any computer generated or electronically
3 generated imagery.”
4 {41} The State contends that a police report, introduced by Defendant at trial,
5 contains a statement B.A. gave on the date of the incident that Defendant said he
6 recorded the sexual assault. The report, which was written by Officer Drobik of the
7 Albuquerque Police Department, was introduced by defense counsel during
8 questioning related to the description B.A. gave of his assailant on the day of the
9 assault. The State stipulated to the report’s admission, and the report was admitted into
10 evidence without objection or limitation.
11 {42} The report contains statements B.A. made to Officer Drobik regarding the series
12 of events leading up to, during, and after the sexual assault. The report states in
13 pertinent part:
14 [B.A.] advised [that] the male stood behind him and put a lubrication on 15 his “part.” [B.A] advised [that] the male “did it” for [about fifteen] 16 minutes. The male had a video camera and told [B.A.] that he had taped 17 the incident. The male told [B.A.] that he would show it to his friends if 18 he told anyone.
19 Defendant points out that at trial, B.A. testified that Defendant put the camera away
20 after B.A. “mooned” it and before “the rest of it happened.” However, indulging all
21 reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the
25 1 verdict, we conclude that the jury could have found, based on the report and B.A.’s
2 testimony, that Defendant recorded the sexual assault, in an obscene visual medium
3 as defined in the jury instructions. See State v. Montoya, 2015-NMSC-010, ¶ 52, 345
4 P.3d 1056 (“Contrary evidence supporting acquittal does not provide a basis for
5 reversal because the jury is free to reject [the d]efendant’s version of the facts.”
6 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); State v. Bennett, 2003-NMCA-147,
7 ¶ 20, 134 N.M. 705, 82 P.3d 72 (stating that where conflicting evidence is presented
8 at trial, it is the role of the jury as fact-finder to resolve the conflicts in the evidence).
9 We conclude that sufficient evidence was presented to support Defendant’s conviction
10 for sexual exploitation of a child.
11 Firearm Enhancements
12 {43} The firearm enhancements in this case are governed by NMSA 1978, Section
13 31-18-16 (1993). Pursuant to Section 31-18-16(A), “[w]hen a separate finding of fact
14 by the [fact-finder] shows that a firearm was used in the commission of a noncapital
15 felony, the basic sentence of imprisonment prescribed for the offense . . . shall be
16 increased by one year[.]” Section 31-18-16(C) provides that “[i]f the case is tried
17 before a jury and if a prima facie case has been established showing that a firearm was
18 used in the commission of the offense, the court shall submit the issue to the jury by
19 special interrogatory.”
26 1 {44} In accordance with Section 31-18-16(C), the jury in this case was provided with
2 special verdict forms pertaining to Defendant’s use of a firearm in the commission of
3 kidnapping and sexual exploitation of a child, respectively. The jury found that
4 Defendant had used a firearm in committing both crimes. On appeal, Defendant
5 challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting these special verdict findings
6 and seeks reversal of the firearm enhancements to his sentences for kidnapping and
7 sexual exploitation of a child.
8 {45} Concerning the enhancement to the kidnapping sentence, Defendant argues that
9 any use of the gun was incidental to the CSPM and should not be used to enhance the
10 crime of kidnapping. However, because we previously determined that Defendant’s
11 use of the gun was not incidental to the CSPM, we find this argument unpersuasive.
12 The firearm enhancement applies where the jury finds that a firearm was used in the
13 commission of a noncapital felony. NMSA 1978, § 31-18-16 (1993). As we discussed
14 above, the jury in this case could have reasonably found that Defendant used the
15 firearm to complete the crime of kidnapping. As to the firearm enhancement of the
16 sentence for sexual exploitation of a child, Defendant bases his challenge on his
17 assertion that the evidence does not show that the sexual assault was recorded. This
18 argument is also without merit. In light of B.A.’s testimony that the gun was used
19 during the sexual assault, and Officer Drobik’s report indicating that Defendant
27 1 recorded the assault, the jury could have concluded that the gun was used in the sexual
2 exploitation of B.A. Having rejected Defendant’s arguments, we see no basis for
3 vacating the challenged firearm enhancements.
4 CONCLUSION
5 {46} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Defendant’s convictions and uphold the
6 firearm enhancements to his sentences.
7 {47} IT IS SO ORDERED.
8 9 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
10 WE CONCUR:
11 12 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
13 14 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge