RUDMAN, Justice.
Anthony Sanborn, Jr., appeals from a judgment entered in the Superior Court (Cumberland County,
Perkins, AR.J.)
following a jury verdict finding him guilty of murder. 17-A M.R.S.A. § 201(1)(A) (1983). Sanborn argues that the Juvenile Court (Portland,
Bradley, J.)
erred in waiving its jurisdiction and holding him to answer in the Superior Court; that the Superior Court
{Brodrick, J.)
erred in denying his motions to dismiss the indictment as a sanction for a discovery violation; and that the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct by intimidating a potential witness into invoking the privilege against self-incrimination. Finding no error or abuse of discretion, we affirm.
On May 24, 1989, the body of Jessica Briggs (the victim) was pulled from the Portland Harbor. She was killed sometime in the late evening of May 23rd or early morning of May 24th, 1989. A juvenile petition was filed alleging that Sanborn had committed the
murder.
After a hearing before the Juvenile Court, Sanborn was bound over to the Superior Court to be tried as an adult. San-born appealed the bind-over order to the Superior Court
{Fritzsche, J.)
which affirmed. Following an unsuccessful attempt to dismiss the indictment for a discovery violation, Sanborn was tried before a jury in the Superior Court and was found guilty of murder. Sanborn filed a timely appeal.
I. The Juvenile Court’s Waiving of Jurisdiction.
The Juvenile Court found probable cause to believe that Sanborn murdered the victim and that it was appropriate to prosecute him as if he were an adult. Sanborn, relying on 15 M.R.S.A. § 3101(4) (1980 & Supp.1993),
raises a two-part argument that the Juvenile Court erred in holding him to answer in the Superior Court. First, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the finding of probable cause. Second, he claims that the evidence does not support the finding that it was appropriate to prosecute him as if he were an adult.
a. Probable Cause
At the bind-over hearing, Gerard Rossi, an acquaintance of Sanborn’s, testified that, on three occasions, Sanborn confessed to murdering the victim and that Sanborn warned him against telling anyone. San-born’s father testified that, although Sanborn did not stay at the family apartment regularly, he did sleep at the apartment every night from May 21st until the morning of May 25th, 1989. On May 23, 1989, the day of the murder, Sanborn was said to have come home about 8:30 p.m., gone to bed and woke at about 9:30 a.m. on May 24th. The father admitted that he did not check on Sanborn during the night, that the room in which Sanborn slept was on the third floor without access to a ladder or balcony, and that San-born had no key to the apartment. However, he acknowledged that it would be possible for a person to let himself out of the apartment and leave the door unlocked so as to be able to reenter the apartment without a key. After hearing this testimony, the Juvenile Court found probable cause to believe that Sanborn murdered the victim.
,We review bind-over orders only on ‘an appeal of a judgment of conviction in Superi- or Court following bind-over.’”
State v. Thompson,
603 A.2d 479, 480 (Me.1992) (citing 15 M.R.S.A. § 3407(2)(B) (1980)). San-born argues that a showing of probable cause is not a
proforma
step and that the evidence
before the Juvenile Court was insufficient to lead a person of ordinary caution to believe or suspect that he murdered the victim. We reject Sanborn’s various arguments regarding Rossi’s credibility. After reviewing the record, we conclude that the Juvenile Court’s finding of probable cause was not clearly erroneous.
b. Appropriateness of Prosecution as an Adult
During the second portion of the bifurcated bind-over hearing, several witnesses testified for the State regarding Sanborn’s history of placement at the Maine Youth Center, repeated escapes from the center, Sanborn’s mental health generally, and his prospects for rehabilitation. In response, Sanborn offered testimony as to his participation (1) in substance abuse meetings, (2) in chapel services at the Maine Youth Center, and (3) in a Colorado program designed to treat youths with behavioral problems like Sanborn’s.
The Juvenile Court found that it was appropriate to prosecute Sanborn as if he were an adult. Sanborn argues that the Juvenile Court abused its discretion. First, he argues that the Maine Juvenile Code must be applied and interpreted in light of its stated purpose of treatment and rehabilitation. 15 M.R.S.A. § 3002(1) (1980 & Supp.1993). Second, he argues that the evidence in the record is insufficient to support the Juvenile Court’s determination that Sanborn was not receptive or amenable to treatment. In so arguing, he focuses on the three statutory factors that 15 M.R.S.A. § 3101(4)(D) requires a juvenile court to consider. In relation to the first factor — seriousness of the crime — Sanborn does not dispute that the offense charged is serious. He argues, however, that the seriousness of the offense, standing alone, is insufficient to justify the bind-over. In relation to the second factor— the characteristics of the juvenile — Sanborn argues that the evidence does not support the court’s finding that bind-over was appropriate. Regarding the third factor — the dis-positional alternatives — Sanborn avers that a Colorado facility could offer appropriate treatment. Sanborn argues that the court misapplied the “gravity of the offense” portion of 15 M.R.S.A. § 3101(4)(D)(3)
when it expressed concern regarding the Colorado program’s inability to confine Sanborn beyond his 21st birthday. He argues that the “‘diminish the gravity of the offense’ standard must be placed in the context of the purpose of the Juvenile Code, which is to focus on the juvenile’s amenability to treatment, rather than his past bad acts.”
15 M.R.S.A. § 3101(4) does not, as Sanborn suggests, state that a juvenile who is amenable to treatment cannot be bound over to be tried as an adult. Instead, the statute provides a list of factors that must be considered by the Juvenile Court when deciding whether, by a preponderance of the evidence, it is appropriate to prosecute a juvenile as an adult. Contrary to Sanborn’s interpretation, the statute does not dictate the weight to be given to the specific factors, nor does it provide that each factor must be affirmatively shown before it is appropriate to prosecute a juvenile as an adult. In an opinion that was both detailed and comprehensive, the Juvenile Court considered each of the required factors and accordingly made its finding. In its carefully written well-reasoned opinion, the Juvenile Court considered, at length, the seriousness of the crime and the characteristics of Sanborn (including his record and previous history, Sanborn’s emotional attitude and pattern of living, and the dispositional alternatives). After such consideration, the Juvenile Court concluded:
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RUDMAN, Justice.
Anthony Sanborn, Jr., appeals from a judgment entered in the Superior Court (Cumberland County,
Perkins, AR.J.)
following a jury verdict finding him guilty of murder. 17-A M.R.S.A. § 201(1)(A) (1983). Sanborn argues that the Juvenile Court (Portland,
Bradley, J.)
erred in waiving its jurisdiction and holding him to answer in the Superior Court; that the Superior Court
{Brodrick, J.)
erred in denying his motions to dismiss the indictment as a sanction for a discovery violation; and that the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct by intimidating a potential witness into invoking the privilege against self-incrimination. Finding no error or abuse of discretion, we affirm.
On May 24, 1989, the body of Jessica Briggs (the victim) was pulled from the Portland Harbor. She was killed sometime in the late evening of May 23rd or early morning of May 24th, 1989. A juvenile petition was filed alleging that Sanborn had committed the
murder.
After a hearing before the Juvenile Court, Sanborn was bound over to the Superior Court to be tried as an adult. San-born appealed the bind-over order to the Superior Court
{Fritzsche, J.)
which affirmed. Following an unsuccessful attempt to dismiss the indictment for a discovery violation, Sanborn was tried before a jury in the Superior Court and was found guilty of murder. Sanborn filed a timely appeal.
I. The Juvenile Court’s Waiving of Jurisdiction.
The Juvenile Court found probable cause to believe that Sanborn murdered the victim and that it was appropriate to prosecute him as if he were an adult. Sanborn, relying on 15 M.R.S.A. § 3101(4) (1980 & Supp.1993),
raises a two-part argument that the Juvenile Court erred in holding him to answer in the Superior Court. First, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the finding of probable cause. Second, he claims that the evidence does not support the finding that it was appropriate to prosecute him as if he were an adult.
a. Probable Cause
At the bind-over hearing, Gerard Rossi, an acquaintance of Sanborn’s, testified that, on three occasions, Sanborn confessed to murdering the victim and that Sanborn warned him against telling anyone. San-born’s father testified that, although Sanborn did not stay at the family apartment regularly, he did sleep at the apartment every night from May 21st until the morning of May 25th, 1989. On May 23, 1989, the day of the murder, Sanborn was said to have come home about 8:30 p.m., gone to bed and woke at about 9:30 a.m. on May 24th. The father admitted that he did not check on Sanborn during the night, that the room in which Sanborn slept was on the third floor without access to a ladder or balcony, and that San-born had no key to the apartment. However, he acknowledged that it would be possible for a person to let himself out of the apartment and leave the door unlocked so as to be able to reenter the apartment without a key. After hearing this testimony, the Juvenile Court found probable cause to believe that Sanborn murdered the victim.
,We review bind-over orders only on ‘an appeal of a judgment of conviction in Superi- or Court following bind-over.’”
State v. Thompson,
603 A.2d 479, 480 (Me.1992) (citing 15 M.R.S.A. § 3407(2)(B) (1980)). San-born argues that a showing of probable cause is not a
proforma
step and that the evidence
before the Juvenile Court was insufficient to lead a person of ordinary caution to believe or suspect that he murdered the victim. We reject Sanborn’s various arguments regarding Rossi’s credibility. After reviewing the record, we conclude that the Juvenile Court’s finding of probable cause was not clearly erroneous.
b. Appropriateness of Prosecution as an Adult
During the second portion of the bifurcated bind-over hearing, several witnesses testified for the State regarding Sanborn’s history of placement at the Maine Youth Center, repeated escapes from the center, Sanborn’s mental health generally, and his prospects for rehabilitation. In response, Sanborn offered testimony as to his participation (1) in substance abuse meetings, (2) in chapel services at the Maine Youth Center, and (3) in a Colorado program designed to treat youths with behavioral problems like Sanborn’s.
The Juvenile Court found that it was appropriate to prosecute Sanborn as if he were an adult. Sanborn argues that the Juvenile Court abused its discretion. First, he argues that the Maine Juvenile Code must be applied and interpreted in light of its stated purpose of treatment and rehabilitation. 15 M.R.S.A. § 3002(1) (1980 & Supp.1993). Second, he argues that the evidence in the record is insufficient to support the Juvenile Court’s determination that Sanborn was not receptive or amenable to treatment. In so arguing, he focuses on the three statutory factors that 15 M.R.S.A. § 3101(4)(D) requires a juvenile court to consider. In relation to the first factor — seriousness of the crime — Sanborn does not dispute that the offense charged is serious. He argues, however, that the seriousness of the offense, standing alone, is insufficient to justify the bind-over. In relation to the second factor— the characteristics of the juvenile — Sanborn argues that the evidence does not support the court’s finding that bind-over was appropriate. Regarding the third factor — the dis-positional alternatives — Sanborn avers that a Colorado facility could offer appropriate treatment. Sanborn argues that the court misapplied the “gravity of the offense” portion of 15 M.R.S.A. § 3101(4)(D)(3)
when it expressed concern regarding the Colorado program’s inability to confine Sanborn beyond his 21st birthday. He argues that the “‘diminish the gravity of the offense’ standard must be placed in the context of the purpose of the Juvenile Code, which is to focus on the juvenile’s amenability to treatment, rather than his past bad acts.”
15 M.R.S.A. § 3101(4) does not, as Sanborn suggests, state that a juvenile who is amenable to treatment cannot be bound over to be tried as an adult. Instead, the statute provides a list of factors that must be considered by the Juvenile Court when deciding whether, by a preponderance of the evidence, it is appropriate to prosecute a juvenile as an adult. Contrary to Sanborn’s interpretation, the statute does not dictate the weight to be given to the specific factors, nor does it provide that each factor must be affirmatively shown before it is appropriate to prosecute a juvenile as an adult. In an opinion that was both detailed and comprehensive, the Juvenile Court considered each of the required factors and accordingly made its finding. In its carefully written well-reasoned opinion, the Juvenile Court considered, at length, the seriousness of the crime and the characteristics of Sanborn (including his record and previous history, Sanborn’s emotional attitude and pattern of living, and the dispositional alternatives). After such consideration, the Juvenile Court concluded:
In view of this emotional attitude and pattern of living, in light of the lack of disposi-tional alternatives available to the Juvenile
Court that would adequately address both the demonstrated conduct of this individual and the gravity of the offense, and in view of the undisputed seriousness of the offense at issue here, the Court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that it is appropriate to prosecute Anthony San-born, Jr., as if he were an adult.
See
15 M.R.S.A. § 3101(4)(E)(2).
We find no error nor abuse of discretion in the Juvenile Court’s conclusion that it was appropriate to prosecute Sanborn as if he were an adult.
II. Sanborn’s motions to dismiss the indictment
Rossi testified, at the bind-over hearing, that Sanborn confessed to the murder. Unfortunately, a prior inconsistent statement, made during an interview with Florida police detectives, was not disclosed to San-born’s attorney until more than one year after the bind-over hearing, six months after the grand jury indictment, and eight months before the trial. The Superior Court found that the late disclosure was due to a good faith mistake by Portland Police detectives who were unaware of the existence in their files of the inconsistent statement made by Rossi to Florida detectives. Once the State became aware of the statement, it was turned over to Sanborn’s attorney. After receiving the transcript, Sanborn filed a motion to dismiss the indictment for grand jury error and bind-over error, and a motion for sanctions. Although the trial court found a discovery violation, it denied Sanborn’s motions.
Sanborn argues that the trial court erred in concluding that the discovery violation did not deny him his rights, under the Maine and United States constitutions, to due process of law, effective assistance of counsel, and the right to confront witnesses. Although the State argues that no technical violation of M.R.Crim.P. 16 occurred,
it concedes that the spirit of the rule was violated. Assuming a discovery violation, the State then argues that the trial court had broad discretion under M.R.Crim.P. 16(d) to choose an appropriate sanction and that, in this case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in choosing not to levy a sanction. Additionally, the State argues that Sanborn was not prejudiced since he had the transcript eight months before trial and was able to and did cross-examine Rossi with the statement at trial.
M.R.Crim.P. 16(a) and (d) provide for automatic discovery and the sanctions available for violations of such discovery.
Rule 16(a) requires a diligent inquiry by prosecutors to discover whether automatically discoverable information exists. The failure to comply with Rule 16(a) may result in the trial court’s excluding the specified evidence. Unless a defendant has demonstrated that he was in fact prejudiced by the discovery violation despite the court’s effort to nullify or minimize the consequences and that the prejudice rose to the level of depriving him of a fair trial, a trial court’s decision not to impose sanctions for discovery violations cannot be characterized as either an abuse of discretion or an error of law.
State v. Leavitt,
625
A.2d 302, 305 (Me.1993);
State v. Corson,
572 A.2d 483, 486 (Me.1990). Assuming, without deciding, that a violation of M.R.Crim.P. 16(a)(1)(C) occurred, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to impose a sanction. On the record before us, we find that Sanborn was neither prejudiced nor denied of a fair trial.
III. Intimidation of a Potential Witness
Finally, Sanborn argues that the State, through threats of prosecution, intimidated a potential witness into invoking her privilege against self-incrimination and thus denied Sanborn of his sixth amendment right to compulsory process. Sanborn neither called the potential witness to testify nor sought immunity on her behalf. We review for obvious error and find none.
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
All concurring.