IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
DECEMBER 1997 SESSION FILED January 23, 1998 STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) Cecil Crowson, Jr. ) Appellate C ourt Clerk APPELLEE, ) ) No. 02-C-01-9612-CC-00489 ) ) Hardin County v. ) ) C. Creed McGinley, Judge ) ) (DUI Second Offense) RONALD BRET CASS, ) ) APPELLANT. )
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
Ronald Bret Cass, Pro Se John Knox Walkup 2112 Prince Place Attorney General & Reporter Savannah, TN 38372 500 Charlotte Avenue Nashville, TN 37243-0497
Kenneth W. Rucker Assistant Attorney General 450 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, TN 37243-0493
G. Robert Radford District Attorney General 111 Church Street Huntingdon, TN 38344-0686
Eleanor Cahill Assistant District Attorney General 111 Church Street Huntingdon, TN 38344-0686
OPINION FILED:________________________________
AFFIRMED
Joe B. Jones, Presiding Judge OPINION
The appellant, Ronald Bret Cass (defendant), was convicted of driving while under
the influence, second offense, a Class A misdemeanor, by a jury of his peers. The trial
court sentenced the defendant to pay a fine of $2,000 and serve eleven months and
twenty-nine days in the Hardin County Jail. The defendant is required to serve six months
of the sentence. The trial court suspended the balance of the sentence and ordered that
the defendant will serve this portion of the sentence on probation. The defendant’s driving
privileges were revoked for two years.
The defendant presents nine issues for review:
NO. 1
The state witness, Steve Florence, did commit perjury, when he stated that he had performed a horizontal gaze nystagmus test.
NO. 2
The state witness Janet Lard, did commit perjury, when she stated that she had the results of a blood alcohol test, prior to the release, of the defendant Cass, from her care.
NO. 3
The state witness Janet Lard did commit perjury when she stated that she was an employee of the Hardin County Hospital.
NO. 4
The officer, did not have grounds, to request, the defendant, Ronald Cass, to submit to a blood alcohol test, nor did he have probable cause for the warrantless arrest of the defendant, Ronald Cass.
NO. 5
Did the trial court err, in allowing the confidential medical records, of the defendant Cass, into evidence in this cause.
NO. 6
The State of Tennessee fail[ed] to prove jurisdiction.
NO. 7
The jury verdict in this cause was against the weight of the evidence.
2 NO. 8
The State of Tennessee fail[ed] to provide an impartial prosecutor who was constitutionally qualified to prosecute this cause.
NO. 9
The failure of the trial court in not allowing me assistance of a non-lawyer, did violate the defendant[’s] Sixth Amendment Right U.S. Const. And Article I, Section 9, right to counsel Tenn. Const.
After a thorough review of the record, the briefs submitted by the parties, and the law
governing the issues presented for review, it is the opinion of this court that the judgment
of the trial court should be affirmed.
On November 3, 1995, the defendant was operating his pickup truck along
Tennessee Highway 22 in Hardin County, Tennessee. Stacy B. Meeks was operating his
motor vehicle in the opposite direction on Route 22. Meeks intended to turn onto
Tennessee Highway 142 en route to his home. Suddenly, the defendant’s truck crossed
the centerline of the highway. Meeks veered to his right to avoid a collision with the
defendant’s truck. A second later the defendant’s truck turned over. The truck came to
rest in a ditch adjacent to Route 22.
Mr. Meeks stopped his vehicle and ran to the defendant’s truck seconds after he
saw the truck come to rest in the ditch. The defendant was the only occupant in the truck.
According to Mr. Meeks, the defendant said “Hey there” several times, began hollering for
help, and then began cursing. When others arrived, an attempt was made to remove the
defendant from the truck. It was unsuccessful.
State Trooper Steve Florence was dispatched to the scene. He witnessed the truck
in the ditch. According to Trooper Florence, the defendant was cursing, kicking, and
screaming. The defendant was the only person in the truck. Trooper Florence called for
rescue assistance and an ambulance. The rescue squad extricated the defendant from
the truck. He was transported to the Hardin County General Hospital by ambulance.
When Trooper Florence came into contact with the defendant at the scene, he
noticed the defendant had a strong odor of an intoxicant on his breath. It was the opinion
of Trooper Florence that the defendant’s ability to operate a motor vehicle was impaired
by the consumption of intoxicating beverages. Trooper Florence read to the defendant the
3 informed consent form permitting an analysis of his blood alcohol content. The defendant
read the agreement himself as well. Finally, the defendant told Trooper Florence it was
against his religion to give his permission for such a test. Trooper Florence described the
defendant as having “very red and bloodshot” eyes, walking with a “slight stagger,” and
having to support himself by holding onto the bars in the jail.
Those who attended the defendant at the hospital noticed a strong odor of an
intoxicating beverage on the defendant’s breath. The defendant was cooperative at times
and uncooperative at other times. He permitted an employee of the hospital to draw blood
from his body. An analysis of the blood revealed a blood alcohol content of .28.
A registered nurse assigned to the emergency room had known the defendant from
junior high school. She had seen the defendant sober at times and drunk at other times.
She testified the defendant smelled of an intoxicant. He was agitated, upset, and was
cursing while in the emergency room. His speech was slurred. The defendant admitted
to the nurse he had consumed a “few drinks.”
It was established the defendant had one prior conviction for driving while under the
influence.
The foregoing summary of the evidence establishes there was sufficient evidence
to support a finding by a rational trier of fact that the defendant was guilty of driving while
under the influence, second offense, beyond a reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e).
This court will not consider issues one through three. The defendant accuses
Trooper Florence and Doctor Lard of committing perjury. First, there is no evidence in the
record to support the defendant’s claim that these two witnesses committed perjury.
Second, the factual matter asserted in these issues reflects upon the credibility of the
witnesses. The jury found these two witnesses credible and believable. This court cannot
reweigh or reevaluate the evidence.
The defendant contends Trooper Florence did not have probable cause to arrest
him without a warrant, and, further, he did not have the right to ask the defendant to submit
to a blood alcohol test. This court disagrees. Trooper Florence arrived at the scene before
the defendant was removed from the truck. He saw the defendant was the only person
inside the truck. He saw the defendant after he was removed from the truck. He smelled
4 a strong odor of an intoxicant on the defendant’s breath. The defendant’s eyes were “very
red and bloodshot.” The defendant’s conduct at the scene was consistent with a person
under the influence of an intoxicant. It was the opinion of Trooper Florence that the
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
DECEMBER 1997 SESSION FILED January 23, 1998 STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) Cecil Crowson, Jr. ) Appellate C ourt Clerk APPELLEE, ) ) No. 02-C-01-9612-CC-00489 ) ) Hardin County v. ) ) C. Creed McGinley, Judge ) ) (DUI Second Offense) RONALD BRET CASS, ) ) APPELLANT. )
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
Ronald Bret Cass, Pro Se John Knox Walkup 2112 Prince Place Attorney General & Reporter Savannah, TN 38372 500 Charlotte Avenue Nashville, TN 37243-0497
Kenneth W. Rucker Assistant Attorney General 450 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, TN 37243-0493
G. Robert Radford District Attorney General 111 Church Street Huntingdon, TN 38344-0686
Eleanor Cahill Assistant District Attorney General 111 Church Street Huntingdon, TN 38344-0686
OPINION FILED:________________________________
AFFIRMED
Joe B. Jones, Presiding Judge OPINION
The appellant, Ronald Bret Cass (defendant), was convicted of driving while under
the influence, second offense, a Class A misdemeanor, by a jury of his peers. The trial
court sentenced the defendant to pay a fine of $2,000 and serve eleven months and
twenty-nine days in the Hardin County Jail. The defendant is required to serve six months
of the sentence. The trial court suspended the balance of the sentence and ordered that
the defendant will serve this portion of the sentence on probation. The defendant’s driving
privileges were revoked for two years.
The defendant presents nine issues for review:
NO. 1
The state witness, Steve Florence, did commit perjury, when he stated that he had performed a horizontal gaze nystagmus test.
NO. 2
The state witness Janet Lard, did commit perjury, when she stated that she had the results of a blood alcohol test, prior to the release, of the defendant Cass, from her care.
NO. 3
The state witness Janet Lard did commit perjury when she stated that she was an employee of the Hardin County Hospital.
NO. 4
The officer, did not have grounds, to request, the defendant, Ronald Cass, to submit to a blood alcohol test, nor did he have probable cause for the warrantless arrest of the defendant, Ronald Cass.
NO. 5
Did the trial court err, in allowing the confidential medical records, of the defendant Cass, into evidence in this cause.
NO. 6
The State of Tennessee fail[ed] to prove jurisdiction.
NO. 7
The jury verdict in this cause was against the weight of the evidence.
2 NO. 8
The State of Tennessee fail[ed] to provide an impartial prosecutor who was constitutionally qualified to prosecute this cause.
NO. 9
The failure of the trial court in not allowing me assistance of a non-lawyer, did violate the defendant[’s] Sixth Amendment Right U.S. Const. And Article I, Section 9, right to counsel Tenn. Const.
After a thorough review of the record, the briefs submitted by the parties, and the law
governing the issues presented for review, it is the opinion of this court that the judgment
of the trial court should be affirmed.
On November 3, 1995, the defendant was operating his pickup truck along
Tennessee Highway 22 in Hardin County, Tennessee. Stacy B. Meeks was operating his
motor vehicle in the opposite direction on Route 22. Meeks intended to turn onto
Tennessee Highway 142 en route to his home. Suddenly, the defendant’s truck crossed
the centerline of the highway. Meeks veered to his right to avoid a collision with the
defendant’s truck. A second later the defendant’s truck turned over. The truck came to
rest in a ditch adjacent to Route 22.
Mr. Meeks stopped his vehicle and ran to the defendant’s truck seconds after he
saw the truck come to rest in the ditch. The defendant was the only occupant in the truck.
According to Mr. Meeks, the defendant said “Hey there” several times, began hollering for
help, and then began cursing. When others arrived, an attempt was made to remove the
defendant from the truck. It was unsuccessful.
State Trooper Steve Florence was dispatched to the scene. He witnessed the truck
in the ditch. According to Trooper Florence, the defendant was cursing, kicking, and
screaming. The defendant was the only person in the truck. Trooper Florence called for
rescue assistance and an ambulance. The rescue squad extricated the defendant from
the truck. He was transported to the Hardin County General Hospital by ambulance.
When Trooper Florence came into contact with the defendant at the scene, he
noticed the defendant had a strong odor of an intoxicant on his breath. It was the opinion
of Trooper Florence that the defendant’s ability to operate a motor vehicle was impaired
by the consumption of intoxicating beverages. Trooper Florence read to the defendant the
3 informed consent form permitting an analysis of his blood alcohol content. The defendant
read the agreement himself as well. Finally, the defendant told Trooper Florence it was
against his religion to give his permission for such a test. Trooper Florence described the
defendant as having “very red and bloodshot” eyes, walking with a “slight stagger,” and
having to support himself by holding onto the bars in the jail.
Those who attended the defendant at the hospital noticed a strong odor of an
intoxicating beverage on the defendant’s breath. The defendant was cooperative at times
and uncooperative at other times. He permitted an employee of the hospital to draw blood
from his body. An analysis of the blood revealed a blood alcohol content of .28.
A registered nurse assigned to the emergency room had known the defendant from
junior high school. She had seen the defendant sober at times and drunk at other times.
She testified the defendant smelled of an intoxicant. He was agitated, upset, and was
cursing while in the emergency room. His speech was slurred. The defendant admitted
to the nurse he had consumed a “few drinks.”
It was established the defendant had one prior conviction for driving while under the
influence.
The foregoing summary of the evidence establishes there was sufficient evidence
to support a finding by a rational trier of fact that the defendant was guilty of driving while
under the influence, second offense, beyond a reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e).
This court will not consider issues one through three. The defendant accuses
Trooper Florence and Doctor Lard of committing perjury. First, there is no evidence in the
record to support the defendant’s claim that these two witnesses committed perjury.
Second, the factual matter asserted in these issues reflects upon the credibility of the
witnesses. The jury found these two witnesses credible and believable. This court cannot
reweigh or reevaluate the evidence.
The defendant contends Trooper Florence did not have probable cause to arrest
him without a warrant, and, further, he did not have the right to ask the defendant to submit
to a blood alcohol test. This court disagrees. Trooper Florence arrived at the scene before
the defendant was removed from the truck. He saw the defendant was the only person
inside the truck. He saw the defendant after he was removed from the truck. He smelled
4 a strong odor of an intoxicant on the defendant’s breath. The defendant’s eyes were “very
red and bloodshot.” The defendant’s conduct at the scene was consistent with a person
under the influence of an intoxicant. It was the opinion of Trooper Florence that the
defendant’s ability to operate a motor vehicle was impaired due to the consumption of an
intoxicant. This opinion was supported by the hospital personnel and the results of the
blood test to determine the defendant’s blood alcohol content. Trooper Florence had
ample probable cause to arrest the defendant without benefit of an arrest warrant. State
v. Evetts, 670 S.W.2d 640, 642 (Tenn. Crim. App.), per. app. denied (Tenn. 1984).
Trooper Florence had every right to ask the defendant to submit to a blood alcohol
test. The defendant impliedly consented to take such a test if he, as in this case, operated
a motor vehicle while under the influence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-406(a)(1).
This issue is without merit.
The defendant contends his medical records at the Hardin County General Hospital
were confidential, and it was error of prejudicial dimensions to admit these records into
evidence. The state issued a subpoena duces tecum to obtain the records. The medical
records qualify as business records within the meaning of Rule 803(6), Tennessee Rules
of Evidence. The state laid the proper foundation for the admission of these records. The
manager of the records department, the emergency room doctor, a medical technician, and
a registered nurse testified in this cause. This court has previously held that medical
records are admissible as business records in driving while intoxicated cases. See State
v. Hailey, 769 S.W.2d 228, 230-31 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1989). This issue is without merit.
The defendant further contends the results of his blood test were contained in the
medical records. He argues he did not consent to the test. The defendant overlooks the
fact the blood was not drawn and tested at the direction of Trooper Florence because the
defendant refused to sign the informed consent agreement. The blood was drawn at the
direction of the emergency room doctor. The doctor ordered other tests in order to
determine the defendant’s physical condition since he complained of being injured when
he wrecked his truck. Thus, the results were admissible.
The defendant also argues the record is silent regarding the technician’s
qualifications to perform a blood alcohol test and whether the equipment used was in
5 proper working order. The technician who performed the test testified during the trial. He
was subjected to rigid cross-examination regarding his qualifications. The record reflects
the technician was highly qualified to perform the test. The defendant did not object to the
admission of the blood alcohol test at trial on the ground the state failed to introduce
evidence that the equipment used was in good working order. Therefore, this subissue has
been waived. Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a).
Finally, the defendant argues his Fourth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment
rights were violated by subpoenaing and introducing his medical records. No constitutional
right of the defendant was violated in this regard. State v. Fears, 659 S.W.2d 370, 376
(Tenn. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1082, 104 S.Ct. 1450, 79 L.Ed.2d 768 (1984).
The defendant contends the State of Tennessee failed to establish it had jurisdiction
to prosecute him. He argues the mishap occurred in the Shiloh National Military Park and
only the United States Government could prosecute him. This court disagrees. The
defendant operated a motor vehicle on a state highway, which is maintained by the state.
The mishap occurred on this state highway in Hardin County, Tennessee. The trial court
had personal, subject matter, and territorial jurisdiction over this matter.
The defendant contends the state failed to provide an impartial prosecutor who was
constitutionally qualified to prosecute him. He predicates his argument on the fact the
assistant district attorney general failed to file a copy of her oath of office with the Secretary
of State. This issue is frivolous. The simple fact the oath of office is not on record with the
Secretary of State does not disqualify an assistant district attorney general. Moreover, the
defendant did not challenge the qualifications of the assistant district attorney general who
prosecuted him prior to trial. Thus, this issue has been waived. Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a).
The defendant contends he was entitled to the assistance of a non-lawyer
representative to assist him in the preparation and presentation of his defense. He relies
upon the United States and Tennessee constitutional rights to the effective assistance of
counsel. The defendant’s reliance upon these constitutional provisions is misplaced. This
6 court has held an accused is not entitled to the assistance of a non-lawyer during the
course of a trial. State v. Sowder, 826 S.W.2d 924, 929 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991), cert.
denied, 510 U.S. 883, 114 S.Ct. 229, 126 L.Ed.2d 184 (1993).
____________________________________________ JOE B. JONES, PRESIDING JUDGE
CONCUR:
______________________________________ JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE
______________________________________ CURWOOD WITT, JUDGE