MoWhoeter, Judge:
This is a prosecution upon an indictment in the circuit court of Mingo County for the robbery of B. C. Bateman against Jacob Eoberts indicted jointly as principal with four others named, tried at the May term, 1901, of said court as to said Eoberts, a verdict of guilty was rendered by a jury and judgment entered thereon, the defendant being sentenced' to a term of years in the penitentiary. The defendant procured a writ of error and his first assignment is that the court erred in refusing •to grant him a continuance of the case on the ground of the absence of material witnesses. The absent witnesses being Elijah Mounts, Sampy Hatfield, Bub Elswiclc and a Mrs. Johnson sister of the defendant Eoberts., all of whom seem to have been summoned except the sister. It appears that Elijah Mounts had met with a railroad accident a few days before the case was called for trial wherein he had lost both his legs and of course was unable to attend. It appears that Mounts was working with others on a raft in the river near to where the robbery occurred. On cross-examination Eoberts said that he did not know whether there were other witnesses present that knew the same facts that Mounts knew or not, and that Eoberts didn’t know what witnesses he had there. On re-direct examination he was caused to say that he had no other witnesses that he could prove the same facts by that he expected to prove by said Mounts. As to the other witnesses, Hatfield lives on the opposite side of the river in Kentucky and James Eoberts, brother of the defendant, says he served notice on him to appear as a witness, that he came over on the West Virginia side to be served and said he would attend and that he was a good friend to the defendant. The witness James Eoberts was asked whether he had made any effort to get Bub Elswiclc, he said that he had sent his brother after him, that his brother got him but he got away from him. His brother, Coz Eoberts, testified that he had a subpoena for Bub Elswiclc, that he went up about a mile and ahalf above Panther to get him, he brought him to Gray, intending to bring him on to the place of trial, when he said he wanted to talk to Mr. Eied, the hotel man at Gray, he went across the walk and went away somewhere, witness did not know where, he hunted and inquired for him but failed to find him or get any further 'information about him. Dorcas Johnson, the defendant’s sister, was not [424] summoned. Defendant had notified her that he would have to use her as a witness, but some time before the trial she had gone off and her father nor mother did not know in particular where she was, he supposed her husband knew where she was and he was probably with her. The defendant admitted that he might have stated a short time before the trial that he did not expect to try the case at that term. Evidently from the character of the testimony in support of the motion for a continuance, the trial court was satisfied that the apparent effort made on part of defendant to get ready for trial was simply a subterfuge to get ready for a continuance. “A motion for continuance is addressed to the sound discretion of the court under all the circumstances of the case; and, though an appellate court will supervise the action of an inferior court on such motion, it will not reverse the judgment on that ground, unless such action was plainly erroneous.” State v. Harrison, 36 W. Va. 729, syl. pt. 7; State v. Lane, 44 W. Va. 730; Hewitt’s Case, 17 Grat. 627. It is insisted that the court erred in compelling the prisoner to be tried separately when he demanded to be tried jointly with James Eoberts, one of the parties with whom he was jointly indicted, the defendants Edmond Murphy and Thomas Ilardin having been tried prior thereto, and cites in support of his proposition, section 8, chapter 159, Code, which provides, “If persons jointly indicted elect to be, or are tried separately, the panel in the case of each, shall be made up as provided in the third section of this chapter.” This provision entitles the defendant to elect to be tried separately if he so chooses, but not to demand to be tried jointly. In Curran’s Case, 7 Grat. 619, syl. pt. 6, it is held, “Upon a joint indictment against several, the commonwealth may elect to try them separately.” State v. Nash, 7 Iowa 347; Cruce v. State, 59 Ga. 83; Patterson v. The People, 46 Barber (N. Y.) 625.
Defendant claims that court erred in giving instructions Nos. 1, 2 and 3 asked by the State and refusing to give instruction No. 4 asked by the prisoner and by giving instructions 1 and 3 as modified by the court. Instruction No. 1 asked hy the State is as follows: “The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence of this case, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the prisoner, Jacob Eoberts, and Malan Prater, James Eoberts, Thomas Hardin and Edmond Murphy, or any two of them, the prisoner being one, entered into a conspiracy for Hre purpose of [425] robbing B. 0. Bateman, the party named in the indictment in this case, of his money, and that in pursuance of said conspiracy and agreement Thomas Iiardin and Edmond Murphy, they, or either of them, being armed with a deadly weapon, to-wit, a loaded gun, assaulted the said B. C. Bateman and put him in bodily fear, shot and wounded him, and by force took from the person of the said B. C. Bateman a certain sum'of money mentioned and described in the' indictment in this case, and did fel-oniously and violently steal, take and carry away said money, then, you should find the prisoner guilty, although the prisoner may not have been present at the time the money was so taken from the person of the said B. C. Bateman.” This is a joint indictment against all the defendants named therein as principals. As stated in Sharswood’s Blackstone, Book 4, page 33, “A man may be principal in an offense in two degrees. A principal in the first degree is he that is the actor or absolute perpetrator of the crime; and in the second degree he is who is present, aiding and abetting the fact to be done. Which principals need not always be an actor immediately standing by, within sight or hearing of the fact; but there may be also a constructive presence, as when one commit a robbery, or murder and another keeps watch or guard at some convenient distance. * * * * In case of murder by poisoning a man may be a principal felon by preparing and laying the poison, or persuading another to drink it who is ignorant of its poisonous qualities, or giving it to him for that purpose, and yet not administering it himself, nor be present when the very deed of poisoning is committed. And the same reasoning will hold good with regard to other murders committed in the absence of the murderer by means which he had prepared beforehand, and which probably could not fail of their mischievous effect. As by laying the trap or deadfall for another, whereby he is killed, letting out a wild beast, with an intent to do mischief, or inciting a madman to commit murder, so that death thereupon ensues; in each of these cases the party offending is guilty of murder as a principal in the first degree. * * * * An accessory is he who is not the chief actor in the offense, nor present at its performance, but is some way concerned therein, either before or after the fact committed.” Section 8, chapter 152, Code, provides that, “An accessory either before or after the fact, may, whether the principal felon be convicted or not, or be amenable to justice, or be indicted, convicted and punished in [426] the county in which he became accessory, or in which the principal felon might be indicted. Any such accessory before the fact may be indicted either with such principal or separately.” An accessory must be indicted as such whether indicted with the principal felon or separately. In State v. Lilly, 47 W. Va. 496, (35 S. E. 837), syl. pt. 2, “Under the laws of this State, to convict a person as an accessory to crime he must be indicted and tried as such.” And in Halchett’s Case, 75 Va. 925, it is held, “An accessory to a felony cannot be prosecuted for a substantive offense, but only as an accessory to the crime perpetrated by the principal felon.” Thornton’s Case, 24 Grat. 657, “An accessory before the fact to a felony cannot be convicted on an indictment against him as principal.”
The instruction complained of is given upon the theory that the proof against the defendant is to sustain the charge against hirir as an accessory and not principal and he not being indicted as an accessory but as principal, the instruction is wrong. The instruction charges the jury that if they find that in pursuance of said conspiracy entered into by all of the defendants or any two of them, the prisoner being one, Thomas Hardin and Edmond Murphy, they or either of them being armed with a deadly weapon, to-wit, a loaded gun, assaulted the said Bateman and put him in bodily fear, and by force took from his person the money described in the indictment, and feloniously and violently steal, take and carry away said monejq then they should find the prisoner, guilty, although the prisoner may not liave been present at the time the money was so taken from the person of the said Bateman. “An accessory before the fact is he that, being absent at the time of the actual perpetration of the crime, procures, counsels, commands, incites, or abets another to commit it.” 1 Enc. Pl. & Pr. 66. The crime .of accessory before the fact is a particular one. The absence of the accessory at the time and place of the principal offense is an essential element of the crime. Sir Mathew Hale defines the accessory before the fact to be, “One who being absent at the time of the crime committed doth yet procure, counsel, or command another to commit a crime. Wherein absence is necessary to make him an accessory.”
Instructions Nos. 2 and 3 given for the State are as follows: No. 2. “The court instructs the jury that they are not required by law to disbelieve a witness who has testified before them in [427] this ease because the general reputation of such witness for truth and veracity in the neighborhood where he resides has been proven to be bad, and said witness shown not to be entitled to credit when on oath, but it is the province of the jury to give the evidence of any witness who has testified in this case such credit as the jury may believe, from all the facts and circumstances in the case, it is entitled to, the jury being the sole judges of the evidence in the ease as well as the credibility of the witnesses who have testified in this case.” No. 3. “The court instructs tire jury that they are the sole judges of the evidence in this case as well as the credibility of the witnesses testifying before them, and in determining the weight to be given to the evidence of any witness who has testified in this case they have the right to take and consider the intelligence of such witness, his or her conduct, appearance ánd demeanor while testifying, as well as the interest such witness may have in the result of the trial, and from all these, and all other facts and circumstances in the ease, give the evidence of such witnesses such credit as the jury may believe it entitled to, the jury being the sole judges of the evidence and the weight thereof, as well as the credibility of the witnesses who testified in the case,” and propounds the law in relation to the character of witnesses and the fact that the jury are the sole judges of the evidence in the ease as well as the credibility of the witnesses who have testified.
Instruction No. 4 asked for by defendant is as follows: “The court further instructs the jury that before they can find the prisoner guilty, they must be satisfied beyond all reasonable doubt, from the evidence adduced in this case, that a conspiracy existed, and that the prisoner, Jacob Roberts, conspired and confederated with Thomas Ilardin and Edmond Murphy in the commission of the offense charged in said indictment.” This instruction is asked on the theory that the defendant is being prosecuted as an accessory before the fact, while he is indicted as principal and to have made it good in that case after the name Murphy “or one of them” should have been inserted in the instruction. The defendant’s instruction No. 1, “The court-further instructs the jury that before they can find the defendant, Jacob Roberts, guilty as charged in the indictment, they must believe beyond all reasonable doubt, that he entered into a conspiracy and confederation with Thomas Hardin, Edmond Murphy, Malan Prater and James Roberts, or any two of them, for [428] the purpose of robbing B. C. Bateman, and in pursuance of such conspiracy said Bateman was robbed, and that such belief must be founded upon the evidence adduced before them in the trial of this ease,” was properly modified by the court by striking out “or any of them” and inserting in lieu thereof “or any one of them,” and inserting after the word “robbed” the words “as charged in the indictment.”
The defendant’s third instruction as follows: “The court further instructs the jury, that in arriving at a verdict in this case that they are the sole judges of the facts and credibility of each and every witness introduced in said case, and that they have the right to disregard the testimony of any witness or witnesses that have testified in the said case, and may take into consideration the character and motive for the testimony of each and all of said witnesses,” was refused and modified- and given as follows: “The court further instructs the jury that in arriving at a verdict in this case, that they are the sole judges of the facts, and credibility of each and every witness introduced in this case, and- that they have the right to disregard the testimony of any witness or witnesses who in the opinion of the jury may have testified falsely in this case, or give to the testimony of any such witness such weight as in the opinion of the jury the same may be entitled to, and in ascertaining such weight the jury may take into consideration the character and motive of the witnesses as disclosed by the evidence in this case.” The modification was proper, the instruction as offered by the defendant was too sweeping as it was to the effect that the jury had the right to disregard the testimony of any witness or witnesses that had testified in the case without any qualification whatever, which they could not have a right to do and it was properly refused in the shape in which if was offered.
The second assignment is that the court erred in permitting improper evidence to go before the jury as will appear from bill of exception No. 3. This bill of exceptions is that which contains all the evidence in the case and exceptions to certain questions and answers are noted throughout the evidence. This matter is referred to in plaintiff’s brief but calls attention to no particular part of the evidence except that he says, “The defendant offered to prove certain statements made by Bateman, the wounded man, immediately after the robbery, which the court refused to permit, to which ruling of the court the defendant ex-[429] eeptecl. The circumstances in the case all show that these remarks made by Bateman at that time is res gestae and the court erred in refusing to permit the same to go to the jury.”
The evidence refused by the court to be given was that of James Eoberts on behalf of the defendants. “Q. Did you have any conversation with Bateman?” A. “Yes sir, I ask him if he was dead. He was lying flat on his belly and on his face and he turned his face up and said ‘no/ I said, ‘stranger are you dead?’ and he said,.‘no.’” Q. “Did you have any other conversation with him?” A. “Yes sir.” Q. “What was it?” To which last question the counsel for State objected and the objection was sustained and the defendant excepted. Defendant theni asked, “Did Mr. Bateman upon that.occasion say to you that Thomas Hardin and Edmond Murphy had gotten his money, and that he wanted you and Jake to go and try and get his money back from them?” objection sustained and defendant excepted. The first objection should have been overruled as it was a general question as to what the conversation was, while the last question suggested the answer to the witness and the objection was properly sustained. This conversation seems to have been within a few minutes after the robbery was committeed.
The fifth assignment, that the court erred in refusing to set aside the verdict of the jury and grant a new trial because the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence, it is not necessary here to discuss as the case will at any rate have to be remanded for a new trial. The seventh assignment is that the court erred in refusing to set aside the verdict for the reason that the prisoner was convicted as principal when as a matter of fact if there was any evidence against the prisoner, it only tended to show that he was an accessory before the fact and not principal. When Bateman, the victim of the robbery, was on the stand he was asked, “When you started to go across the river did anybody take you or go with you?” A. “Yes, sir.” Q. “Who?” A. “There was Jim Eoberts, Malan Prater, Thomas Hardin and as well as I can recollect Murphy.” Q. “What occurred when you got across the river — over on this side of the river — on West Virginia?” A. “I was shot and robbed.” On cross-examination he was asked, “Was Jim or Jake Eoberts there at the time you were shot ?” A. “Jim had just turned away he and Malan Prater.” Q. “Who first came to you after you were shot?” A. “Jim Roberts or Jake one, I disremember which, [430] both of them came.” Thomas Hardin witness for the State, was asked to "Tell the jury whether or not, Mr. Hardin, you shot this man?” A. “Yes sir, I did.” Q. “Who was present at the time you shot him?” A. “Edmond Murphy.” Q. “What happened at that time? Just tell the jury what took place at the time you shot him.” A. “When I shot him Mr. Murphy cut his money off of him and taken it and divided it up with me.” The evidence taken all together pretty well sustains the seventh assignment of plaitnifl in error.
The defendant demurred to the indictment and moved to quash the same, both of which motions were overruled. The indictment is good on demurrer but there was no order in the record showing the finding of the indictment. The record starts out simply with the certificate of the clerk, “That the grand jurors impaneled and sworn in the circuit court of Mingo County, at the term thereof commencing on the 6th day of May, 1901, in and for the body of said county and attending said court, found an indictment against the defendant Jacob Eoberts for a felony which with the endorsement thereon by the foreman, a true bill, is as follows, to-wit.” So it does not appear from the record that there was either an order impaneling the grand jury or an order finding the indictment by the grand jury. In State v. Gilmore, 9 W. Va. 641, syl. pt. 2, it is held, “The record of the finding of the grand jury is as essential as the record of the verdict of a jury, as it is the only legal proof of the finding of the indictment.” It is never improper to give in the record the order impaneling the grand jury.
When the finding of an indictment is made by the grand jury on a subsequent day to that on which they are impaneled and where the record shows the finding of the indictment by the grand jury, the order referring to the act of the grand jury in returning the indictment'into court would be sufficient, but this at least must be shown. Where this is shown by order of the court the regular impaneling of the jury will be presumed.
In the ease at bar a writ of certiorari would have been issued by this Court to bring up the finding of the grand jury but for the fact that the case must be remanded for a new trial and if the record fails to show the finding of the indictment by the grand jury, the indictment should be quashed. The verdict is set aside, and the case remanded for a new trial to be had therein.
'Reversed.