THURMAN, J.
The questions presented on this appeal relate, primarily, to the sufficiency of the information upon which the defend[272]*272ant was brought to trial Tbe information reads as follows. :
“Henry Rickenberg, having been heretofore duly committed to this court by Henry C. Lund, a committing magistrate of said county, to answer to this charge, is accused by Frank S. Richards, district attorney for the Third judicial district of the state of Utah, Salt Lake county, by this information, of the crime of having possession of intoxicating liquor, committed as follows, to wit: That the said Henry Rickenberg, at the county of Salt Lake, state of Utah, on the 28th day of September, A. D. 1920, did then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously have in his possession intoxicating liquor, to wit, whisky; the said Henry Rickenberg being then and there a persistent violator of title 54, section 3343, Compiled Laws of Utah 1917, he having heretofore, to wit, on the 27th day of June, 1919, in the city court of Salt Lake City, before Henry C. Lund, city judge and ex officio justice of the peace in Salt Lake City, Salt Lake county, state of Utah, been convicted of having in his possession intoxicating liquor. Contrary to the provisions of the statute of the state aforesaid in such cases made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the state of Utah.”
Compiled Laws of Utah 1917, § 3343, defines tbe offense wbicb tbe state intended to charge. Tbe last sentence of tbe section reads:
“It' shall be unlawful for any person within this state knowingly to have in his or its possession any intoxicating liquors, except as in this title provided.” (Italics ours.)
Tbe defendant was arranged and pleaded not guilty. Tbe case afterwards came on for trial. A jury was impaneled and a witness sworn for tbe state. In response to a question by tbe state’s attorney tbe witness stated bis name, whereupon tbe attorney for tbe defendant objected to tbe introduction of any evidence on tbe alleged grounds that tbe information does not state facts sufficient to constitute a felony, or any public offense. Tbe sufficiency of the information was challenged by the defendant on tbe specific ground that tbe act charged as an offense Was not alleged to have been done “knowingly,” as required by the statute above quoted. Tbe trial court sustained tbe objection. Tbe state’s attorney then requested leave to amend tbe information by inserting therein tbe word “knowingly” next before 'the words “having possession of intoxicating liquors,” and [273]*273also by inserting tbe same word next before tbe wnrd “willfully.” Tbe court refused tbe request for leave to amend, and upon motion of defendant’s attorney dismissed tbe ease and discharged the jury, from which judgment tbe state appeals.
Compiled Laws of Utah 1917, § 9208, subd. 1, provides that tbe state may appeal from a judgment for defendant on a demurrer to tbe information or indictment. 1 Tbe record shows that tbe appeal was taken in time.
Appellant contends that tbe court erred in sustaining respondent’s objection to tbe introduction of evidence and also1 in refusing appellant’s request for leave to amend tbe information. Jn support of its contention appellant insists that the information states facts sufficient to constitute tbe offense defined in tbe statute above quoted; that tbe word “willfully” is of similar import as tbe word “knowingly,” and is tbe same in substance and effect. Many authorities are cited in support of this contention. See especially Ex parte Cowden, 74 Tex. Cr. R. 449, 168 S. W. 539; State v. Muller, 80 Wash. 368, 141 Pac. 910; Fry v. Hubner, 35 Or. 184, 57 Pac. 420. Tbe following excerpts from Words and Phrases, which are supported by numerous cases, illustrate the almost universal trend of judicial opinion. We quote from volume 8, pp. 7474 and 7475:
“ ‘Willfully’ is equivalent to ‘knowingly.’ ”
“The term ‘willfully’ implies that the act is done knowingly.”
“The word ‘willfully’ implies, on the part of the wrongdoer, knowledge, and a purpose to do the wrongful act.”
“ ‘Willfully,’ as used when saying that an act was willfully done, implies that the act was done by design; done for a set purpose; and it would follow that it was knowingly done.”
“ ‘Willfully,’ as used in connection with an act forbidden by law, means that the act must he done knowingly or intentionally, and that the act was committed with knowledge, and that the will consented to, designed, and directed the act.”
“In common parlance ‘willfully’ is used in the sense of ‘knowingly,’ as distinguished from ‘accidental’ or ‘involuntary.’ ”
“A ‘willful failure’ to comply with the provisions of the mine law means that there must have been some knowledge that the [274]*274party was violating it; some knowledge which should have induced him 'not to do what he did do; some knowledge of the fact.”
' “An indictment for perjury which charged that the defendant ‘feloniously, willfully, and corruptly did depose,’ etc., but omitted the word ‘knowingly,’ is not bad on account of the omission of such word, though it is used in the statute.”
“The word ‘willfully’ as used in the statute punishing perjury, the same being ‘a false statement willfully made,’ is synonymous with ‘knowingly.’ ”
Many other pertinent paragraphs might be quoted from the pages referred to.
In the Second Series of Words and Phrase, vol. 4, at page 1304, we find the following:
“The word ‘willfully’ implies the doing of an act knowingly, and with stubborn purpose.”
“A ‘wilful act’ is one that is done knowingly aild purposely.”
See other paragraphs in the same connection.
As before stated, these paragraphs seem to be supported by abundant authority cited in connection therewith, many of which cases we have carefully examined and find that they faithfully support the next.
In our view of the law, both from the standpoint of reason and authority, the question is hardly debatable. 2 To say that a thing can be willfully done without knowing it, is on its face, paradoxical, and manifestly contradictory and untenable.
It is quite true that it is ordinarily more prudent on the part of the pleader in charging an offense to use the exact words of the statute, especially where they are sufficiently comprehensive and clearly and adequately describe the offense; but it is. elementary doctrine of universal 3 recognition that words of similar import may be used where they clearly and intelligently convey the same meaning.
We are of the opinion that the information was not vulnerable to the objection made by respondent, and that his objection to the introduction of evidence by the state should have been overruled. In view of the conclusion reached-, it is manifest that the court erred in discharging the jury and dismissing the case.
[275]
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THURMAN, J.
The questions presented on this appeal relate, primarily, to the sufficiency of the information upon which the defend[272]*272ant was brought to trial Tbe information reads as follows. :
“Henry Rickenberg, having been heretofore duly committed to this court by Henry C. Lund, a committing magistrate of said county, to answer to this charge, is accused by Frank S. Richards, district attorney for the Third judicial district of the state of Utah, Salt Lake county, by this information, of the crime of having possession of intoxicating liquor, committed as follows, to wit: That the said Henry Rickenberg, at the county of Salt Lake, state of Utah, on the 28th day of September, A. D. 1920, did then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously have in his possession intoxicating liquor, to wit, whisky; the said Henry Rickenberg being then and there a persistent violator of title 54, section 3343, Compiled Laws of Utah 1917, he having heretofore, to wit, on the 27th day of June, 1919, in the city court of Salt Lake City, before Henry C. Lund, city judge and ex officio justice of the peace in Salt Lake City, Salt Lake county, state of Utah, been convicted of having in his possession intoxicating liquor. Contrary to the provisions of the statute of the state aforesaid in such cases made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the state of Utah.”
Compiled Laws of Utah 1917, § 3343, defines tbe offense wbicb tbe state intended to charge. Tbe last sentence of tbe section reads:
“It' shall be unlawful for any person within this state knowingly to have in his or its possession any intoxicating liquors, except as in this title provided.” (Italics ours.)
Tbe defendant was arranged and pleaded not guilty. Tbe case afterwards came on for trial. A jury was impaneled and a witness sworn for tbe state. In response to a question by tbe state’s attorney tbe witness stated bis name, whereupon tbe attorney for tbe defendant objected to tbe introduction of any evidence on tbe alleged grounds that tbe information does not state facts sufficient to constitute a felony, or any public offense. Tbe sufficiency of the information was challenged by the defendant on tbe specific ground that tbe act charged as an offense Was not alleged to have been done “knowingly,” as required by the statute above quoted. Tbe trial court sustained tbe objection. Tbe state’s attorney then requested leave to amend tbe information by inserting therein tbe word “knowingly” next before 'the words “having possession of intoxicating liquors,” and [273]*273also by inserting tbe same word next before tbe wnrd “willfully.” Tbe court refused tbe request for leave to amend, and upon motion of defendant’s attorney dismissed tbe ease and discharged the jury, from which judgment tbe state appeals.
Compiled Laws of Utah 1917, § 9208, subd. 1, provides that tbe state may appeal from a judgment for defendant on a demurrer to tbe information or indictment. 1 Tbe record shows that tbe appeal was taken in time.
Appellant contends that tbe court erred in sustaining respondent’s objection to tbe introduction of evidence and also1 in refusing appellant’s request for leave to amend tbe information. Jn support of its contention appellant insists that the information states facts sufficient to constitute tbe offense defined in tbe statute above quoted; that tbe word “willfully” is of similar import as tbe word “knowingly,” and is tbe same in substance and effect. Many authorities are cited in support of this contention. See especially Ex parte Cowden, 74 Tex. Cr. R. 449, 168 S. W. 539; State v. Muller, 80 Wash. 368, 141 Pac. 910; Fry v. Hubner, 35 Or. 184, 57 Pac. 420. Tbe following excerpts from Words and Phrases, which are supported by numerous cases, illustrate the almost universal trend of judicial opinion. We quote from volume 8, pp. 7474 and 7475:
“ ‘Willfully’ is equivalent to ‘knowingly.’ ”
“The term ‘willfully’ implies that the act is done knowingly.”
“The word ‘willfully’ implies, on the part of the wrongdoer, knowledge, and a purpose to do the wrongful act.”
“ ‘Willfully,’ as used when saying that an act was willfully done, implies that the act was done by design; done for a set purpose; and it would follow that it was knowingly done.”
“ ‘Willfully,’ as used in connection with an act forbidden by law, means that the act must he done knowingly or intentionally, and that the act was committed with knowledge, and that the will consented to, designed, and directed the act.”
“In common parlance ‘willfully’ is used in the sense of ‘knowingly,’ as distinguished from ‘accidental’ or ‘involuntary.’ ”
“A ‘willful failure’ to comply with the provisions of the mine law means that there must have been some knowledge that the [274]*274party was violating it; some knowledge which should have induced him 'not to do what he did do; some knowledge of the fact.”
' “An indictment for perjury which charged that the defendant ‘feloniously, willfully, and corruptly did depose,’ etc., but omitted the word ‘knowingly,’ is not bad on account of the omission of such word, though it is used in the statute.”
“The word ‘willfully’ as used in the statute punishing perjury, the same being ‘a false statement willfully made,’ is synonymous with ‘knowingly.’ ”
Many other pertinent paragraphs might be quoted from the pages referred to.
In the Second Series of Words and Phrase, vol. 4, at page 1304, we find the following:
“The word ‘willfully’ implies the doing of an act knowingly, and with stubborn purpose.”
“A ‘wilful act’ is one that is done knowingly aild purposely.”
See other paragraphs in the same connection.
As before stated, these paragraphs seem to be supported by abundant authority cited in connection therewith, many of which cases we have carefully examined and find that they faithfully support the next.
In our view of the law, both from the standpoint of reason and authority, the question is hardly debatable. 2 To say that a thing can be willfully done without knowing it, is on its face, paradoxical, and manifestly contradictory and untenable.
It is quite true that it is ordinarily more prudent on the part of the pleader in charging an offense to use the exact words of the statute, especially where they are sufficiently comprehensive and clearly and adequately describe the offense; but it is. elementary doctrine of universal 3 recognition that words of similar import may be used where they clearly and intelligently convey the same meaning.
We are of the opinion that the information was not vulnerable to the objection made by respondent, and that his objection to the introduction of evidence by the state should have been overruled. In view of the conclusion reached-, it is manifest that the court erred in discharging the jury and dismissing the case.
[275]*275As this is an appeal on the part of the state, involving an important question of practice, it is necessary to determine whether or not' the court erred in refusing 4 leave to amend the information.
The proposed amendment in the case at bar had no tendency to alter the nature of the offense charged in the information. It imposed no additional burden upon the defendant, nor deprived him of any legal or constitutional right. As we have shown by the authorities cited, there was no substantial change or alteration in the meaning of the language employed. At most it was only an amendment as to form offered by the pleader, apparently out of a superabundance of caution, in order to conform to the exact language of the statute. Comp. Laws Utah 1917, § 8781, as far as material here, reads:
“An information may be amended * * * in any matter of form or substance at any time before tbe defendant pleads thereto. It may also be amended in any matter of form or substance by leave of court at any time after tbe defendant bas pleaded to tbe merits, or during tbe trial.”
It thus appears the statute expressly authorizes an amendment to an information whenever it is deemed necessary, either before or after the defendant enters his plea. If after, it must be by leave of court. The amendment may be as to matter of substance as well as. to matter of' form. It does not follow that the prosecutor by amendment can alter the nature of the case. He cannot substitute one offense for another; nor can he by amendment charge 5 an offense where it is impossible to determine from the original information what offense was attempted to be charged. Ve believe it to be fundamental in the law of pleading and practice, in both civil and criminal procedure, that an amendment is not permissible if it changes the nature of the cause of action or offense,, as the case may be. This limitation, however, relates solely to the subject of amendments and has no relation to the right or power of the prosecutor to dismiss as to one information and by leave of court file another based upon the same preliminary examination.
[276]*276In a belated brief filed by respondent, and just received by the writer, the following cases are cited: State v. Pay, 45 Utah, 411, 146 Pac. 300, Ann. Cas, 1917E, 173; State v. Sheffield, 45 Utah, 426, 146 Pac. 306; State v. Hilberg, 22 Utah, 27, 61 Pac. 215; State v. Thompson, 31 Utah, 228, 87 Pac. 709; State v. Jensen, 34 Utah, 166, 96 Pac. 1085; State v. Woolsey, 19 Utah, 486, 57 Pac. 426. What application these cases have to the instant case and why they are called to our attention is not explained in the brief. We cite them for what they are worth.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to the trial court to proceed as the court may be advised in accordance with Compiled Laws Utah 1917, § 9212.
CORFMAN, C. J., and WEBER, GIDEON, and FRICK, JJ., concur.