IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA23-711
Filed 17 December 2024
Guilford County, Nos. 20CRS79581-83
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
QUASHAUN MELSUN REEL, Defendant.
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 3 February 2023 by Judge
William A. Wood II in Superior Court, Guilford County. Heard in the Court of
Appeals 6 February 2024.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General John A. Payne, for the State.
Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Jillian C. Franke, for defendant-appellant.
STROUD, Judge.
This appeal arises from the trial court’s denial of a motion filed by Defendant
in which he sought to suppress evidence underlying several drug and weapon charges
brought against him. Based on the applicable standard of review, we must overrule
Defendant’s arguments and affirm the trial court’s order.
I. Factual Background and Procedural History
On 14 September 2020, Defendant was indicted for the following drug related
charges at issue in this appeal: in case file 20 CRS 79581: trafficking a schedule I STATE V. REEL
Opinion of the Court
controlled substance (heroin), possession with intent to sell or deliver a schedule I
controlled substance (heroin), possession with intent to sell or deliver a schedule I
controlled substance (MDMA); in case file 20 CRS 79582: possession with intent to
sell or deliver a schedule VI controlled substance (marijuana), possession of a
schedule VI controlled substance (marijuana), and possession of drug paraphernalia;
and in case file 20 CRS 79583: possession with intent to sell and deliver a schedule I
controlled substance (heroin) within 1000 feet of a school.
On 10 May 2021, Defendant was indicted on several more charges: in case file
21 CRS 70148, possession of a firearm by a felon; in 21 CRS 70149, possession with
intent to sell or deliver a schedule VI controlled substance (marijuana) and carrying
a concealed firearm; and in case file 21 CRS 70150, maintaining a dwelling to keep
and sell a controlled substance (heroin).1
On 14 September 2022, Defendant filed a motion to suppress statements he
made and contraband discovered during a search of Defendant’s residence on 6
August 2020. That motion and other pretrial matters came on for hearing on 6
December 2022 in Superior Court, Guilford County. On 12 December 2022, the trial
court entered an order denying the motion to suppress; the order contained three
dozen findings of fact.
1 On 10 October 2022, superseding indictments were filed in 20 CRS 79581, 20 CRS 79583, and 21
CRS 70150, changing the controlled substance from heroin to fentanyl. Also on 10 October 2022, an additional indictment was filed in 22 CRS 26050, charging Defendant with two counts of trafficking between four and thirteen grams of fentanyl.
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The unchallenged portions of the trial court’s findings indicate that on 24 July
2020, the High Point Police Department (“HPPD”) received a complaint regarding
“drugs[ and ]narcotics” at 1506-A Leonard Avenue. On 4 August 2020, an anonymous
tip received through Crime Stoppers alleged that illegal drugs were being sold by an
unnamed male at the same residence, with “people . . . in and out of the residence
constantly, day and night.” Both reports were passed along to HPPD Officer Brian
Hilliard2 with a directive to “check the address[.]”
Hilliard learned that Defendant was listed on the utility accounts for the
address and decided to conduct a “knock and talk” at the residence on 6 August 2020.
On that date, when Hilliard and two other officers arrived at Defendant’s home in an
unmarked police car, they saw no cars in the driveway and no apparent activity. The
officers decided to drive around the block, eventually arriving on a road that runs
along the side of the home, where they parked. When a grey Acura pulled into the
driveway of the home, Hilliard got out of his car and walked toward the female visitor
who got out of the car. Hilliard spoke to the visitor, although she did not respond to
him. Hilliard then followed the visitor to the front door of the home.
Defendant answered the door after the visitor opened the storm door and
knocked. Hilliard, who was standing “just behind” the visitor, two feet from the
2 The order indicates that at the time the suppression hearing, Hilliard held the rank of lieutenant.
At the time of his encounter with Defendant, however, Hilliard was an officer with the HPPD street crimes unit.
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doorway, “detected the strong odor of marijuana emanating from the residence[.]”
The visitor entered the home, and the door was closed. Hilliard perceived that the
door was being braced to prevent entry, and the combination of these circumstances
caused Hilliard to believe that “drugs could be destroyed if he did not immediately
gain entry.”
Hilliard then verbally identified himself as a law enforcement officer and gave
a command for the door to be opened. When that command was not heeded, he
attempted but failed to “shoulder” the door open. Another officer was able to kick the
door open, and officers entered the home. Defendant and the visitor were handcuffed
and detained, and officers discovered “[a] bag of marijuana, a bag of pills[,] and a
digital scale were in plain view inside the residence directly beside the front door.”
Based on its factual findings, the trial court made twenty-three conclusions of
law, including that the “knock and talk” by Hilliard did not rise to the level of a Fourth
Amendment search and that probable cause and exigent circumstances justified the
warrantless search of Defendant’s home. Accordingly, the trial court held that
Defendant’s constitutional rights were not violated and denied his motion to
suppress.
Defendant reserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress.
On 26 January 2023, he pled guilty, under an agreement with the State, to five
charges: two counts of trafficking fentanyl and one count each of possession with the
intent to sell or deliver fentanyl, possession with intent to sell or deliver MDMA, and
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possession of a firearm by a felon. The remaining charges were dismissed, and the
trial court consolidated the convictions for sentencing, imposing an active term of
225-282 months and a fine of $500,000.
II. Analysis
Defendant argues that the trial erred by denying his motion to suppress under
the “knock and talk” exception to the Fourth Amendment and by concluding that the
officers’ warrantless entry into Defendant’s home was justified by probable cause and
exigent circumstances.
A. Standard of Review
“In reviewing a motion to suppress evidence, [the Court of Appeals] examines
whether the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by competent evidence and
whether those findings support the conclusions of law. Conclusions of law are
reviewed de novo.” State v. Alvarez, 385 N.C. 431, 433, 894 S.E.2d 737, 738 (2023)
(citations omitted). In conducting this review, “we examine the evidence introduced
at trial in the light most favorable to the State.” State v. Hunter, 208 N.C. App. 506,
509, 703 S.E.2d 776, 779 (2010) (citations omitted).
A reviewing court is “bound by the trial court’s findings of fact if such findings
are supported by competent evidence in the record,” State v. Smith, 346 N.C. 794,
797, 488 S.E.2d 210, 212 (1997), and “[c]onclusions of law that are correct in light of
the findings are also binding on appeal[,]” State v. Howell, 343 N.C. 229, 239, 470
S.E.2d 38, 43 (1996) (citation omitted). “This deference is afforded the trial judge
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because he is in the best position to weigh the evidence, given that he has heard all
of the testimony and observed the demeanor of the witness.” State v. Hughes, 353
N.C. 200, 207, 539 S.E.2d 625, 631 (2000).
B. Challenged Findings of Fact
Defendant contends that all or portions of four findings of fact in the
suppression order are not supported by competent evidence.
Finding of fact 11- Defendant first maintains no competent evidence indicated
that Hilliard parked “in the same area” as the Acura, which he maintains had parked
in the driveway of his home. Defendant notes that Hilliard’s testimony and a
surveillance video admitted at the suppression hearing indicate that Hilliard
approached the home from the side. We note that the preceding finding, finding of
fact 10, identifies Defendant’s home as a duplex and states that the Acura “pulled
into the driveway or adjacent parking area[.]” Hilliard testified that he had parked
in a “driveway, slash, cut-through that cuts through a cemetery that runs directly
beside” Defendant’s home. This description is consistent with a photo of Defendant’s
home included in Defendant’s brief, which shows the “cut-through” as running
roughly as close to the left side of the duplex as the driveway does on the right side
of the building. For purposes of our resolution of Defendant’s appeal, we will presume
the trial court’s reference to “the same area” referred to the area “directly beside”
Defendant’s home where the parties agree Hilliard was in fact parked and from which
it is undisputed he saw the Acura pull into Defendant’s driveway/parking area.
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Similarly, Defendant takes issue with the court’s finding that Hilliard
“approached the Acura,” emphasizing that “[t]his is not seen on the surveillance
video, which shows Hilliard walking up from a different direction (the left side of the
house) and walking straight to the front door.” Hilliard testified that he “approached
the Acura,” which he described as being parked “approximately . . . ten feet from”
Defendant’s front door. Based on the testimony, the video showing the layout of the
area, and the photo in Defendant’s brief, for purposes of resolving this appeal, we
read this finding of fact as indicating that Hilliard walked toward the Acura and
then—as stated in unchallenged findings of fact 13, 14, and 17—followed closely
behind the Acura’s driver as she approached Defendant’s front door.
Findings of fact 12 and 25- Defendant contends that although the trial court
found that during the encounter with Defendant, Hilliard was wearing police attire
that said “POLICE” across the chest, the surveillance video shows that Hilliard was
wearing a plain black police uniform. The transcript from the suppression hearing
reveals that Hilliard testified that he and the other officers in the street crimes unit
of the HPPD wear “not a typical police uniform. It is a blue or black shirt with a police
vest, a black vest that says ‘police’ across the chest, and BDU-style pants.”
Nonetheless, the State concedes that the word “POLICE” appeared on the back rather
than the front of the officers’ uniforms as depicted in the surveillance video.
However, the surveillance video also reveals that the officers were in police
uniforms with badges on the front and insignia on the sleeves. We further note that
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Defendant, Hilliard, and the trial court agree on the point critical to our analysis
below—that Hilliard was wearing clothing which clearly identified him from the front
as a law enforcement officer.
Finding of fact 21- The court found that “the door was immediately slammed
shut” after the female visitor entered Defendant’s home. Defendant contends that
“[t]he surveillance video shows that [Defendant] attempted to close the door but it
was stopped by Hilliard at first. [Defendant] then successfully closed it.” Hilliard
testified that Defendant “immediately slammed the door” after the visitor entered—
and after Hilliard had already detected “a strong odor of marijuana” “waft[ing]. . .
from. . . the inside of the house[.]” But the trial court’s finding of fact is supported by
the evidence, whether Defendant “immediately slammed the door” completely shut
or immediately tried to close the door, was briefly stopped by Hilliard, and then
succeeded in closing the door completely.
C. Challenged Conclusions of Law
Defendant next identifies six conclusions of law which he contends are
erroneous:
6. Officer Hilliard’s approach to the front entrance of 1506- A Leonard Ave., was legal in every way.
....
17. Officer Hilliard was in police attire with the word “POLICE” emblazoned on his chest and positioned approximately two feet from the doorway when it was opened by [Defendant]. Upon his slamming the door shut
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immediately when the female entered the residence, it was objectively reasonable of the officers to believe that the possessors of the contraband were aware of the close presence of law enforcement and were intent on moving or destroying that contraband.
18. Given the totality of the circumstances, sufficient exigent circumstances existed for the officers to force entry into the residence located at 1506-A Leonard Ave. without a search warrant.
19. The officers had both probable cause and exigent circumstances to force entry into 1506-A Leonard Ave. on August 6, 2020, without a search warrant.
20. Defendant’s rights guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution were not violated.
21. None of Defendant’s constitutional rights were violated.
Defendant argues these conclusions are not supported in that “the trial court
erred by denying [Defendant’s] motion to suppress under the ‘knock and talk’
exception where no implied license existed to cut through [Defendant’s] side yard and
attempt to follow an invited guest into his home” and “by holding that the officers’
warrantless entry into [Defendant’s] home was supported by probable cause and
justified by exigent circumstances.” As explained below, we find these contentions
without merit.
1. Knock and Talk Exception to the Fourth Amendment
As the United States Supreme Court has stated, “when it comes to the Fourth
Amendment, the home is first among equals. At the Amendment’s very core stands
the right of a man to retreat into his own home and there be free from unreasonable
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governmental intrusion.” Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 6, 185 L. Ed. 2d 495, 501
(2013) (citation and quotation marks omitted). This constitutional protection
includes “the area immediately surrounding and associated with the home—what our
cases call the curtilage—as part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment purposes.”
Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted).
“A ‘knock and talk’ is a procedure by which police officers approach a residence
and knock on the door to question the occupant, often in an attempt to gain consent
to search when no probable cause exists to obtain a warrant.” State v. Marrero, 248
N.C. App. 787, 790, 789 S.E.2d 560, 564 (2016) (citation omitted). This procedure is
constitutionally permissible because “no search of the curtilage [of a home] occurs
when an officer is in a place where the public is allowed to be, such as at the front
door of a house.” State v. Lupek, 214 N.C. App. 146, 151, 712 S.E.2d 915, 919 (2011).
“Put another way, law enforcement may do what occupants of a home implicitly
permit anyone to do, which is approach the home by the front path, knock promptly,
wait briefly to be received, and then (absent invitation to linger longer) leave.” State
v. Huddy, 253 N.C. App. 148, 151-52, 799 S.E.2d 650, 654 (2017) (citation and
quotation marks omitted).
This Court has emphasized, however, that “law enforcement may not use a
knock and talk as a pretext to search the home’s curtilage. . . . [and] the knock and
talk doctrine does not permit law enforcement to approach any exterior door to a
home.” Id. at 152, 799 S.E.2d at 654 (emphasis in original) (citations omitted). In
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Huddy, for example, an officer was held to have exceeded the scope of a knock and
talk where he “ran a license plate on a car whose license plate was not visible from
the street, checked windows for signs of a break-in, and walked around the entire
residence to ‘clear’ the sides of the home before approaching the back door.” Id. at
153, 799 S.E.2d at 655.
This Court also found that officers exceeded the scope of a constitutional knock
and talk where they “cut across a person’s front yard, swiftly passing a no trespassing
sign, and emerge from trees they were using for cover and concealment in order to
illuminate, surround, and stop [the resident’s] departing car” on a dark winter
evening. State v. Falls, 275 N.C. App. 239, 240, 853 S.E.2d 227, 229 (2020). One of
the officers testified about their route of approach:
The sidewalk would be what anybody that was going door- to-door selling anything would take, they would go down -- up the little sidewalk that jets off the driveway.
There was not a worn path in the grass where we walked, or anything like that. I would think anybody, especially if you parked your vehicle on the roadway, you would go down the driveway. We did -- just because of the freedom of movement, and stuff, we’re not going to block the driveway. We don’t like parking our patrol cars on the road. So that’s why we took the path we did. If you were in a mail truck you would probably stop at the driveway and go down the sidewalk to the door. But that’s not the path that we took.
Id. at 242, 853 S.E.2d at 230-31 (brackets and ellipses omitted).
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This Court emphasized that “[t]he scope of the implied license to conduct a
knock and talk is governed by societal expectations, and when law enforcement
approach a home in a manner that is not customary, usual, reasonable, respectful,
ordinary, typical, nonalarming, they are trespassing, and the Fourth Amendment is
implicated.” Id. at 248, 853 S.E.2d at 234 (citation and quotation marks omitted).
The Court then noted three pertinent circumstances in that case “[r]elevant to
distinguishing between a knock and talk and a search[:] . . . how law enforcement
approach the home, the hour at which they did so, and whether there were any
indications that the occupant of the home welcomed uninvited guests on his or her
property.” Id. In Falls, because the officers had approached the residence in dark,
unmarked clothing, after darkness had fallen, through the side yard and past a “no
trespassing” sign rather than by the driveway or walkway to the front door, this Court
held that “[t]he officers . . . strayed beyond the bounds of a knock and talk[.]” Id. at
254, 853 S.E.2d at 238.
We agree with Defendant that the analysis in Falls is helpful, but we find the
facts of that case easily distinguishable from the matter before us. Defendant
emphasizes that Hilliard parked his car “on an adjacent street to the left of his house,
out of view,” walked through Defendant’s side yard, and then “once at the door, . . .
stood less than two feet away from [Defendant’s] invited guest.” Defendant maintains
these acts “flouted ‘background social norms’ and exceeded what a ‘reasonably
respectful citizen’ would do[.]” We disagree.
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The street or “cut-through” where the officers parked was directly adjacent to
Defendant’s home, and nothing suggested that parking on that street as opposed to
the street in front of the home or in its driveway was unusual, much less unreasonable
or not respectful. Additionally, although Hilliard cut across the side yard of the
building to reach the path to the front door, this Court in Falls noted that “there may
be circumstances where cutting across a person’s yard does not exceed the scope of
the implied license[.]” Id. at 253, 853 S.E.2d at 237 (citation omitted). Hilliard
testified that he approached the visitor as she made her way to Defendant’s front
door, speaking to her, did not stop or cut in front of her, and then followed her to the
front door. Hilliard’s testimony that he stood about two feet behind the visitor
suggests that Hilliard may have been holding open a storm door which the visitor had
opened as she knocked on Defendant’s door.
In any event, other than his walking through Defendant’s side yard, nothing
about Hilliard’s approach is like that of the officers in Falls. See id. at 242, 853 S.E.2d
at 230-31. The visit was made during the day, Hilliard’s attire indicated that he was
a law enforcement officer, and he followed the visitor to the front door. Considering
“societal expectations,” id. at 248, 853 S.E.2d at 234, Hilliard approached Defendant’s
house in a way that was “customary, usual, reasonable, respectful, ordinary, typical,
[and] nonalarming,” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). Thus, Hilliard did
not exceed the scope of a knock and talk and transform his presence at Defendant’s
front door into a search for Fourth Amendment purposes.
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Accordingly, we turn to whether, during the knock and talk, circumstances
arose which justified and made constitutionally permissible Hilliard’s subsequent
warrantless entry into Defendant’s home.
2. Probable Cause and Exigent Circumstances
The Fourth Amendment dictates that a governmental search and seizure of private property unaccompanied by prior judicial approval in the form of a warrant is per se unreasonable unless the search falls within a well- delineated exception to the warrant requirement. The existence of probable cause and exigent circumstances is one such exception.
Marrero, 248 N.C. App. at 794, 789 S.E.2d at 566 (citations, quotations marks, and
ellipsis omitted).
“Probable cause refers to those facts and circumstances within an officer’s
knowledge and of which he had reasonably trustworthy information which are
sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the suspect had committed or
was committing an offense.” State v. Williams, 314 N.C. 337, 343, 333 S.E.2d 708,
713 (1985) (citations omitted). As the State notes, this Court has held that the “plain
smell” of marijuana emanating from a location alone “provide[s] sufficient probable
cause to support a search[.]” State v. Corpening, 200 N.C. App. 311, 315, 683 S.E.2d
457, 460 (2009).
Here, unchallenged findings of fact 18 and 19 state that Hilliard, an
experienced law enforcement officer who had worked on “several hundred drug
investigations” and was “familiar with the smell of marijuana[,]” “detected the strong
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odor of marijuana emanating from the residence in a ‘waft’ of air that left the
residence upon the main door being opened.” Thus, the plain smell of marijuana
wafting from the front door constituted probable cause.
“An exigent circumstance is found to exist in the presence of an emergency or
dangerous situation. The State has the burden of proving that exigent circumstances
necessitated the warrantless entry. Determining whether exigent circumstances
exist depends on the totality of the circumstances.” Marrero, 248 N.C. App. at 794,
789 S.E.2d at 566 (citations, quotations marks, and brackets omitted). Moreover, we
consider “objective factors, rather than subjective intent” in making this
determination. Id. at 795, 789 S.E.2d at 566 (citation omitted). Among the factors to
be considered are
(1) the degree of urgency involved and the time necessary to obtain a warrant; (2) the officer’s reasonably objective belief that the contraband is about to be removed or destroyed; (3) the possibility of danger to police guarding the site; (4) information indicating the possessors of the contraband are aware that the police are on their trail; and (5) the ready destructibility of the contraband.
Here, the trial court found that Hilliard: was following up two reports of drugs
sales by a male at the home via the knock and talk and smelled marijuana emanating
from the front door; was wearing his police uniform and standing only two feet behind
the visitor when Defendant answered the door, admitted the visitor, and then closed
the door, leaving Hilliard outside; perceived someone inside the residence was
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“placing a brace on the door to prevent others from entering”; identified himself as a
law enforcement officer; and commanded the door be opened, but it was not. “Given
these findings, it is objectively reasonable to conclude that an officer in [Hilliard’s]
position would have worried that [D]efendant would destroy evidence when he . . .
left the scene to obtain a search warrant, especially given the ready destructibility of
marijuana.” Id. at 796, 789 S.E.2d at 567.
We also reject Defendant’s proposal that after detecting the smell of marijuana
wafting from the door, “Hilliard merely had probable cause for possession of
marijuana, a misdemeanor” and “could have attempted to detain [Defendant] and his
invited guest outside.” First, since Hilliard was conducting the knock and talk to
investigate multiple complaints of drug sales from the residence, the odor of
marijuana wafting out when Defendant opened the front door suggested possible drug
trafficking by sale rather than simple possession. After Defendant closed the door to
Hilliard after admitting the visitor, appeared to be bracing the door, and did not
respond to Hilliard’s command that the door be opened, it is unclear how Hilliard
could have detained Defendant outside the home.
III. Conclusion
The evidence at the suppression hearing supported the trial court’s pertinent
findings of fact, which in turn supported its conclusions of law. Further, the trial
court did not err in concluding that the knock and talk here did not rise to the level
of a Fourth Amendment search or that probable cause and exigent circumstances
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justified the warrantless entry into Defendant’s home. Accordingly, the trial court’s
order denying Defendant’s motion to suppress is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
Judge GRIFFIN concurs.
Judge THOMPSON dissents by separate opinion.
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THOMPSON, Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion and agree with defendant’s
contentions regarding the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
A. Challenged Findings of Fact
On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion
to suppress and challenged four findings of fact in the trial court’s order denying his
motion to suppress.
Defendant first challenged Finding of Fact 11, which says, “Officer Hilliard
parked his patrol car in the same area. He exited his vehicle and approached the
Acura.” After reviewing the record, I would conclude that this finding of fact is not
supported by competent evidence. Officer Hilliard’s testimony indicates that Ms.
Hemsley, who was driving the gray Acura, parked in defendant’s driveway, while
Officer Hilliard parked his car on the side street to the right of defendant’s
residence—between defendant’s residence and the cemetery. Therefore, Officer
Hilliard was not parked in the same area. Furthermore, the video footage shows that
Officer Hilliard walked straight from the side street onto defendant’s front porch, and
he never approached the gray Acura. Thus, I would conclude that this finding of fact
is not supported by competent evidence.
Defendant next challenged Finding of Fact 12, which says, “Officer Hilliard
was in police attire with the word ‘POLICE’ emblazoned across the chest of his STATE V. REEL
THOMPSON, J., dissenting
uniform.” After reviewing the video footage from defendant’s front porch, I would
conclude that this finding of fact is not entirely supported by competent evidence. As
seen in the video footage, there are no words “emblazoned” across Officer Hilliard’s
chest. Instead, there is a badge on the left side of Officer Hilliard’s chest, a radio
clipped to his shirt in the middle of his chest, and on the right side of his chest is what
appears to be his last name. With that being said, I do believe there is competent
evidence to support a finding of fact that “Officer Hilliard was in police attire[.]”
Defendant’s third challenged finding, Finding of Fact 21, says, “The door was
immediately slammed shut.” After reviewing the evidence, I would conclude that this
is not supported by competent evidence. The video footage shows that as defendant
attempted to shut his front door, his attempt was thwarted by Officer Hilliard
stopping the door with his foot.
Defendant’s final challenged finding of fact is Finding of Fact 25, which says,
Officer Hilliard, who was still wearing his uniform with the word ‘POLICE’ emblazoned across the front, identified himself verbally as a High Point Police Officer and began to give commands for the door to be opened. Several commands were given. The door was not opened. Officer Hilliard attempted unsuccessfully, to shoulder the door open.
After reviewing the evidence, I would conclude that this finding of fact is only
partially supported. The only portion of this finding of fact that is supported by
competent evidence is that Officer Hilliard gave several commands for the door to be
opened. However, the rest of this finding of fact is not supported by competent
2 STATE V. REEL
evidence. As mentioned above, the word “POLICE” was not “emblazoned” across
Officer Hilliard’s chest. Secondly, Officer Hilliard unsuccessfully attempted to kick
defendant’s door, not shoulder it. And most importantly, at no point before Officer
Hilliard and Officer Finn forcefully gained entry into defendant’s residence did either
officer, Hilliard or Finn, identify themselves as law enforcement officers with HPPD.
Although the majority of the above-mentioned findings of fact are unsupported
by competent evidence, the crux of this dissent is in the following discussion.
B. Conclusions of Law
Defendant challenged several of the trial court’s conclusions of law, but
because “[c]onclusions of law are reviewed de novo and are subject to full review[,]”
State v. Huddy, 253 N.C. App. 148, 151, 799 S.E.2d 650, 654 (2017) (citation omitted),
the focus of my dissent is on Conclusion of Law 2. Conclusion of Law 2 says, “Officer
Hilliard and the other officers were not using the ‘knock and talk’ as a pretext to
search the home or the curtilage to the home.” However, after reviewing the record
de novo, I would conclude that Officer Hilliard and the other officers did precisely
that.
Under the knock and talk doctrine, “law enforcement may do what occupants
of a home implicitly permit anyone to do, which is approach the home by the front
path, knock promptly, wait briefly to be received, and then (absent invitation to linger
longer) leave.” Id. at 151–52, 799 S.E.2d at 654 (citation omitted). “Importantly, law
enforcement may not use a knock and talk as a pretext to search the home’s
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curtilage.” Id. “No one is impliedly invited to enter the protected premises of the home
in order to do nothing but conduct a search.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
After reviewing the evidence, I would conclude that Officer Hilliard, and the
other HPPD officers, used the alleged “knock and talk” as a pretext to search
defendant’s curtilage. The HPPD Chief of Police, Travis Stroud (Stroud), instructed
the “Patrol Commanders” to “coordinate amongst [themselves] and conduct a [k]nock
and [t]alk” or utilize “some sort of enforcement action” at defendant’s residence
because the “complaints [we]re probably valid.”3 However, the video footage from
defendant’s front porch makes it evidently clear that neither Officer Hilliard nor
Officer Finn ever knocked on defendant’s door, nor did they, at any point, announce
their presence on defendant’s front porch or announce themselves as law enforcement
officers with the HPPD. Instead, the evidence tends to show that Officer Hilliard and
Officer Finn in fact utilized a different “sort of enforcement action.” The video footage
from defendant’s front porch shows that Officer Hilliard lingered behind Ms. Hemsley
after she knocked on defendant’s storm door and waited to be invited in. In the video
footage, Officer Hilliard is seen standing behind Ms. Hemsley and as she opened the
storm door to go inside defendant’s residence, Officer Hilliard quickly stepped
3 HPPD received two complaints (one from City Hall on 24 July 2020 and one from Crime
Stoppers on 4 August 2020) regarding potential drugs/narcotics being sold from defendant’s residence.
4 STATE V. REEL
forward, grabbed the storm door and continued in Ms. Hemsley’s footsteps until he
was standing in the doorway of defendant’s home—an area that defendant did not
invite Officer Hilliard to be in. Furthermore, Officer Hilliard testified that he believed
that defendant was unaware of police presence on his front porch, and this is
corroborated by defendant’s testimony that he was unaware of police presence on his
front porch.
By not conducting the “knock and talk” and attempting to piggyback off of Ms.
Hemsley’s invitation into defendant’s home, the HPPD officers usurped defendant’s
opportunity to decline to receive the officers. See Huddy, at 151–52, 799 S.E.2d at 654
(explaining that the proper execution of a “knock and talk” consists of law
enforcement approaching the front door of a home, knocking, waiting briefly to be
received, and potentially (if invited to linger longer) engage in consensual
conversation with the occupant(s)). Indeed, the HPPD officers were not “invited to
enter the protected premises” of defendant’s home, id. at 152, 799 S.E.2d at 654, and
a “consensual conversation with” defendant never occurred. Id. Instead, when
defendant shut the door on Officer Hilliard—an uninvited visitor—Officer Hilliard’s
initial response was an unsuccessful attempt to kick in defendant’s door. Following
Officer Hilliard’s unsuccessful attempt to kick defendant’s door in, he gave defendant
several commands to open the door, and when defendant did not comply, Officer Finn
kicked the door in. During this time, as Officer Hilliard’s testimony indicates, he saw
defendant and Ms. Hemsley were standing just on the other side of the door, and
5 STATE V. REEL
defendant can be heard repeatedly asking the officers what they were doing.
Therefore, the evidence shows that Officer Hilliard never attempted to “remedy the
situation before going any further,” which he testified was the purpose of a “knock
and talk.” Instead, Officer Hilliard used the alleged “knock and talk” as a pretext to
search the curtilage of defendant’s home, which is precisely what our case precedent
says law enforcement cannot do. See Huddy, id. at 152, 799 S.E.2d at 654.
“When the Government obtains information by physically intruding on
persons, houses, papers, or effects, a ‘search’ within the original meaning of the
Fourth Amendment has undoubtedly occurred.” Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 5,
133 S. Ct. 1409, 1414 (2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). And
“when it comes to the Fourth Amendment, the home is first among equals.” Id. at 6,
133 S. Ct. at 1414. “At the Amendment’s very core stands the right of a man to retreat
into his own home and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion.” Id.
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “This right would be of little
practical value if the State’s agents could stand in a home’s porch or side garden and
trawl for evidence with impunity; the right to retreat would be significantly
diminished if the police could enter a man’s property to observe his repose from just
outside the front [door].” Id. “We therefore regard the area immediately surrounding
and associated with the home—what our cases call the curtilage—as part of the home
itself for Fourth Amendment purposes.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). The curtilage of “the home is intimately linked to the home, both physically
6 STATE V. REEL
and psychologically, and is where privacy expectations are most heightened.” Id. at
7, 133 S. Ct. at 1415 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). And, “[t]he front
porch is the classic exemplar of an area adjacent to the home and to which the activity
of home life extends.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “As a
result, law enforcement ordinarily cannot enter the curtilage of one’s home without
either a warrant or probable cause and the presence of exigent circumstances that
justify the warrantless intrusion.” Huddy, 253 N.C. App. at 151, 799 S.E.2d at 654.
Yet here, without a warrant or probable cause, the HPPD law enforcement
officers physically intruded on defendant’s front porch to obtain information. The
HPPD officers trawled for evidence and observed defendant from just outside his
front door (eventually observing him from inside defendant’s front doorway), without
ever knocking or announcing their presence. For the foregoing reasons, I would
conclude that the trial court erred by denying defendant’s motion to suppress because
the “knock and talk” exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement is
inapplicable, and defendant’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable
searches and seizures was violated. I respectfully dissent.