[Cite as State v. Reed, 2020-Ohio-138.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT ERIE COUNTY
State of Ohio Court of Appeals Nos. E-18-017 E-18-018 Appellee Trial Court Nos. 2015-CR-199 v. 2016-CR-224
Patrick Reed DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellant Decided: January 17, 2020
*****
Kevin J. Baxter, Erie County Prosecuting Attorney, and Anthony A. Battista III, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
Derek A. Farmer, for appellant.
PIETRYKOWSKI, J.
{¶ 1} This consolidated appeal is before the court following the March 13, 2018
judgments of the Erie County Court of Common Pleas which, following a jury trial
convicting appellant, Patrick Reed, of multiple counts involving drug trafficking, sentenced him to a total of 27 years and 3 months of imprisonment. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm, in part, and reverse, in part.
{¶ 2} On June 10, 2015, in case No. 2015-CR-199, appellant was indicted on two
counts of trafficking in a counterfeit controlled substance, trafficking in heroin,
possession of heroin, possession of cocaine, preparation of heroin for sale, preparation of
cocaine for sale, having a weapon while under a disability, tampering with evidence, and
failure to verify. Appellant was indicted in case No. 2016-CR-224 on June 9, 2016, and
charged with complicity to commit trafficking in heroin, possession of heroin,
preparation of heroin for sale, possession of cocaine, aggravated possession of drugs, and
two counts of having a weapon while under a disability,
{¶ 3} Motions to suppress were filed in both cases. Appellant requested that the
court suppress all evidence seized by the search warrant executed in each case. The
probable cause supporting both warrants was based, in part, on controlled drug purchases
by various confidential informants (“CI”). Appellant argued that the CIs which formed
the basis for the first probable cause affidavit lacked reliability, that the police used the
CIs to “lure” appellant into criminal activity, and that there was no showing of necessity
to justify a night search. Appellant concluded that no “good-faith exception” to the
exclusionary rule applied. As to the second affidavit and warrant, appellant argued that
much of the information was “stale” and could not support a finding of probable cause.
Appellant again argued that the CIs’ reliability and veracity had not been tested. A
2. hearing on the motion filed in case No. 2015-CR-199 was held on February 11, 2016; the
court denied the motion. A hearing on the motion to suppress filed in case No.
2016-CR-224 was held on October 31 and December 15, 2016. Again, the court denied
the motion.
{¶ 4} On August 3, 2016, the state filed a motion to join the cases for trial.
Appellant opposed the motion and renewed his objection at trial. The cases were
ultimately joined for trial.1
{¶ 5} The trial in this matter commenced on January 23, 2018. The state presented
the testimony of several officers regarding multiple controlled drug purchases involving
appellant. Officers testified about the general protocol in conducting controlled drug
buys. This included making sure the CI was not intoxicated and making sure the CI did
not have any drugs, money, or contraband on their person or in their vehicle if it would
be used to facilitate the transaction. The transaction was recorded by a device worn by
the CI and the money used was photographed. Following the buy, the CI was again
searched.
{¶ 6} Sandusky Police Department Officer Adam West provided much of the
testimony regarding the first three controlled drug purchases. The first controlled buy
took place on October 14, 2014, and involved CI-1. CI-1 called appellant and arranged a
heroin purchase. They met in front of appellant’s home on Townsend Street in Sandusky,
1 The state’s motion to sever Count 10 of the indictment in case No. 2015-CR-199, failure to verify sexual offender status, was granted.
3. Ohio. The material purchased was tested and no controlled substance was detected. An
audio recording of the transaction was played for the jury.
{¶ 7} A second controlled drug purchase involving CI-1 was completed on
November 3, 2014. Sandusky Police Detective Jonathon Huffman testified that they met
and searched CI-1, set up the digital recorder, and provided him with the photocopied buy
money. The CI then walked to appellant’s home on Townsend Street. Officer Huffman
stated that CI-1 met appellant on the sidewalk in front of the residence; money and
purported drugs were exchanged. Ultimately, the substance recovered was determined
not to be a controlled substance. Detective Huffman also testified as to the weapons
seized pursuant to the search warrants and their operability.
{¶ 8} Officer West testified that CI-2, who was cooperating with police in lieu of a
criminal charge, indicated that appellant was an individual from whom she had purchased
drugs. On December 8, 2014, CI-2 telephoned an individual she called “Bunny” to
arrange a heroin purchase. A recording of the call was played for the jury. CI-2 then
drove her vehicle to appellant’s residence on Townsend, entered the residence, returned
to her vehicle and drove to meet officers. The substance CI-2 purchased was tested and
found to contain .11 grams of heroin. A recording of the transaction was played for the
jury.
{¶ 9} Based on these transactions, police applied for and were granted a search
warrant which was executed on December 11, 2014, and included appellant’s person and
his residence on Townsend Street. Prior to entering the home, police conducted
4. surveillance and observed several cars parked nearby. Individuals would exit a vehicle,
enter the targeted location, and leave within one to two minutes.
{¶ 10} Officers then knocked and announced the search warrant; upon observing
individuals trying to leave through the back of the residence, they used a battering ram to
breach the door. Appellant was observed running toward the rear of the house; he threw
plastic bags containing unknown substances and money under the dining room table.
Multiple cell phones and a digital scale were recovered from the house. Appellant’s
social security card and a rifle were recovered from underneath a bed; in the same room
men’s clothing, personal photographs, money, and paperwork with appellant’s name
were found. The recovered substances were tested and were identified as heroin and
cocaine.
{¶ 11} Sandusky Police Officer Michael Schock testified that during the execution
of the warrant he searched the bedroom on the south side of the residence. He discovered
a rifle under the bed. Appellant informed the officer that the rifle was a British sniper
rifle. Photographs of the seized items were admitted into evidence.
{¶ 12} The second round of controlled drug buys commenced in 2016. The
March 8, 2016 controlled buy involved the Perkins Police Department. Officer Joe
Rotuno testified that CI-5 was cooperating with the controlled buy in order to avoid
prosecution on a drug possession charge. CI-5 had been used previously in controlled
drug transactions. CI-5 indicated that she could purchase drugs through another female
who would get the drugs from “Bunny.”
5. {¶ 13} After the proper protocols and procedures, CI-5 was followed in her
vehicle to pick up the female and they drove to appellant’s new address on Larchmont
Drive in Sandusky, Ohio. The female went into the residence, left the residence and got
back into CI-5’s vehicle. Detective Rotuno stated that they approached the vehicle at a
drive-through carry-out; the female was found with drugs in her crotch area. They were
tested and determined to be .76 grams of heroin. The digital recording of the transaction
was played for the jury.
{¶ 14} Detective Rotuno then testified regarding the execution of the search
warrant at the Larchmont address on March 15, 2016. Rotuno stated that on that date
they were conducting surveillance in aid of another agency’s controlled buy at the
Larchmont address. Following the transaction, multiple officers entered and cleared the
residence. During the initial search officers found a receipt for a nearby motel; they
proceeded to the motel to see if they could locate appellant. The motel clerk confirmed
that appellant was staying at the motel. Eventually, appellant exited the room and he was
placed under arrest based upon the discovery of at least one firearm at his residence.
Three cell phones and cash were found on appellant.
{¶ 15} Detective Ron Brotherton, a narcotics detective with the Sandusky Police
Department, testified regarding the March 8, 2016 controlled drug buy involving
appellant. Brotherton stated that he was contacted by Officer Rotuno to assist with
surveillance. Following the transaction, Officer Brotherton stated that he participated in
6. the “buy bust” involving CI-5 and the middleman who had placed the narcotics down the
front of her pants.
{¶ 16} Officer Brotherton testified that he was the affiant on the search warrant
that was issued and executed on March 15, 2016. On that date, prior to the search, CI-5
purchased drugs from appellant outside of his residence on Larchmont; the CI-5 indicated
that appellant then returned to the residence. Brotherton stated that two individuals in a
green Ford Ranger were seen leaving the residence.
{¶ 17} Similar to Officer Rotuno’s testimony, Officer Brotherton stated that they
then executed the search warrant by a knock-and-announce at the back door. Appellant’s
mother was in the residence. Brotherton stated that they quickly discovered a hotel
receipt; officers proceeded to the hotel in an attempt to locate appellant since his person
was included in the search warrant. Appellant was located and transported back to the
residence so he could be present for the remainder of the search. Two firearms were
found in a bedroom. Appellant’s juvenile son, who also resided in the residence, came
home during the search.
{¶ 18} Officer Brotherton identified several photographs taken during the search
which included photographs of two firearms and ammunition, a digital scale, clothing
that was appellant’s size, mail addressed to appellant, multiple cell phones, and nearly
$4,000 cash all located in the southeast bedroom. An additional digital scale was found
in the kitchen. A coffee mug containing suspected narcotics was found in the roof gutter;
police were tipped that appellant hid drugs in that location.
7. {¶ 19} Officer Brotherton testified that none of the money found was marked buy
money. He stated that drug traffickers know that the money is marked and will try and
use or exchange it was quickly as possible. Officer Brotherton further testified that
appellant was released from the Erie County Jail and rearrested two days later at the
Larchmont address.
{¶ 20} Appellant cross-examined the officers involved in the controlled buys and
execution of the search warrants. Officer Adam West admitted that he did not know
who, in addition to appellant, lived at the home on Townsend. He stated that he had
never been in the home prior to the execution of the search warrant and did not know
which bedroom was appellant’s. Officer West clarified that he concluded the room was
appellant’s because men’s clothing was found with his identification in it. West was
questioned about testimony in the prior suppression hearing which conflicted with his
trial testimony. Officer West agreed that he previously stated that he did not observe a
hand-to-hand transaction between appellant and CI-1. West admitted that a confidential
informant could hide drugs and/or money on their person and fabricate evidence. West
also admitted that he was not present when CI-1 purportedly called appellant to arrange
the drug transaction. As to CI-2, Officer West was questioned as to the thoroughness of
the search of her person and vehicle.
{¶ 21} Officer Rotuno was questioned about the execution of the search warrant;
he admitted he had never been inside the Larchmont location and did not personally
8. know who owned the house. Rotuno also admitted that he had never seen appellant sell
drugs to anyone.
{¶ 22} Officer Rotuno was also questioned about the March 8, 2016 controlled
drug buy involving CI-5. Rotuno admitted that he did not have continuous visual
surveillance of either the CI or the female go-between who actually purchased the drugs.
{¶ 23} Officer Ron Brotherton admitted that there was no scientific evidence to
confirm that appellant had physically handled any of the items seized during the March
15, 2016 execution of the search warrant. Brotherton also admitted that he did not know
who slept in the southeast bedroom the night before the search.
{¶ 24} Sandusky Police Officer Lucas Rospert testified regarding the body camera
video he wore during the execution of the March 15, 2016 search warrant. The video was
played for the jury. Officer Rospert admitted that when police entered the back door they
did not see what was occurring in the front of the house.
{¶ 25} CI-2 testified that in 2014, she frequently purchased drugs from appellant,
known by the nickname “Bunny.” She stated that in December 2014, she was working
with police in order to avoid a possession of drugs charge. On December 8, 2014, she
contacted appellant to arrange a drug purchase; she drove her vehicle to the Townsend
Street address, parked and entered the home. Inside, there was a child under the age of
five. CI-2 stated that she gave appellant the money and he gave her the drugs. She then
drove in her vehicle to meet the detectives.
9. {¶ 26} During cross-examination, CI-2 admitted that at the time of the controlled
buy she was addicted to heroin. She would lie, steal and prostitute herself in order to
obtain heroin. She also admitted that she would have done just about anything to stay out
of jail and keep using heroin and that she had used heroin on the date of the controlled
buy.
{¶ 27} CI-4 testified that she had known appellant, nicknamed Bunny, since 2007,
and had purchased drugs from him prior to her imprisonment in 2009. In March 2016,
she began working with police because she had “charges” and had a vendetta against
drug-supplier Candace Wilson. On March 8, 2016, CI-4 met with police to set up the buy
and then drove to pick up Wilson. Wilson directed her to a drop off point; she then
exited the vehicle and began walking. According to CI-4, Wilson was concerned that she
was being followed. When she returned to the vehicle she had heroin for the CI. On the
way back to Wilson’s apartment, Wilson had the CI stop at a drive-thru. Police
intercepted them and retrieved the drugs from Wilson’s pants. During cross-examination,
CI-4 admitted that Wilson had not been searched for drugs.
{¶ 28} Bureau of Criminal Investigation (“BCI”) forensic scientist Samuel
Fortener initially acknowledged that he was disciplined by the BCI for failing to follow
the proper testing procedures. Fortener agreed that none of the potentially affected
samples were related to appellant’s case and that he regained the full confidence of the
BCI.
10. {¶ 29} Fortener testified that he received a sample of a substance recovered from
the December 8, 2014 controlled buy. The results were that it was not a controlled
substance. Fortener also tested substances found in bags during the execution of the
December 11, 2014 search warrant at appellant’s residence on Townsend. One of the
bags tested positive for 4.29 grams of heroin, and one for 16.70 grams of cocaine.
{¶ 30} As to the 2016 test results stemming from controlled buys and the
execution of the second search warrant, Fortener testified that the substances were tested
by another scientist and that he retested them so he could provide testimony in court. The
substance was determined to be .76 grams of heroin. Several substances were recovered
following the execution of the search warrant. Those tested came back as a digital scale
with heroin residue, a digital scale with traces of heroin and THC, four baggies
containing amounts of heroin ranging from 27.07 grams to .13 grams, and one baggie
with less than .1 grams of cocaine. Fentanyl was also found in one of the heroin samples.
The original BCI tester, Sara Tipton, also testified as to the results.
{¶ 31} Larry Rentz, also from the BCI, testified that he analyzed a sample
collected on October 20, 2014, and that no controlled substance was found. Rentz also
analyzed a sample collected on November 3, 2014, which also contained no controlled
substance.
{¶ 32} Sandusky Police Evidence Officer Matthew Dunn testified that he
documents the chain of custody of all the evidence that comes through the department.
11. Each piece is issued a bar code or a tag number. The evidence room is locked with
limited access.
{¶ 33} Appellant stipulated to the prior felony convictions rendering him unable to
possess a firearm. The state then rested. Appellant made a Crim.R. 29 motion for
acquittal which was denied.
{¶ 34} Appellant presented the testimony of Sandusky Police Chief John Orzech
who explained the department’s confidential informant policy. The written policy, seven
to nine pages long, included sections on what informants are prohibited from doing while
working with police. Chief Orzech agreed that the policy prohibits informants from
violating any laws while assisting police; this would include the use of narcotics. Orzech
stated that an officer would have to have knowledge of the usage to terminate the
informant relationship. Chief Orzech agreed that informants were not to be on probation
or parole.
{¶ 35} Monique W. testified that on March 15, 2016, she resided at the residence
on Larchmont Drive which was the subject of the search. Monique stated that she lived
there with appellant’s mother, his sister and her children, and Detaureis Reed. Monique
stated that appellant “came through” but that he did not live there. Monique also testified
that the Glock and Ruger handguns recovered during the search were hers and that she
had a concealed carry permit. Monique testified to a trial exhibit depicting her cell
phone’s “notes” application in which she had created a note, predating the March 2016
search, with the make and serial number of the handguns.
12. {¶ 36} During cross-examination, Monique admitted that she never contacted
police to ask about her guns. She further admitted that when contacted by police as a
potential trial witness she never inquired about the guns. Monique stated that she did not
leave the guns the way they were found; unsecured, fully loaded, and under a bed.
Monique then backtracked and said that she did store them that way but that it was safe
because there were no children in the room.
{¶ 37} Monique testified that she had previously lived at the Townsend Street
address with many of the same individuals. She agreed that appellant stayed there many
times.
{¶ 38} Following deliberations, the jury found appellant guilty on all counts tried
in both cases. Appellant was sentenced on March 13, 2018, and this appeal followed.
{¶ 39} Appellant now presents five assignments of error for our consideration:
Assignment of Error No. I: The trial court erred in not suppressing
the results of the searches of the residence and person of Mr. Reed in Case
No. 15-CR-199, as the evidence from these searches was obtained in
violation of Art. I, Sec. 14 of the Ohio Constitution, the Fourth Amendment
to the United States Constitution and Crim.R. 41(C)(1).
Assignment of Error No. II: The trial court erred in not suppressing
the results of the searches of Larchmont Drive and person of Mr. Reed in
Case No. 16-CR-224, as the evidence from these searches was obtained in
13. violation of Art. I, Sec. 14 of the Ohio Constitution, the Fourth Amendment
Assignment of Error No. III: Mr. Reed’s rights under the Sixth
Amendment and Art. I, Sec. 10 of the Ohio Constitution were violated by
the admission at trial of incriminating out-of-court statements made by non-
testifying confidential informants and sources.
Assignment of Error No. IV: Mr. Reed’s convictions are supported
by insufficient evidence and are against the manifest weight of the evidence
in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
and Art. I, Sec. 10 of the Ohio Constitution.
Assignment of Error No. V: The trial court violated the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 10 of the Ohio
Constitution and Ohio Criminal Rules 8 & 14 by joining counts from two
cases for trial and in denying Appellant’s motion to sever.
Motions to Suppress
{¶ 40} Appellant’s first and second assignments of error challenge the trial court’s
rulings on his motions to suppress the evidence obtained by the two search warrants
which formed the basis of the criminal charges in each case. Initially we note that an
appellate court’s review of a ruling on a motion to suppress “presents a mixed question of
law and fact.” State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71,
¶ 8. “When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of
14. fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the
credibility of witnesses.” Id. “Consequently, an appellate court must accept the trial
court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.” Id.
“Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine,
without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the
applicable legal standard.” Id.
{¶ 41} It is well-established that a determination of whether a sufficient basis
exists to find probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant requires consideration of
the totality of the circumstances. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76
L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). Under the totality-of-the-circumstances test,
“[t]he task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical,
common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in
the affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’
of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that
contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place. And
the duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a
‘substantial basis for * * * conclud[ing]’ that probable cause existed. Jones
v. United States, 362 U.S. at 271[, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697].* * *.”
State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 329, 544 N.E.2d 640 (1989), quoting Illinois v. Gates
at 238-239, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527.
15. {¶ 42} When a search warrant is issued, the determination by the issuing judge or
magistrate that there was probable cause for the search is not subject to de novo review
by appellate courts. George at paragraph two of the syllabus, following Illinois v. Gates,
462 U.S. at 236. “Rather, the duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the
magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.” Id. “Even
when a magistrate’s determination of probable cause may be doubtful or marginal, the
appellate courts should still give it ‘great deference.’ [State v. George at 330, 544 N.E.2d
640.]” State v. Williams, 173 Ohio App.3d 119, 2007-Ohio-4472, 877 N.E.2d 717, ¶ 13
(6th Dist.).
Case No. 2015-CR-199
{¶ 43} The affidavit for the search warrant in this case involved three controlled
drug purchases by two confidential informants. The warrant included searches of
appellant’s person and his residence on Townsend Street in Sandusky, Ohio. In his brief,
appellant argues that the affidavit executed to secure the search warrant was based on
controlled drug purchases made by unreliable informants who were not monitored and
failed to produce any confirmed controlled substances. Appellant further contends that
the informants’ bases of knowledge was not disclosed.
{¶ 44} As to CI-1, appellant argues that there was no information as to how, when,
and where the alleged drug purchase had been arranged. Appellant argues that as to CI-1,
the affidavit failed to indicate that the affiant officer actually observed the transactions,
that CI-1 was searched for the buy money following the alleged transactions, or that the
16. transactions had any nexus, other than proximity, between the house included in the
search warrant and alleged transactions.
{¶ 45} As to CI-2, appellant argues that CI-2 had not been tested and was
unreliable, the basis for his knowledge that appellant was selling heroin was not
disclosed, there was no proof that the call made by CI-2 to arrange a drug buy was with
appellant, and there was no proof that appellant was actually in the residence when the
alleged transaction occurred.
Case No. 2016-CR-224
{¶ 46} In this case, the affidavit securing the search warrant referenced the above
three controlled drug purchases and included seven additional purchases in February-
March 2016, and involved three additional confidential informants. The places to be
searched included appellant and his residence on Larchmont Drive in Sandusky, Ohio.
Appellant first argued that the 2014 information was “stale.” Appellant similarly argued
that CI-3 had not been tested and that the affiant had no personal knowledge that
appellant was the other party to the phone call arranging the drug purchase. Finally,
appellant argues that the affiant never stated that he observed CI-3 enter the residence on
Neil Street, only that he left the residence.
{¶ 47} Appellant next raised arguments relating to CI-4; specifically, there was no
firsthand information that CI-4 could buy drugs from the female go-between who sold
drugs for appellant. The purported deal happened on two occasions and each involved
CI-4 transporting the female in her vehicle. Finally, as to CI-5 appellant argues that the
17. affidavit does not state the basis for her knowledge that appellant had heroin she could
purchase.
{¶ 48} Appellant argues that even as described, the facts in the affidavits did not
give rise to probable cause, but instead only supported a “hunch” that drug deals may
have been occurring. Appellant relies on a case from this district where we concluded
that a search warrant based upon a confidential informant’s statement that a defendant
would be leaving the house with drugs, without any indication of the source of the
statement, was not sufficient to support a probable cause finding. State v. Young, 6th
Dist. Erie No. E-13-011, 2015-Ohio-398, ¶ 48. Appellant asserts that the basis of
knowledge of the CIs was undisclosed and that the only tested substance was non-
controlled.
{¶ 49} Reviewing Young, we find that the facts of this case are distinguishable.
Here, the affidavits were not based on the mere statement that appellant was selling
drugs. Controlled buys and surveillance were conducted in both cases. Further, the
affidavits in both cases were issued shortly following a controlled buy, thereby increasing
the likelihood that drugs or evidence of drug trafficking would be found at the homes.
See State v. Turner, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92966, 2010-Ohio-1205, ¶ 19.
{¶ 50} Mindful of our deferential standard of review, we find that the judge
issuing the search warrants in this case had a substantial basis for concluding that
probable cause existed supporting the search warrants. Appellant’s first and second
assignments of error are not well-taken.
18. Right to Confrontation
{¶ 51} In appellant’s third assignment of error he argues that the trial court erred
by allowing the admission of incriminating out-of-court statements made by non-
testifying confidential informants. Specifically, appellant contends that three informants
involved in the case did not testify at trial yet their statements were elicited through
police testimony.
{¶ 52} The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause provides: “In all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with the witnesses
against him.” In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177
(2004), the Supreme Court of the United States held that “[w]here testimonial evidence is
at issue, * * * the Sixth Amendment demands what the common law required:
unavailability [of the declarant] and a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” Id. at 68.
{¶ 53} Following Crawford, the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “[f]or
Confrontation Clause purposes, a testimonial statement includes one made ‘under
circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the
statement would be available for use at a later trial.’” State v. Stahl, 111 Ohio St.3d 186,
2006-Ohio-5482, 855 N.E.2d 834, paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶ 54} First, appellant contends that CI-1’s statements to police surrounding the
controlled drug buys were impermissibly elicited through the testimony of Officers West
and Huffman. We note that CI-1 was subpoenaed to testify at trial on multiple occasions
due to several trial continuances. On January 31, 2018, a material witness warrant was
19. issued due to the inability to locate CI-1. The warrant ordered that he be kept in custody
though his tenure as a witness. CI-1 was not located prior to trial and was unavailable.
See Evid.R. 804(A)(2).
{¶ 55} Further, drug buy tapes that are played for the jury are generally not
considered hearsay as they are used to provide context as to the activity taking place.
State v. Cunningham, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-08-063, 2009-Ohio-6970, ¶ 19, citing
State v. Aldrich, 12th Dist. Madison No. CA2006-10-044, 2008-Ohio-1362, ¶ 9. Thus,
any Confrontation Clause claims stemming from the playing of the recordings is
unavailing.
{¶ 56} As to Candace Wilson, who was the go-between with CI-4 and appellant,
appellant argues that her statements, elicited through the testimony of CI-4 and Officer
Rotuno, that she got her heroin from appellant was the only testimony directly
implicating appellant in the sales in which she was involved. Officer Brotherton also
testified regarding his arrest and debriefing of Wilson where, when asked, she informed
him that appellant had sold her the drugs. This testimony was objected to and the
objection was sustained.
{¶ 57} The state asserts that any such statements by Wilson were statements of a
party-opponent and not hearsay because she was indicted for her participation in the
March 3 and March 8, 2016 drug purchases. See Evid.R. 804(B)(3).
{¶ 58} As to statements made by Wilson to CI-4, the statements fit within the
party-opponent exception in that Wilson was indicted on charges. CI-4 testified at trial
20. and was subject to cross-examination. Further, police surveilled the transactions and
found drugs hidden on Wilson’s person. In addition, police were able to listen to a
telephone conversation between CI-4, appellant and Wilson and made by Wilson while
she was in appellant’s house.
{¶ 59} Finally, appellant contends that he was prejudiced by the improper
admission of testimony regarding a tip from an anonymous informant that he concealed
drugs in a “green bean can” or in the garage or the roof of the garage. Officer Brotherton
testified that based on this information they accessed the roof where heroin, cocaine, and
fentanyl were found in a coffee mug. Following appellant’s counsel’s objection, the
court instructed the jury that the testimony was to be considered only to explain what the
officer did during the investigation. Presuming that the jury followed the court’s
instructions, we find no error.
{¶ 60} Based on the foregoing, we find that the appellant’s right to confront
witnesses testifying against him was not violated. Appellant’s third assignment of error
is not well-taken.
Sufficiency and Manifest Weight
{¶ 61} Appellant’s fourth assignment of error argues that his convictions were not
supported by sufficient evidence and were against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Sufficiency of the evidence and manifest weight of the evidence are quantitatively and
qualitatively different legal concepts. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678
N.E.2d 541 (1997). Sufficiency of the evidence is purely a question of adequacy where a
21. court must consider whether the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction as a
matter of law. Id. The proper analysis is “‘whether, after viewing the evidence in a light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Williams, 74 Ohio
St.3d 569, 576, 660 N.E.2d 724 (1996), quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574
N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶ 62} Conversely, a claim that a jury verdict is against the manifest weight of the
evidence requires an appellate court to act as a “thirteenth juror.” Thompkins at 387. An
appellate court,
“reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in
resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created
such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed
and a new trial ordered. The discretionary power to grant a new trial should
be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs
heavily against the conviction.”
Id., quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).
{¶ 63} Appellant was convicted of multiple counts including drug trafficking, drug
possession, having weapons while under disability, and tampering with evidence. As to
trafficking in a controlled counterfeit substance, appellant argues that there was no
22. sufficient evidence at trial demonstrating that appellant knew that the substances involved
in the controlled buys to CI-1 were counterfeit.
{¶ 64} Trafficking in counterfeit controlled substances, in violation of R.C.
2925.37(B), states that “[n]o person shall knowingly make, sell, offer to sell, or deliver
any substance that person knows is a counterfeit controlled substance.” Thus, the statute
requires that appellant actually knew that the substances he sold to CI-1 were counterfeit.
See State v. Hurley, 3d Dist. Hardin No. 6-13-02, 2014-Ohio-2716, ¶ 52-54; State v.
Kimbrough, 4th Dist. Washington No. 08CA18, 2008-Ohio-6690, ¶ 6-10; State v.
Garrett, 149 Ohio App.3d 142, 2002-Ohio-4356, 776 N.E.2d 520, ¶ 22-29 (11th Dist.).
Such knowledge may be established by an admission of the defendant or circumstantial
evidence including the fact that the defendant packaged the drugs himself. Hurley at
¶ 53.
{¶ 65} In the present case we must conclude that the state failed to prove that
appellant knew that the packages of drugs he sold CI-1 were counterfeit. There is no
evidence that he admitted knowledge or that he packaged the drugs. Thus, we find that
that evidence is not sufficient to support the convictions for trafficking in a controlled
counterfeit substance.
{¶ 66} As to drug trafficking, preparation, and possession, the statutes required
that the state prove that appellant sold a controlled substance for money. The evidence
presented at trial demonstrated that appellant lived at both the Townsend and Larchmont
residences during the relevant times and that digital scales were found in his bedroom as
23. well as various narcotics, cell phones, cash, and weapons. During the execution of the
Townsend search warrant, appellant threw baggies with narcotics under the dining room
table (tampering with evidence.) Further, there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that
appellant sold the CI drugs in the presence of a juvenile. There is also sufficient evidence
that appellant constructively possessed the narcotics found in a cup on the roof of the
garage.
{¶ 67} In order to constructively possess contraband, exclusive access to the item
need not be established. State v. Crocker, 2015-Ohio-2528, 38 N.E.3d 369, ¶ 25 (4th
Dist.). “‘Constructive possession exists when an individual knowingly exercises
dominion and control over an object, even though that object may not be within his
immediate physical possession.’” Id., quoting State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87, 434
N.E.2d 1362 (1982), syllabus. The state must also show that the defendant was conscious
of the object’s presence. Id., citing Hankerson at 91. Both dominion and control, and
whether a person was conscious of the object’s presence may be established through
circumstantial evidence. Id., citing State v. Brown, 4th Dist. Athens No. 09CA3, 2009-
Ohio-5390, ¶ 19.
{¶ 68} As to consciousness of the presence of the narcotics, Officer Brotherton
stated that appellant’s demeanor markedly changed from “cocky and confident” to
concern when he realized that a fire ladder was called and police were going to look on
the roof of the garage. Further, the search warrant at Larchmont was executed while
appellant was under indictment on charges following the execution of the Townsend
24. search warrant and was based on several additional controlled drug buys, thus evidencing
appellant’s ongoing drug trafficking operation.
{¶ 69} The weapons while under a disability charges were based on the recovery
of an antique rifle on Townsend and two handguns on Larchmont. There was sufficient
evidence to demonstrate that the weapons were appellant’s based on statements by
appellant and where the guns were located and the convictions were not against the
weight of the evidence even considering the testimony of Monique W. that the handguns
were hers.
{¶ 70} Based on the foregoing, we find that appellant’s fourth assignment of error
is well-taken, in part. Appellant’s convictions for trafficking in a controlled counterfeit
substance are vacated.
Joinder
{¶ 71} In appellant’s fifth and final assignment of error, he argues that joinder of
all the counts for trial was error as they were not sufficiently related in time, substances,
location, or confidential informants. The state counters that appellant failed to
demonstrate the prejudicial effect of joinder.
{¶ 72} Under Crim.R. 13, a court may order two or more cases to be tried together
“if the offenses * * * could have been joined in a single indictment * * *.” Joinder of two
or more separate offenses in an indictment, information or complaint is proper “if the
offenses charged, whether felonies or misdemeanors or both, are of the same or similar
character, or are based on the same act or transaction, or are based on two or more acts or
25. transactions connected together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, or are
part of a course of criminal conduct.” Crim.R. 8(A). Joinder is generally favored as it
preserves judicial economy and public funds, avoids multiple trials and inconvenience to
witnesses, and allows for prompt and consistent trial results. State v. Scott, 6th Dist.
Sandusky No. S-02-026, 2003-Ohio-2797, ¶ 13, quoting State v. Dunkins, 10 Ohio
App.3d 72, 460 N.E.2d 688 (9th Dist.1983), paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶ 73} If a party opposing the joinder of indictments demonstrates prejudice, the
trial court shall order separation of the counts under Crim.R. 14. State v. Gordon, 152
Ohio St.3d 528, 2018-Ohio-259, 98 N.E.3d 251, ¶ 20-21, citing State v. Torres, 66 Ohio
St.2d 340, 421 N.E.2d 1288 (1981), syllabus.
{¶ 74} In order to affirmatively show that his rights have been prejudiced by the
joinder, the defendant must furnish the trial court with information sufficient to allow the
court to weigh the considerations favoring joinder against the defendant’s right to a fair
trial; to obtain reversal on appeal, the defendant must demonstrate that the trial court
abused its discretion in refusing to separate the charges for trial. State v. Goodner, 195
Ohio App.3d 636, 2011-Ohio-5018, 961 N.E.2d 254, ¶ 42 (2d Dist.). Accordingly, we
review a trial court’s decision on severance under an abuse of discretion standard. State
v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 163, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990).
{¶ 75} Appellant urges the court to follow the First Appellate District which found
that in the case of six separate robberies involving the same defendant, at least some of
the counts should have been severed for trial. State v. Echols, 128 Ohio App.3d 677, 716
26. N.E.2d 728 (1st Dist.1998). In Echols the state argued that joinder was not prejudicial
because evidence of each robbery was admissible to show a modus operandi or
behavioral fingerprint. Id. at 692.
{¶ 76} Reversing the joinder of the offenses, the court concluded that they did not
share “significant common features.” Id. at 693. Specifically, the court found that the
robbery, although occurring in the same general location and involving a knife, varied as
to whether the suspect attempted to conceal his face, whether he threatened the victim,
and whether he cased the location or it appeared random. Id. at 693-694. The court also
concluded that the counts were not “simple and distinct” such as to prevent jury
confusion. Id. at 694.
{¶ 77} Reviewing the arguments of the parties, we find that appellant has failed to
affirmatively demonstrate prejudice stemming from the joinder of the cases. Each case
was based on the execution of a separate search warrant at a separate residence. The
charges involved various confidential informants and law enforcement and the testimony
at trial was segregated as to the multiple controlled purchases and searches. Further, the
charges were all based on a course of criminal conduct, drug trafficking, engaged in by
appellant. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it
allowed the cases to be joined for trial. Appellant’s fifth assignment of error is not well-
taken.
{¶ 78} On consideration whereof, we find that the judgments of the Erie County
Court of Common Pleas are affirmed, in part, and reversed, in part. We reverse and
27. vacate appellant’s convictions for trafficking in a counterfeit controlled substance as they
were not supported by sufficient evidence. We affirm the remainder of appellant’s
convictions. The matter is remanded for proceedings consistent with this decision. The
parties are ordered to share equally in the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.
Judgment affirmed, in part, and reversed, in part.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Mark L. Pietrykowski, J. _______________________________ JUDGE Arlene Singer, J. _______________________________ Thomas J. Osowik, J. JUDGE CONCUR. _______________________________ JUDGE
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.
28.