[Cite as State v. Redman, 2016-Ohio-860.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT ALLEN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 1-15-54
v.
JASON D. REDMAN, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court Trial Court No. CR20140443
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: March 7, 2016
APPEARANCES:
Kenneth J. Rexford for Appellant
Jana E. Emerick for Appellee Case No. 1-15-54
PRESTON, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Jason D. Redman (“Redman”), appeals the
August 24, 2015 judgment entry of sentence of the Allen County Court of
Common Pleas. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
{¶2} On October 17, 2014, the Allen County Grand Jury indicted Redman
on two counts, including: Count One of assault in violation of R.C. 2903.13(A)
and 2903.11(D)(1)(a), a first-degree misdemeanor, and Count Two of felonious
assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and 2903.11(D)(1)(a), a second-degree
felony. (Doc. No. 1). This case stems from an altercation between Redman and
four women—Sharon Fay Amanda Weaver (“Weaver”), Patricia McKinney
(“McKinney”), Shelly Vettori (“Vettori”), and Penni Cash (“Cash”)—that
occurred on August 8, 2014. On that night, while walking to an establishment in
Lima, Ohio, the women crossed paths with Redman. Words and mutual shoving
were exchanged, which escalated to Redman allegedly punching Vettori one time
and Cash multiple times. Redman’s alleged conduct toward Vettori created the
basis for Count One of the indictment and his alleged conduct toward Cash created
the basis for Count Two of the indictment. Vettori suffered a split lip and Cash
sustained multiple breaks and fractures to her face and a concussion. (July 14,
2015 Tr. at 121).
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{¶3} The case proceeded to a jury trial on July 14-15, 2015. On July 15,
2015, the jury found Redman guilty as to the counts in the indictment. (Doc. Nos.
95, 96); (July 15, 2015 Tr., Vol. II, at 294). The trial court filed its judgment entry
of conviction on July 16, 2015. (Doc. No. 97). On August 24, 2015, the trial
court sentenced Redman to 180 days in jail on Count One and 2 years in prison on
Count Two, and ordered that Redman serve the terms concurrently. (Doc. No.
102); (Aug. 24, 2015 Tr. at 22).
{¶4} On August 25, 2015, Redman filed his notice of appeal. (Doc. No.
104). He raises four assignment of error for our review. For ease of our
discussion, we will first address together Redman’s second and third assignments
of error, followed by his first and fourth assignments of error.
Assignment of Error No. II
The verdict for Count II was not supported by sufficient evidence of serious physical harm and was not supported by sufficient evidence that Mr. Redman knew the probable harm was to be serious when he acted.
Assignment of Error No. III
The verdict for Count II was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶5} In his second and third assignments of error, Redman argues that his
felonious-assault conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence and is against
the manifest weight of the evidence. In particular, Redman argues that the State
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failed to prove that he knew that his conduct would result in serious physical harm
to the victim and that Cash suffered serious physical harm.
{¶6} Manifest “weight of the evidence and sufficiency of the evidence are
clearly different legal concepts.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 389
(1997). As such, we address each legal concept individually.
{¶7} “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at
trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average
mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio
St.3d 259 (1981), paragraph two of the syllabus, superseded by state constitutional
amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89 (1997).
Accordingly, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. “In
deciding if the evidence was sufficient, we neither resolve evidentiary conflicts
nor assess the credibility of witnesses, as both are functions reserved for the trier
of fact.” State v. Jones, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-120570 and C-120571,
2013-Ohio-4775, ¶ 33, citing State v. Williams, 197 Ohio App.3d 505,
2011-Ohio-6267, ¶ 25 (1st Dist.). See also State v. Berry, 3d Dist. Defiance No.
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4-12-03, 2013-Ohio-2380, ¶ 19 (“Sufficiency of the evidence is a test of adequacy
rather than credibility or weight of the evidence.”), citing Thompkins at 386.
{¶8} On the other hand, in determining whether a conviction is against the
manifest weight of the evidence, a reviewing court must examine the entire record,
“‘weigh[ ] the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider[ ] the credibility of
witnesses and determine[ ] whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier
of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that
the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins at 387,
quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). A reviewing
court must, however, allow the trier of fact appropriate discretion on matters
relating to the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. State v.
DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231 (1967). When applying the manifest-weight
standard, “[o]nly in exceptional cases, where the evidence ‘weighs heavily against
the conviction,’ should an appellate court overturn the trial court’s judgment.”
State v. Haller, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-11-34, 2012-Ohio-5233, ¶ 9, quoting State v.
Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, ¶ 119.
{¶9} The criminal offense of felonious assault is codified in R.C. 2903.11,
which provides, in relevant part: “No person shall knowingly * * * [c]ause serious
physical harm to another * * *.” R.C. 2903.11(A)(1). The requisite culpable
mental state for felonious assault is “knowingly.” “A person acts knowingly,
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regardless of his purpose, when he is aware that his conduct will probably cause a
certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of
circumstances when he is aware that such circumstances probably exist.” R.C.
2901.22(B). “Serious physical harm” is any of the following:
(a) Any mental illness or condition of such gravity as would
normally require hospitalization or prolonged psychiatric treatment;
(b) Any physical harm that carries a substantial risk of death;
(c) Any physical harm that involves some permanent incapacity,
whether partial or total, or that involves some temporary, substantial
incapacity;
(d) Any physical harm that involves some permanent
disfigurement or that involves some temporary, serious
disfigurement;
(e) Any physical harm that involves acute pain of such duration as
to result in substantial suffering or that involves any degree of
prolonged or intractable pain.
R.C. 2901.01(A)(5).
{¶10} The State presented testimony from seven witnesses during trial.
First, Weaver testified that Redman, with a closed fist, punched Cash in the face
several times. (July 14, 2015 Tr., Vol. I, at 49-50). Weaver described, “[Cash]
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went down several times. I can’t tell you how many times. But every time she
went down he would stand over her and start to go back down after her.” (Id. at
50). According to Weaver, Cash fell to the sidewalk because Redman hit her so
hard. (Id.). Weaver testified, “At one point he did hit her and she turned her head
and blood was just pouring out of her face.” (Id. at 53). On cross-examination,
Weaver testified that Redman pushed Cash, Cash pushed him back, “and then he
started punching her.” (Id. at 64). Weaver testified, “He hit her. I don’t know
how many times he hit her. She went down; yes,” and when she went down, “[h]e
looks at her and then he comes back at her again” “[t]o punch her again; to
continue to beat her up.” (Id. at 66). According to Weaver, Redman continued to
punch Cash while she was on the ground and punched Cash when she was trying
to stand back up. (Id. at 66-67).
{¶11} Next, McKinney testified that, after Redman punched Vettori, Cash
stepped between Redman and Vettori to defend Vettori, and Redman began
punching Cash in her face. (Id. at 77). According to McKinney, Redman punched
Cash at least four times, and Cash “went down” more than one time. (Id. at 83).
McKinney testified that Cash was bleeding while Redman was punching her.
(Id.). On cross-examination, McKinney testified that Cash went down to the
ground on either the first or second punch and that Cash went down at least three
times. (Id. at 88-90).
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{¶12} Third, Vettori testified, “[Redman] punched [Cash] in the face. She
went down. She got up. He punched her again. She went down. She got back
up. He punched her again. Then, when she was down [on the ground] he punched
her three times back to back.” (Id. at 101). According to Vettori, she could hear
every punch hit Cash’s face. (Id. at 103). Vettori testified that Cash was bleeding
“like a faucet. It was pouring out. At one point she turned her head and the blood
just sprayed across.” (Id.). Vettori further testified that Cash began bleeding with
the first punch. (Id. at 104).
{¶13} Cash testified that Redman punched her with a “full fist,” but that she
does not remember anything after the first punch until she pulled out her cell
phone from her pocket to call the police. (Id. at 116-117). However, Cash
testified that she could not use her phone to call the police because it “was filled
with blood so [she] just put it back in [her] pocket.” (Id. at 118). According to
Cash, she was bleeding a lot, and, when the police were questioning her, she had
to spit blood out of her mouth onto the sidewalk or the grass to be able to speak
with them. (Id. at 119). Regarding her injuries, Cash testified that she
experienced “instant swelling; pain; it just felt, I don’t know it hurt pretty bad.”
(Id. at 120). According to Cash, she has a high pain tolerance, but her “face was
broken and, yes, it hurt, and it swelled [and b]y the time [she] got to the hospital
[she] was thinking ‘can they just help [her], please’.” (Id.).
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{¶14} Cash testified that she was diagnosed with “three breaks in [her]
maxillary sinus * * * [p]lus, multiple fractures * * * [and] a concussion.” (Id. at
121). Cash testified that she was treated and released from the hospital, but had to
return to the hospital later the next day because she “started coughing up blood.”
(Id. at 122). As part of her medical treatment, Cash was seen by a plastic surgeon
“because they were worried about the facial bones and if [she] needed to have
surgery or not.” (Id.). However, according to Cash, the plastic surgeon advised
her against surgery and suggested she let her face heal on its own. (Id. at 123).
Cash also testified, “I slept for three days straight. I could not drink. My face had
swollen real big. Also, my eye was swollen almost shut. I did miss about ten days
of work due to the fact that I couldn’t work with not being able to talk.” (Id.).
{¶15} According to Cash, she has not yet healed from her injuries. (Id. at
124). Specifically, she described that she experiences discomfort during weather
changes, that her face swells and her lip droops from that swelling after working
an eight-hour shift, that she slurs her speech, that she has difficulty drinking from
a straw, and that she has lost feeling in a portion of her face. (Id.). According to
Cash, she has permanent nerve damage in her face, which has required additional
treatment. (Id.). Cash testified that a nerve block was initially used to treat that
nerve damage, but it was unsuccessful, so she is going to try a course of treatment
involving Botox injections to relieve her pain. (Id.). Moreover, Cash described
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that she experiences migraine headaches and takes migraine pills and nerve-block
pills to relieve that pain. (Id. at 124-125). Cash identified State’s Exhibits 3 and 4
as true and accurate photographs taken of her facial injuries on August 8, 2014.
(Id. at 119-120). On cross-examination, Cash testified that she did not recall most
of her encounter with Redman because she lost consciousness after the first punch.
(Id. at 127, 131).
{¶16} Next, Patrolman Mark Link (“Patrolman Link”) of the Lima Police
Department testified that he and another Lima Police Department officer were
patrolling on Main Street in Lima when they were flagged down by the women.
(Id. at 146). He testified that Redman “had already walked past [him] on [his]
driver’s side and past the cruiser and was continuing to walk northbound” at the
time he arrived at the scene. (Id. at 149). Patrolman Link testified that he asked
Redman to stop and return to the area of his cruiser after he learned from the
women that Redman was involved in the altercation. (Id.). According to
Patrolman Link, Redman complied with his request. (Id.). Patrolman Link
testified that he arrested Redman for intoxication after he first encountered him.
(Id. at 150). Patrolman Link identified State’s Exhibits 3 and 4 as photographs
that he took depicting Cash’s injuries. (Id. at 151, 153). He testified that he called
for an ambulance to transport Cash and Vettori to the hospital. (Id. at 154). On
cross-examination, Patrolman Link testified that he examined Redman’s hands for
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evidence of a fist fight, but determined that “he had nothing on his hands”—that
is, that he had no abrasions or marks on his hands. (Id. at 160, 161). According
to Patrolman Link, he did not examine the women’s hands; rather, he took
photographs of Cash’s and Vettori’s injuries to their faces. (Id.).
{¶17} Michael Sandford (“Sandford”) testified that he witnessed the
altercation from his apartment, which is across the street from where the
altercation took place. (July 15, 2015 Tr., Vol. II, at 166-168). According to
Sandford, he “was just laying down * * * about to fall asleep and then [he] heard
something,” which caused him to look out his bedroom window that overlooks
Main Street. (Id. at 168). Specifically, Sandford testified that he “heard yelling
and then [he] heard a man’s voice and [he] heard a lady, a whole bunch of
women’s voices.” (Id. at 168-169). When Sandford looked out his window, he
saw “a man hit a taller woman – ‘cause [sic] there was a couple of them there –
and as soon as [he saw] him hit the woman [he] decided to run downstairs as fast
as possible to try to stop it.” (Id. at 169). He testified that he saw Redman walk
up to the women “as they were trying to tell him to go away” and then saw
Redman “swing at one of them.” (Id.). By the time Sandford exited his
apartment, the police arrived at the scene. (Id. at 170-171).
{¶18} As its final witness, the State presented the testimony of Detective
Robert Stoodt (“Detective Stoodt”) of the Lima Police Department who testified
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that he investigated the case. (Id. at 175-176). In particular, Detective Stoodt
testified that he interviewed the four women and Redman. (Id. at 177, 179).
Detective Stoodt did not interview Sandford because he was unable to contact
him. (Id. at 179). At Cash’s interview on August 11, 2014, Detective Stoodt
observed her injuries and described them as “swelling on the left side of her face, a
black eye, and it was very puffy.” (Id. at 177-178). Detective Stoodt testified that
he obtained Cash’s medical records and that those records confirmed what Cash
told him was her diagnosis. (Id. at 183). Detective Stoodt identified State’s
Exhibits 5 and 6 as photographs that he took depicting Cash’s injuries. (Id. at
178). Detective Stoodt identified State’s Exhibit 7 as a video recording of his
interview with Redman, which was subsequently played for the jury. (Id. at 180).
{¶19} Thereafter, the State moved to admit its exhibits, which were
admitted without objection, and rested. (Id. at 203-204). Next, Redman made a
Crim.R. 29(A) motion, which the trial court denied. (Id. at 204-205). Redman did
not provide any evidence, rested, and renewed his Crim.R. 29(A) motion, which
was denied. (Id. at 206). The matter was submitted to the jury, which found
Redman guilty as to Counts One and Two. (Id. at 291, 294).
{¶20} We first review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting Redman’s
felonious-assault conviction. State v. Velez, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-13-10,
2014-Ohio-1788, ¶ 68, citing State v. Wimmer, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-98-46, 1999
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WL 355190, *1 (Mar. 26, 1999). Redman argues that the State did not prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly caused Cash serious physical harm.
{¶21} We first address the sufficiency of the evidence as to whether
Redman acted knowingly. Redman argues that circumstantial evidence of intent is
insufficient to prove that he acted knowingly. However, “[p]roof of intent may be
derived from circumstantial evidence, as direct evidence will seldom be
available.” State v. Garrard, 170 Ohio App.3d 487, 2007-Ohio-1244, ¶ 31 (10th
Dist.), citing State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 168 (1990) and State v. Tarver, 9th
Dist. Summit No. 22057, 2004-Ohio-6748, ¶ 10. “Circumstantial evidence is the
‘proof of facts by direct evidence from which the trier of fact may infer or derive
by reasoning other facts in accordance with the common experience of mankind.’”
Id., quoting State v. Bentz, 2 Ohio App.3d 352, 355, (1st Dist.1981), fn. 6, citing
Ohio Jury Instructions, Section 5.10(d) (1968). “Circumstantial evidence has
probative value equal to direct evidence.” Id., citing State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d
147, 151 (1988). As such, Redman’s argument is meritless.
{¶22} Nevertheless, Redman alleges that the testimony of the witnesses
was insufficient to establish that he knowingly caused Cash serious physical harm.
The State was not required to prove that Redman punched cash with the intent to
cause her serious physical harm; rather, the State was required to prove that
Redman was aware that his conduct would probably cause Cash serious physical
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harm. See State v. Kleekamp, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23533, 2010-Ohio-1906,
¶ 27. There is sufficient evidence that Redman acted knowingly. This court has
previously concluded that “[p]unching someone in the face satisfies the requisite
culpable mental state for felonious assault.” State v. Beaver, 3d Dist. Union No.
14-13-15, 2014-Ohio-4995, ¶ 37 (“Beaver was aware that punching [the victim] in
the face would probably cause her serious physical harm”), citing R.C. 2901.22(B)
and State v. Higgins, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26120, 2012-Ohio-5650, ¶ 19 (“[F]or
the law to hold him to have acted ‘knowingly,’ it is only necessary that the serious
physical harm is a ‘reasonable and probable’ result of his action.”), quoting State
v. Powell, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2007-L-187, 2009-Ohio-2822, ¶ 52.
{¶23} Indeed, Redman was aware that punching Cash in the face multiple
times would probably cause her serious physical harm. Moreover, Redman was
aware that his conduct was probably causing her serious physical harm because,
after the first punch, Cash fell to the ground and began bleeding. Despite Cash
falling to the ground bleeding, Redman continued to punch Cash in the face as she
tried to regain her balance and repeatedly punched Cash in the face when she was
on the ground and could not get up. Accordingly, a jury could reasonably
conclude that Redman knew that his conduct would probably result in serious
physical harm.
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{¶24} We next address the sufficiency of the evidence as to whether Cash
suffered serious physical harm. Similar to our conclusion in Beaver, the physical
evidence in the record supports that Redman caused serious physical harm to
Cash. See id. at ¶ 37. Nonetheless, Redman contends that the evidence presented
by the State insufficiently demonstrates that Cash suffered serious physical harm.
Instead, Redman argues that the State was required to introduce medical reports
and the testimony of a medical professional indicating that the injuries that Cash
sustained amounted to serious physical harm. Redman’s argument is meritless
because the record supports that Cash suffered serious physical harm. Compare
State v. Petty, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 11AP-716 and 11AP-766, 2012-Ohio-
2989, ¶ 29 (rejecting the defendant’s argument that “the state failed to establish the
victim suffered serious physical harm, because it offered no medical evidence to
document the victim’s injuries ‘or to substantiate that the same were serious’”).
{¶25} Serious physical harm includes any physical harm that involves
“some temporary, substantial incapacity,” “some temporary, serious
disfigurement,” or “acute pain of such duration as to result in substantial suffering
or that involves any degree of prolonged or intractable pain.” R.C.
2901.01(A)(5)(c), (d), (e). The record reflects that the responding officers called
an ambulance that transported Cash to the hospital, where medical professionals
took x-rays and an MRI. (July 14, 2015 Tr., Vol. I, at 120, 154). Cash was
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informed that she sustained three breaks to her maxillary sinus, multiple fractures,
and a concussion. (Id. at 121). After she was treated and released from the
hospital, Cash was required to seek further medical treatment when she began
expelling blood. (Id. at 122). Cash also consulted a plastic surgeon to ensure that
the bones in her face would heal properly, but opted against surgery after the
plastic surgeon advised against it. (Id. at 122-123). “When a victim’s injuries are
serious enough to cause [her] to seek medical treatment, the jury may infer that the
victim suffered serious physical harm.” State v. McCoy, 10th Dist. Franklin No.
99AP-1048, 2000 WL 1262632, *2 (Sept. 7, 2000), citied in Petty at ¶ 30 and
State v. Drew, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 07AP-467, 2008-Ohio-2797, ¶ 61. See also
State v. Scott, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81235, 2003-Ohio-5374, ¶ 7, quoting State
v. Davis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81170, 2002-Ohio-7068, ¶ 20 (noting that “a
[trier of fact] does not err in finding serious physical harm where the evidence
demonstrates the victim sustained injuries necessitating medical treatment”).
{¶26} Further, Redman’s conduct caused Cash to bleed significantly, and
caused her to bleed after the first punch. (July 14, 2015 Tr., Vol. I, at 53, 103,
118-119). See State v. Morris, 7th Dist. Monroe No. 03 MO 12, 2004-Ohio-6810,
¶ 35 (concluding that there was sufficient evidence of serious physical harm
because, in part, the victim testified that the first punch made his nose bleed). And
Cash testified that she cannot remember anything after the first punch until after
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Redman stopped assaulting her because she “was out, out cold.” (July 15, 2015
Tr., Vol. I, at 116-117). “A loss of consciousness, ‘irrespective of its duration,’
satisfies the requirements for a temporary, substantial incapacity.’” Petty at ¶ 34,
citing State v. Sales, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25036, 2011-Ohio-2505, ¶ 19, State v.
Swank, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 81AP-749, 1982 WL 3985, *1 (Feb. 23, 1982)
(concluding that the State presented sufficient evidence of serious physical harm
because the victim was “knocked temporarily unconscious after being struck and
choked, and that her face was ‘pretty well battered and bleeding and her eye
required six stitches’”), State v. Redwine, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2006-08-011,
2007-Ohio-6413, ¶ 32 (concluding that “[l]osing consciousness as a result of an
assault constitutes serious physical harm”), and State v. Booker, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 22990, 2009-Ohio-1039, ¶ 16 (concluding that “[t]emporary
unconsciousness constitutes a temporary substantial incapacity, and therefore
serious physical harm”).
{¶27} As a result of her injuries, Cash suffered significant bruising and
swelling to her face as evidenced by the photographs, which were admitted into
evidence. (See State’s Exs. 3-6); (July 14, 2015 Tr., Vol. I, at 120, 123-124, 151,
153, 177-178). See Beaver, 2014-Ohio-4995, at ¶ 37, citing State v. Stover, 3d
Dist. Union No. 14-12-24, 2013-Ohio-5665, ¶ 44 (finding that the victim suffered
serious physical harm under R.C. 2901.01(A)(5)(d) because his “face was
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extremely bruised and swollen”). She further described that she missed ten days
of work because she could not speak, that she could not drink, and that she slept
for three days after the altercation. (July 14, 2015 Tr., Vol. I, at 123). Cash also
testified that she had not yet healed from her injuries at the time of trial and
continued to experience discomfort. See Beaver at ¶ 37, citing State v. Lawson,
3d Dist. Union No. 14-06-13, 2006-Ohio-5160, ¶ 27 (concluding that the jury did
not lose its way in finding that two months of persistent pain constituted either
“acute pain of such duration as to result in substantial suffering” or “any degree of
prolonged or intractable pain” under R.C. 2901.01(A)(5)(e)). In particular, she
continues to experience swelling in her face, which causes her lip to droop, that
she slurs her speech, that she has difficulty drinking from a straw, that she lost
feeling in a portion of her face, and that she experiences migraine headaches.
(July 14, 2015 Tr., Vol. I, at 124). Cash is continuing to receive medical treatment
related to the pain she experiences from the nerve damage in her face and the
migraine headaches. (Id. at 124-125).
{¶28} Accordingly, a rational jury could find that Cash suffered some
temporary, substantial incapacity, some temporary, serious disfigurement, or a
duration of acute pain that resulted in substantial suffering or any degree of
prolonged intractable pain. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence that Redman
caused Cash serious physical harm.
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{¶29} Viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, a
rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Redman knowingly
caused Cash serious physical harm, and therefore, committed felonious assault.
{¶30} Having concluded that Redman’s conviction is based on sufficient
evidence, we next address Redman’s argument that his conviction is against the
manifest weight of the evidence. Velez, 2014-Ohio-1788, at ¶ 76. On appeal,
Redman argues that the jury lost its way in concluding that Redman knew that his
conduct would cause Cash serious physical harm.1 In particular, Redman argues
that the lack of evidence of any marks or abrasions on his hands is weightier than
the testimony of the witnesses that he knew that he was causing Cash serious
physical harm when he was punching her in the face. He also argues that the
State’s witnesses lacked credibility.
{¶31} “Although an appellate court considers credibility in a manifest-
weight review, the trier of fact is in the best position to take into account
inconsistencies, along with the witnesses’ manner and demeanor, and determine
whether the witnesses’ testimony is credible. Petty, 2012-Ohio-2989, at ¶ 38,
citing State v. Williams, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-35, 2002-Ohio-4503, ¶ 58.
“Consequently, even though an appellate court must act as a ‘thirteenth juror’
when considering whether the manifest weight of the evidence requires reversal, it
1 Redman makes no argument with respect to the serious-physical-harm element of felonious assault in his third assignment of error. As such, we will not address it.
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must also give great deference to the fact finder’s determination of the witnesses’
credibility.” Id., citing Williams at ¶ 58. “To that end, the fact finder is free to
believe all, part or none of the testimony of each witness appearing before it.” Id.,
citing State v. Raver, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-604, 2003-Ohio-958, ¶ 21.
“Mere disagreement over the credibility of witnesses is not sufficient reason to
reverse a judgment.” Id., citing State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-
2202, ¶ 24.
{¶32} While Redman contends that “[t]he scene [as] described [by the
women as] resemble[ing] the most horrible of scenes in the movie Rocky” was not
plausible or credible, there is nothing that indicates that the jury lost its way in
considering the evidence. (Appellant’s Brief at 22). As we summarized in our
discussion of the sufficiency of the evidence above, Redman punched Cash in the
face with a closed fist multiple times causing her significant bleeding, multiple
breaks and fractures to her face, and a concussion. Cash testified that she lost
consciousness after the first punch. The other women—Weaver, McKinney, and
Vettori—testified that Redman punched Cash in the face multiple times. The jury
heard the witnesses testify that they saw Redman punch Cash in the face with
enough force to knock her to the ground several times, and that each time she
would try to regain her balance, he would assault her again. The jury also heard
the testimony of Vettori that Redman sequentially punched Cash in the face three
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times when she was on the ground. Vettori also testified that Cash began bleeding
after the first punch. The women further testified that Redman’s assault on Cash
caused her to bleed substantially. Indeed, Weaver described that the blood was
“pouring out of her face,” and Vettori described Cash as bleeding “like a faucet.”
(July 14, 2015 Tr., Vol. I, at 53, 103). Moreover, Cash described that she could
not use her cell phone to call the police after the assault because it “was filled with
blood” and that she had to spit blood out of her mouth to be able to speak with the
police. (Id. at 118-119).
{¶33} Also, as we summarized above, Cash’s testimony documented the
extent of her injuries. Cash’s diagnosis was corroborated by Detective Stoodt who
testified that he obtained Cash’s medical records. That Redman acted
knowingly—that he was aware that his conduct would probably cause Cash
serious physical harm—is further corroborated by the photographs of Cash’s
injuries.
{¶34} The only evidence to which Redman points, which he argues weighs
against that he acted knowingly, is the evidence that he lacked any marks of any
kind on his hands. Patrolman Link testified that he did not observe any marks or
abrasions on Redman’s hands when he examined them for evidence of a fist fight.
(Id. at 160-161). The State, however, introduced as evidence a video recording of
Redman’s statement that he provided to Detective Stoodt after the altercation,
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which was played for the jury. (See State’s Ex. 7). With regard to Redman’s
hands, the video depicts Detective Stoodt examining Redman’s hands and Redman
describing that the marks and abrasions present on his hands were the result of his
employment as a HVAC technician. (See id.). Furthermore, while Redman did
not testify in his defense, the jury was able to hear and weigh his version of events
from the video recording. (See id.).
{¶35} Accordingly, Redman’s argument is underwhelming compared to the
evidence that he knowingly caused Cash serious physical harm. After weighing
the evidence and evaluating the credibility of the witnesses, with appropriate
deference to the jury’s credibility determinations, we cannot conclude that the
jury, as the trier of fact, clearly lost its way and created a manifest injustice. As
such, we are not persuaded that Redman’s felonious-assault conviction must be
reversed and a new trial ordered.
{¶36} Redman’s second and third assignments of error are overruled.
Assignment of Error No. I
Mr. Redman was denied his right to trial by jury, as guaranteed by both the United States Constitution and the Ohio Constitution, when the Trial Court refused to instruct the jury as to or allow the jury to consider the lesser included offense of misdemeanor assault pursuant to R.C. §2903.13(B) as to Count II.
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{¶37} In his first assignment of error, Redman argues that the trial court
erred by refusing to allow the jury to consider the lesser-included offense of
assault under R.C. 2903.13(B).
{¶38} “A jury instruction on a lesser-included offense is only required if
‘the evidence presented at trial would reasonably support both an acquittal on the
crime charged and a conviction on the lesser included offense.’” State v. Wine, 3d
Dist. Auglaize No. 2-12-01, 2012-Ohio-2837, ¶ 16, quoting State v. Douglas, 3d
Dist. Marion No. 9-05-24, 2005-Ohio-6304, ¶ 20, citing State v. Thomas, 40 Ohio
St.3d 213, 216 (1988). “The trial court’s decision whether to instruct the jury on a
lesser included offense will not be reversed absent an abuse of its discretion.” Id.,
citing Douglas at ¶ 20, citing State v. Mitchell, 53 Ohio App.3d 117, 119-120 (8th
Dist.1988). An abuse of discretion implies that the trial court acted unreasonably,
arbitrarily, or unconscionably. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157 (1980).
{¶39} In determining whether a particular offense should be submitted to
the jury as a lesser-included offense, the Supreme Court of Ohio has set forth a
two-tiered analysis. State v. Singh, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-15-04, 2015-Ohio-4130,
¶ 5, citing State v. Deanda, 136 Ohio St.3d 18, 2013-Ohio-1722, ¶ 6.
The first tier, also called the “statutory-elements step,” is a purely
legal question, wherein we determine whether one offense is
generally a lesser included offense of the charged offense. * * *
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The second tier looks to the evidence in a particular case and
determines whether “‘a jury could reasonably find the defendant not
guilty of the charged offense, but could convict the defendant of the
lesser included offense.’” * * * Only in the second tier of the
analysis do the facts of a particular case become relevant.
Id., quoting Deanda at ¶ 6.
{¶40} “[A]ssault in violation of R.C. 2903.13(B) is a lesser included
offense of a felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1).” State v. Turks,
3d Dist. Allen Nos. 1-10-02 and 1-10-26, 2010-Ohio-5944, ¶ 27. Since assault
under R.C. 2903.13(B) is a lesser-included offense of felonious assault, we turn to
whether “the facts in this case would support the trial court instructing the jury on
the additional offenses.” Singh at ¶ 7. “‘The mere fact that an offense is a lesser
included offense of the charged offense does not mean that the trial court must
instruct on both offenses.’” Id., quoting State v. Simonis, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-
14-05, 2014-Ohio-5091, ¶ 32. “As noted by the Ohio Supreme Court, when
conducting this analysis, the evidence must be viewed in a light most favorable to
the defense.” Id., citing State v. Wine, 140 Ohio St.3d 409, 2014-Ohio-3948, ¶ 21.
{¶41} As we noted above, R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) prohibits an actor from
knowingly causing serious physical harm to another. The definition of assault
under R.C. 2903.13(B) prohibits an actor from recklessly causing serious physical
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harm to another. Therefore, the distinguishing element between felonious assault
under R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and assault under R.C. 2903.13(B) is whether the
defendant acted knowingly or recklessly. As we defined above, “[a] person acts
knowingly, regardless of his purpose, when he is aware that his conduct will
probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature.” R.C.
2901.22(B). “A person acts recklessly when, with heedless indifference to the
consequences, the person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the
person’s conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain
nature. A person is reckless with respect to circumstances when, with heedless
indifference to the consequences, the person disregards a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that such circumstances are likely to exist. Accordingly, the
relevant inquiry is whether Redman acted recklessly—that he was aware that his
conduct would likely result in serious physical harm—as opposed to knowingly—
that he was aware that his conduct would probably result in serious physical harm.
{¶42} Redman argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not
submitting to the jury the lesser-included offense of assault under R.C. 2903.13(B)
because the evidence presented at trial reasonably supports an acquittal of the
felonious-assault charge—that is, the evidence presented at trial reasonably
supports that he did not act knowingly. In support of his argument, Redman points
to the trial court’s comment that “‘maybe Mr. Redman didn’t expect to cause the
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serious harm that he did’” as evidence that the trial court’s decision not to instruct
the jury on the lesser-included offense of assault under R.C. 2903.13(B) is
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. (Appellant’s Brief at 19, citing Aug.
24, 2015 Tr. at 19).
{¶43} In particular, Redman argues that the women’s testimony describing
the incident was implausible and “completely refuted as nonsense” because one of
the photographs depicting Cash’s injuries showed only “a small amount,
contextually, of blood dripping from Ms. Cash’s nose.” (See id. at 18-19, citing
State’s Ex. 4). Redman contends that the women’s description of the scene, which
made it seem like it was “bloody mayhem,” is contradicted by the lack of evidence
of any marks or abrasions or any blood on Redman’s hands. Therefore, Redman
argues, the lack of that type of evidence reasonably supports an acquittal of the
felonious-assault charge because there is a lack of evidence that he acted
knowingly. That is, Redman hypothesizes that if he were to have broken “‘the
hardest bone * * * in the human body’” as described by Cash, it would be
reasonable to expect to find bruising or blood from the victim on Redman’s hand
that delivered the punch. (Id. at 19, citing July 14, 2015 Tr., Vol. I, at 123).
Redman also points to the portion of State’s Exhibit 7, the video recording of his
statement to Detective Stoodt, showing his surprise that he caused the level and
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amount of injuries to Cash that she sustained because he was “‘shocked’ and did
not know that he hit Penni Cash that hard.” (Id. at 19, citing State’s Ex. 7).
{¶44} As we summarized in Redman’s second and third assignments of
error, the evidence presented at trial revealed that Redman with a closed fist
punched Cash in the face multiple times. After the first punch, Cash fell to the
ground and began bleeding, yet Redman continued to punch Cash in the face as
she tried to regain her balance and repeatedly punched Cash in the face when she
was incapacitated on the ground. Nonetheless, Redman attempts to discount that
evidence by discrediting the women’s testimony regarding the “blood evidence.”
Regardless of whether the scene could be described as “bloody mayhem” or
whether there was only “a small amount, contextually, of blood dripping from Ms.
Cash’s nose,” Redman ignores the evidence that, despite that she was bleeding
after the first punch, he continued to punch her in the face. This evidence, coupled
with the evidence that he continued to punch her after she fell to the ground and
attempted to regain her balance and after she remained incapacitated on the
ground, demonstrates that Redman was aware that his conduct would probably
cause Cash serious physical harm. Compare State v. Lewis, 7th Dist. Mahoning
No. 01-CA-59, 2002-Ohio-5025, ¶ 58 (concluding that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion by not submitting to the jury the lesser-included offense of assault
under R.C. 2903.13(B) because the record demonstrated that Lewis “knew” he
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would cause serious physical harm because he “repeatedly struck [the victim’s]
face with his closed fist”). Thus, even viewing this evidence in a light most
favorable to Redman, it does not reasonably support an acquittal on the felonious-
assault charge.
{¶45} Moreover, despite Redman’s contention regarding the lack of
evidence of marks, or abrasions, or blood on his hands, State’s Exhibit 7 reflects
Redman explaining to Detective Stoodt that the marks and abrasions observed by
Detective Stoodt on Redman’s hands were work-related injuries. Therefore, even
though Patrolman Link testified that “he had nothing on his hands,” the jury saw
Redman explaining the marks and abrasions that Detective Stoodt observed on his
hands.
{¶46} Viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to Redman, we
cannot conclude that a jury could reasonably find him not guilty of felonious
assault. That is, it is clear that a reasonable juror could conclude that Redman
acted knowingly. Because we conclude that the evidence does not reasonably
support an acquittal for felonious assault, we need not examine whether the
evidence reasonably supports a conviction for assault under R.C. 2903.13(B).
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not submitting to the jury
the lesser-included offense of assault under R.C. 2903.13(B).
{¶47} Redman’s first assignment of error is overruled.
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Assignment of Error No. IV
The Trial Court erred in sentencing Mr. Redman.
{¶48} In his fourth assignment of error, Redman argues that the trial court
erred in sentencing him to two years in prison as opposed to imposing only
community control sanctions. In particular, Redman argues that the trial court
erred in concluding that he did not overcome the presumption in favor of prison.
{¶49} A trial court’s sentence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a
defendant’s showing by clear and convincing evidence that the sentence is
unsupported by the record; the sentencing statutes’ procedure was not followed or
there was not a sufficient basis for the imposition of a prison term; or that the
sentence is contrary to law. State v. Ramos, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-06-24, 2007-
Ohio-767, ¶ 23 (the clear and convincing evidence standard of review set forth
under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) remains viable with respect to those cases appealed
under the applicable provisions of R.C. 2953.08(A), (B), and (C) * * *); State v.
Rhodes, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2005-10-426, 2006-Ohio-2401, ¶ 4; State v.
Tyson, 3d Dist. Allen Nos. 1-04-38 and 1-04-39, 2005-Ohio-1082, ¶ 19, citing
R.C. 2953.08(G).
{¶50} “R.C. Chapter 2929 governs sentencing.” State v. Smith, 3d Dist.
Seneca No. 13-15-17, 2015-Ohio-4225, ¶ 10. “R.C. 2929.11 provides, in pertinent
part, that the ‘overriding purposes of felony sentencing are to protect the public
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from future crime and to punish the offender.’” Id., quoting R.C. 2929.11(A). “In
advancing these purposes, sentencing courts are instructed to ‘consider the need
for incapacitating the offender, deterring the offender and others from future
crime, rehabilitating the offender, and making restitution to the victim of the
offense, the public, or both.’” Id., quoting R.C. 2929.11(A). “Meanwhile, R.C.
2929.11(B) states that felony sentences must be ‘commensurate with and not
demeaning to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and its impact upon the
victim’ and also be consistent with sentences imposed in similar cases.” Id.,
quoting R.C. 2929.11(B). “In accordance with these principles, the trial court
must consider the factors set forth in R.C. 2929.12(B)-(E) relating to the
seriousness of the offender’s conduct and the likelihood of the offender’s
recidivism.” Id., citing R.C. 2929.12(A).
{¶51} “‘Trial courts have full discretion to impose any sentence within the
statutory range.’” Id., quoting State v. Noble, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-14-06, 2014-
Ohio-5485, ¶ 9, citing State v. Saldana, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-12-09, 2013-
Ohio-1122, ¶ 20. As a second-degree felony, felonious assault carries a non-
mandatory presumption of two to eight years imprisonment. State v. Davis, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81170, 2002-Ohio-7068, ¶ 25, citing R.C. 2903.11,
2929.13(D), and 2929.14(A)(2). That presumption may be overcome, and “the
sentencing court may impose * * * community control sanctions instead of a
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prison term” if the trial court concludes that “community control sanctions would
adequately punish the offender and protect the public from future crime” and
“would not demean the seriousness of the offense.” R.C. 2929.13(D)(2). “As the
plain statutory language indicates, the sentencing court is under no obligation to
impose community control sanctions simply because the offender meets the
eligibility requirements.” Davis at ¶ 25. “Rather, community control sanctions
are an alternate means of effectuating justice if such means satisfy statutory
requirements and are deemed appropriate by the trial court.” Id.
{¶52} “Despite the sentencing discretion afforded to a trial court, the
imposition of a non-mandatory term of imprisonment requires the trial court to
review certain R.C. 2929.12 factors which involve the seriousness of the
offender’s conduct and the likelihood of the offender committing future crimes.”
Id. at ¶ 26. “‘A sentencing court has broad discretion to determine the relative
weight to assign the sentencing factors in R.C. 2929.12.” Smith at ¶ 15, quoting
State v. Brimacombe, 195 Ohio App.3d 524, 2011-Ohio-5032, ¶ 18 (6th Dist.),
citing State v. Arnett, 88 Ohio St.3d 208, 215 (2000). At Redman’s sentencing
hearing and in its sentencing entry, the trial court considered the R.C. 2929.12
factors. (Aug. 24, 2015 Tr. at 17-21); (Doc. No. 102).
{¶53} In assessing whether Redman was likely to commit future crimes, the
trial court concluded that Redman “demonstrated a pattern of drug or alcohol
-31- Case No. 1-15-54
abuse that related to the offense and that [Redman] refuses to acknowledge that
[he] has demonstrated that pattern, or [Redman] refuses treatment for the drug or
alcohol abuse.” (Doc. No. 102, quoting R.C. 2929.12(D)(4)). (See also Aug. 24,
2015 Tr. at 19-20). Weighing in Redman’s favor, the trial court found the
following factors indicating that Redman is not likely to commit future crimes:
“[(1)] Prior to committing the offense [Redman] had not been adjudicated a
delinquent child[; (2)] Prior to committing the offense [Redman] had not been
convicted or pleaded guilty to a criminal offense[; (3)] Prior to committing the
offense [Redman] had led a law-abiding life for a significant number of years[;
and (4) Redman] shows a genuine remorse for the offense.” (Doc. No. 102,
quoting R.C. 2929.12(E)(1), (2), (3), and (5)). (See also Aug. 24, 2015 Tr. at 19-
20).
{¶54} In addressing the seriousness of Redman’s conduct, the trial court
concluded that Redman’s “conduct is more serious than conduct normally
constituting the offense” because the victim “suffered serious physical,
psychological, or economic harm as a result of the offense.” (Doc. No. 102,
quoting R.C. 2929.12(B)(2)). (See also Aug. 24, 2015 Tr. at 17). The trial court
did not find any of the factors under R.C. 2929.13(C) indicating that Redman’s
conduct is less serious than the conduct normally constituting the offense. (Aug.
24, 2015 Tr. at 21).
-32- Case No. 1-15-54
{¶55} After finding and weighing those factors, the trial court concluded
that Redman did not overcome the presumption in favor of prison and imposed the
minimum prison sentence—two years. Under R.C. 2929.13(D), the trial court
may find that the presumption in favor of prison is rebutted only if it finds both of
the following:
(a) A community control sanction or a combination of community
control sanctions would adequately punish the offender and protect
the public from future crime, because the applicable factors under
section 2929.12 of the Revised Code indicating a lesser likelihood of
recidivism outweigh the applicable factors under that section
indicating a greater likelihood of recidivism.
(b) A community control sanction or a combination of community
control sanctions would not demean the seriousness of the offense,
because one or more factors under section 2929.12 of the Revised
Code that indicate that the offender’s conduct was less serious than
conduct normally constituting the offense are applicable, and they
outweigh the applicable factors under that section that indicate that
the offender’s conduct was more serious than conduct normally
constituting the offense.
-33- Case No. 1-15-54
R.C. 2929.13(D)(2)(a)-(b). The trial court concluded “that the factors indicating
that it’s less likely that [Redman will] commit future crimes certainly outweigh the
factors indicating that it’s likely that he’s going to reoffend.” (Aug. 24, 2015 Tr.
at 20-21). However, the trial court concluded that Redman’s conduct was more
serious conduct than conduct normally constituting the offense—that is, the trial
court found one factor indicating that Redman’s conduct was more serious than
conduct normally constituting felonious assault and none of the factors indicating
that Redman’s conduct was less serious than the conduct normally constituting
felonious assault. (Id. at 21). Indeed, the trial court concluded that imposing
community control sanctions would demean the seriousness of the offense. (Doc.
No. 102); (Aug. 24, 2015 Tr. at 21).
{¶56} Accordingly, the relevant inquiry is whether Redman clearly and
convincingly established that his sentence is unsupported by the record—namely
whether Redman clearly and convincingly established that the record does not
support the trial court’s conclusion that his conduct is more serious than conduct
that normally constitutes the offense because Cash suffered serious physical harm
as a result of the offense.
{¶57} As we summarized above, Cash testified to the extent of her injuries.
Moreover, as we also illustrated, Detective Stoodt testified that the diagnosis Cash
reported to him when Detective Stoodt interviewed Cash was corroborated by
-34- Case No. 1-15-54
Cash’s medical records, which Detective Stoodt testified that he obtained. In
addition, Cash submitted to the trial court a victim impact statement detailing the
harm that she suffered. Thus, Redman failed to clearly and convincingly establish
that the record does not support the trial court’s conclusion that Cash suffered
serious physical harm as a result of the offense—one of the factors under R.C.
2929.12(B) that the trial court is to consider when determining if an offender’s
conduct is more serious than conduct normally constituting the offense. The trial
court must have afforded more weight to that factor than any of the mitigating
factors. See Smith, 2015-Ohio-4225, at ¶ 15. As we noted above, because a
sentencing court has broad discretion to determine the relative weight to assign the
R.C. 2929.12 sentencing factors, the trial court did not err by sentencing Redman
to a term of imprisonment rather than community control sanctions. See id. See
also Davis, 2002-Ohio-7068, at ¶ 27.
{¶58} Redman’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶59} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the
particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
SHAW, P.J. and WILLAMOWSKI, J., concur.
/jlr
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