Justice RIVERA-SOTO
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Following a retrial after his first jury was unable to agree on a verdict, defendant R.B. was convicted of various sexual abuse offenses involving his six-year-old stepson. On appeal to the Appellate Division, R.B. raised a number of challenges to both his convictions and sentence. The Appellate Division affirmed R.B.’s conviction but remanded for the imposition of a concurrent term on count three of the indictment rather than the consecutive term imposed by the trial court. R.B. raises before us the same challenges to his convictions that he presented to the Appellate Division.
We hold that:
(a) the trial court properly admitted the six-year-old victim’s statement to the police under the tender years exception to the hearsay rule, N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27);
(b) the victim’s statement to his mother qualified for admission under the tender years exception to the hearsay rule and, therefore, the objection to that statement as not qualifying as a “fresh complaint” is irrelevant;
(c) the trial court’s charge sufficiently informed the jury concerning the limited and proper use of the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome;
(d) the cumulative use of the six-year-old victim’s “fresh complaint,” together with expert testimony concerning the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome, was harmless error; and,
[315] (e) the prosecutor’s remarks in summation did not constitute prosecutorial misconduct.1
As a result, we affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division affirming R.B.’s convictions.2
I.
A. Factual Background.
R.B. and K.B. were married and living in Jersey City. During the summer of 1998, R.B., K.B. and their two-year-old baby daughter were joined by C.R., KB.’s six-year-old son from a prior relationship. From the beginning, C.R. was a difficult child, but over the following year the boy’s behavior progressively deteriorated. C.R. began torturing the family cat, set a rug on fire, and once defecated in the cat’s litter box.
In August 1999, R.B. and K.B. separated, although they remained on speaking terms and even discussed reconciliation. In the interim, C.R.’s behavior worsened. On September 21, 1999, after C.R. threw food and punched his then three-year-old sister, K.B. sought guidance from her mother and, at her mother’s suggestion, asked C.R. if anyone had inappropriately touched him while he was living with his grandfather or uncle. C.R. initially denied any inappropriate touching, but then implied that his natural father, C.R., Sr., once touched him inappropriately. When [316] K.B. continued to question C.R., he retracted his statement about his natural father and, instead, stated that R.B. inappropriately touched him.
K.B.’s mother contacted the police, and C.R. was taken to the Sexual Assault Victim’s Assistance Unit (SAVA) in Jersey City. Sergeant Spirito and Detective Hadfield interviewed the child for approximately one hour and fifteen minutes, following which they took a fifteen minute taped statement. In that statement, C.R. said that R.B. forced C.R. to “put [C.R.’s] mouth on [R.B.’s] private part, and [R.B.’s] mouth on [C.R.’s] private part____” C.R. also explained that R.B. had “peed” in C.R.’s mouth, which was understood as a reference to R.B. having ejaculated in C.R.’s mouth. In his taped statement, C.R. provided Sergeant Spirito and Detective Hadfield with detailed information about several instances of sexual abuse by R.B., including where and when those events occurred.
While Sergeant Spirito and Detective Hadfield were interviewing C.R., R.B. arrived at the SAVA Unit and agreed to answer questions. Immediately after concluding C.R.’s taped statement, Detective Hadfield and Lieutenant Domanski went to the interview room, where R.B. was being held, to question him. Detective Hadfield advised R.B. of his Miranda rights, Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). R.B. signed a written waiver of those rights and spoke with the police. He initially denied C.R.’s allegations of abuse. Ultimately, R.B. stated that he had “possibly” touched C.R.’s genitalia, but then R.B. added that he suffered from blackouts and could not recall if he did.
B. The Charges, Trial and Appeal.
On April 10, 2000, a Hudson County Grand Jury returned a four-count indictment charging R.B. with first-degree aggravated sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2a (count one); second-degree sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2b (count two); second-degree endangering the welfare of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a (count three); and [317] the disorderly persons offense of child abuse, N.J.S.A. 9:6-1 and 9:6-3 (count four).
On January 29, 2002, before empanelling the jury, the trial court conducted a hearing pursuant to N.J.R.E. 104 to consider the admissibility of both C.R.’s statements to his mother and to the SAVA Unit under the tender years exception to the hearsay rule, as provided by N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27), and R.B.’s post-arrest statement to the police. After a full examination, the trial court ruled the three statements admissible. Trial commenced the next day and continued until February 8, 2002, when the court declared a mistrial as a result of a hung jury. At the second trial, which started on May 7, 2002, R.B.’s defense, other than his cross-examination of the prosecution’s proofs, consisted of one character witness. On May 9, 2002, the jury returned guilty verdicts against R.B. on all four counts of the indictment.
When R.B. was sentenced on September 3, 2002, the trial court merged the conviction for second-degree sexual assault (count two) into the first-degree aggravated sexual assault conviction (count one), and the disorderly persons offense of child abuse conviction (count four) into the second-degree endangering the welfare of a child conviction (count three). On the merged sexual assault charges, R.B. was sentenced to eighteen years incarceration with a nine-year period of parole ineligibility; on the endangering the welfare of a minor merged charges, R.B. was sentenced to seven years incarceration with a three-year period of parole ineligibility. The trial court ordered the separate terms of incarceration to run consecutively, resulting in an aggregate twenty-five year term of imprisonment with a twelve-year period of parole ineligibility, and the assessment of an aggregate of $2,180 in penalties.
Before the Appellate Division, R.B. attacked both his convictions and sentence. The Appellate Division affirmed R.B.’s convictions, but remanded for the imposition of concurrent terms on the merged charges.
[318] We granted certification. 178 N.J. 454, 841 A.2d 92 (2004). For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division.
II.
We begin our analysis of R.B.’s assignments of error by addressing first his evidentiary objections: that the trial court should not have admitted the statements of C.R., R.B.’s six-year-old stepson, to both his mother and the police under the tender years exception to the hearsay rule, and that the trial court should not have allowed C.R.’s mother, K.B., to testify concerning C.R.’s identification of R.B. as his sexual assailant because C.R.’s identification does not qualify as a “fresh complaint.” As the record amply demonstrates, the admission of those statements was proper under the tender years exception to the hearsay rule, rendering irrelevant whether the statements also were admissible under the “fresh complaint” exception, which “permits proof that the violated victim complained within a reasonable time to someone she would ordinarily turn to for sympathy, protection and advice.” State v. Balles, 47 N.J. 331, 338, 221 A.2d 1 (1966).
A hearsay statement by a child under the age of twelve, relating to sexual misconduct against that child, may be admitted at trial under the tender years exception when there has been notice of intention to use the hearsay statement, a pre-trial judicial finding of trustworthiness, and either the opportunity to cross-examine the child at trial or corroborating proof of the act of sexual abuse. N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27).3 Applying these three requirements here, we note first that the trial court properly found that the State provided appropriate notice to the defendant of its intention to use C.R.’s statements to his mother and to the police.
[319] Second, as a result of the proofs adduced in the Rule 104 hearing, the trial court found that the time, content and circumstances of the statements demonstrated a sufficient probability of trustworthiness to justify their admission. After listening to the child’s tape recorded statement as well as the testimony of the child’s mother and the officer who secured the tape recorded statement, the trial court stated:
Sergeant Spirito — well, I’ll make the following findings of fact in any event. Sergeant Spirito testified quite clearly and unequivocally, and I don’t believe it’s seriously contested by anyone that on the — during the early morning hours of September the 22nd the child, the alleged victim in this matter, along with his mother, were brought to the SAVA offices of the Hudson County Prosecutor’s Office, for the purpose of being interviewed regarding allegations of sexual abuse of the child.
She testified and I find this a fact that she had a pre-interview with the mother to obtain some basic information, family information, and the general nature of the allegation. There was no specific inquiry as to dates, times, places, etcetera, and the nature of the acts engaged in.
That topic was broached for the first time by [Sergeant] Spirito with the child, according to her testimony, during her pre-interview with the child, following a lengthy period of — after attempting to put the child at ease for about 20 minutes of the hour or so that she spent with the child.
Although the time the statement was taken was late in the morning for a child, I’m satisfied and find as credible [Sergeant] Spirito’s testimony that the child was awake, aware, and alert, at the time the statement was given.
As far as the content of the statement is concerned, it’s abundantly clear from listening to the tape that the child at the time he gave the statement was immature. He is at the time of the giving of the statement a seven year old child, and he appears to be age appropriate, meaning there were — there was a kind of a biting tone to his responses, and it was almost as if he did not understand the nature of the violation that he allegedly was subjected to.
It’s clear that there had been no detailed discussion regarding anatomical features. He did not refer to the defendant’s conduct in terms of oral sex, nor did he refer by any anatomically correct names to the genitalia involved in the allegation.
Rather he said specifically that the defendant had forced him to put his mouth, the child’s mouth, on the defendant’s private parts, and that the defendant had placed his private — his mouth on the child’s private parts.
It’s also, I think, quite telling that the child referred to what I think fairly is referred as ejaculate as pee, being unfamihar with the anatomical reproductive functions of an adult male that would be something that a young male child would be famihar with, and perhaps the only thing he’d be famibar with is the fact that a penis is also used to void fluid.
[320] Finding that K.B.’s questioning of the child, which originally elicited the damaging statement from the child, was not improper under the circumstances, the trial court concluded that “the statement satisfies the criteria set forth in the rule and it does have a high probability of trustworthiness based upon the factors ... explained, and [the court was] satisfied the statement should be admissible under Rule 803(c)(27).”
We concur with the trial court’s findings concerning the truthfulness of C.R.’s pre-trial recorded statement. We agree that the child’s language and affect — under both direct and cross-examination — was age appropriate and bore no indicia of coaching. Thus, for example, at trial the child testified as follows:
Q When you lived with your mom and [R.B.], would you say that your behavior was good or bad?
A Kind of both.
Q.... What did [E.B.] do?
A He stuck his private in my mouth.
Q His private? Now when you say his private, do you think you can stand up and show me on your body where that is? Could you do that for me?
A Down here.
Q Down here?
THE COURT: The record will reflect the witness has indicated his genital area.
Q And what did he do with his private area?
A He stuck it in my mouth.
Q He did it other times? How many times would you say he did it if you remember?
A A few, I’m not sure the number.
Q A few times? When he did it the other times, what — what did he do the other times?
A He did the same thing.
Q And what — what was that?
A He put his private in my mouth.
Q Did he do anything else?
A He peed in my mouth.
Because R.B. interposed no objection to the admission of C.R.’s taped statement to the police at trial, and because C.R.’s testimo[321] ny bore sufficient indicia of truthfulness, the second requirement for admissibility under the tender years exception to the hearsay rule is met.
Third, and last, the final requirement is easily satisfied as C.R. testified at trial and was cross-examined on both his pre-trial and trial statements.
We find that the requisite elements for admissibility of C.R.’s pre-trial statements under the tender years exception to the hearsay rule were present and that the trial court’s ruling admitting C.R.’s pre-trial statements to his mother and to the police impheating R.B. as his sexual abuser should not be disturbed.
R.B. also claims that allowing C.R.’s mother, K.B., to testify concerning C.R.’s identification of R.B. as his sexual assailant was improper because C.R.’s identification of R.B. does not qualify as a “fresh complaint.” Although the trial court admitted K.B.’s testimony as a “fresh complaint,” ultimately that determination was irrelevant. C.R.’s statements were properly admitted without reservation under the tender years exception to the hearsay rule. There simply is no error here.
III.
A.
R.B. claims that, even though he failed to object contemporaneously to the charge actually provided by the trial court, the trial court’s failure to give a verbatim recitation of the Model Jury Charge concerning the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome (“CSAAS”) nonetheless constitutes reversible error.
A claim of deficiency in a jury charge to which no objection is interposed
will not be considered unless it qualifies as plain error, that is, legal impropriety in the charge prejudicially affecting the substantial rights of the defendant and sufficiently grievous to justify notice by the reviewing court and to convince the court that of itself the error possessed a clear- capacity to bring about an unjust result.
[322] [State v. Hock, 54 N.J. 526, 538, 257 A.2d 699 (1969), cert. denied, 399 U.S. 930, 90 S.Ct. 2254, 26 L.Ed.2d 797 (1970).]
The burden R.B. must meet to challenge the CSAAS charge as given is considerable and, ultimately, insurmountable.
It is instructive to first consider the purpose of CSAAS testimony and, hence, the limitations thereon; that analysis then informs whether the CSAAS charge given here was proper.
State v. J.Q., 130 N.J. 554, 566-74, 617 A.2d 1196 (1993), sets forth the limitations of CSAAS expert testimony. Detailing the five traits that characterize the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome — “secrecy, helplessness, entrapment and accommodation, delayed disclosure, and retraction,” id. at 574-75, 617 A.2d 1196 — State v. J.Q. makes clear that, while an expert may explain CSAAS and its characteristics, the testimony must be carefully circumscribed to explaining to the jury that secrecy or delay in reporting sexual abuse may be typical post-sexual abuse behavior and bears no meaningful correlation to the fact of sexual abuse itself. Id. at 579, 617 A.2d 1196. Thus, expert testimony concerning the syndrome is permitted on a circumscribed basis to explain what may well be counter-intuitive to a jury: that a child victim of sexual assault is often loathe to press an accusation. Id. at 568-71, 617 A.2d 1196. Testimony concerning this syndrome is not admissible as substantive proof of child abuse. Id. at 564, 617 A.2d 1196. Because “[t]he expert should not be asked to give an opinion about whether a particular child was abusedf,] ... care should be taken to avoid giving the jury an impression that the expert believes based on CSAAS ... that a particular child has been abused.” State v. Michaels, 264 N.J.Super. 579, 599, 625 A.2d 489 (App.Div.1993), aff'd, 136 N.J. 299, 642 A.2d 1372 (1994) (citing State v. J.Q., supra, 130 N.J. at 579-80, 617 A.2d 1196).
More recently, in State v. P.H., 178 N.J. 378, 395-96, 840 A.2d 808 (2004) (citations omitted), we summarized the purpose of CSAAS expert testimony as follows:
CSAAS expert testimony may serve a “useful forensic function” when used in a rehabilitative manner to explain why many sexually abused children delay in [323] reporting their abuse, or later recant allegations of abuse. That is, it helps to dispel preconceived, but not necessarily valid, conceptions jurors may have concerning the likelihood of the child’s truthfulness as a result of her delay in having disclosed the abuse or sought help____ CSAAS expert testimony should be admissible to assist a jury in evaluating evidence about an alleged victim’s post-assault conduct or behaviors when that conduct may be misperceived by jurors as inconsistent with the truthfulness of the claim of assault. Such testimony properly can be used to explain why a victim’s reactions, as demonstrated by the evidence, are not inconsistent with having been molested. However, when CSAAS evidence is admitted, the jury must receive a specific instruction that such testimony does not answer the ultimate question whether the victim’s molestation claims are true.
Standing alone, R.B. does not quarrel with the admissibility of the CSAAS testimony adduced by the prosecution. Instead, R.B. advances the limited claim that the trial court’s failure to use the verbatim language of the Model Jury Charge deprived him of a fair trial. Again, because R.B. did not object to the charge when given, we review the trial court’s CSAAS jury charge for plain error to determine whether “the error was of such a nature as to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust result.” State v. Spruell, 121 N.J. 32, 42, 577 A.2d 821 (1990). When we view the CSAAS charge given in this case through the plain error prism, we find the charge to be sufficient.
After properly instructing the jury on the limitations of expert testimony in general, the trial court instructed the jury as follows concerning the applicability of the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome:
Now, as I indicated, Dr. Taska was called by the State to offer testimony relating to the child’s sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. Such evidence is admissible for a limited purpose. It may not be considered by you as establishing that the child was a victim of sexual abuse or that the defendant committed an act of sexual abuse on the child.
Rather, this evidence is admitted to address certain pre-conceived, but not necessarily valid ideas jurors may have regarding the consistency of the conduct of a victim folloiving an alleged assault with the fact of an actual act of abuse.
It is admissible to shield the child from the inference that he’s not telling the truth, which otherwise might arise in your mind by reason of his failure to have promptly disclosed that fact that he had been abused, or his failure to have promptly sought help from a responsible adult.
If the behavior of the victim following the alleged assault raises no question in your mind as to his credibility, then the evidence regarding the child’s sexual abuse [324] accommodation syndrome should not be utilized for any purpose in your deliberation.
On the other hand, should the behavior of the victim following the alleged assault raise questions in your mind regarding his truthfulness regarding the alleged assault, then you may consider evidence of child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome as bearing on that issue alone.
Let me give you an example to illustrate the proper use of such evidence. Let’s suppose at the trial there was sexual assault upon a child, the facts disclose that the child victim did not tell her mother about the assault for several days. At trial, if the defense attorney highlights for the jury the gap in time between the alleged assault and the child’s first complaint seeking to have the jury infer that a normal truthful child would report such an offense immediately, and, therefore, this victim’s delay in reporting the offense indicates that she’s not being truthful.
If a delay in reporting the offense would not in your mind affect a child victim's credibility, then you would make no use whatsoever of the evidence related to the child abuse accomr — sexual abuse accommodation syndrome.
On the other hand, if the delayed reporting by the child victim cause you concern regarding his or her truthfulness, then you might consider the evidence and give such weight to it as you deem appropriate, as it affects your determinar tion of the child victim’s truthfulness.
[(emphasis supplied).]
It cannot seriously be disputed that this charge fairly and properly instructed the jury on the limited nature of CSAAS proofs: that the evidence is tendered solely to rebut the natural tendency to question the credibility of a child witness who has been a victim of sexual abuse due to a delay in reporting. State v. P.H., supra, 178 N.J. at 395-96, 840 A.2d 808.
Distilled to its essence, R.B.’s challenge to the CSAAS charge, and the position advanced by the dissent, is far too mechanistic. If our task were limited to the simple tally of references in a charge, R.B.’s claim might have some validity. Our scope of review, however, is not an exercise in arithmetic. Rather, our task is to review the charge as a whole:
In passing upon the propriety of a trial court’s instruction, this court will examine the entire charge to see whether the jury was misinformed as to the controlling law. It is ordinarily impossible for the trial court to state all of the applicable law in one sentence. The test, therefore, is whether the charge in its entirety was ambiguous or misleading.
[State v. Hipplewith, 33 N.J. 300, 317, 164 A.2d 481 (1960).]
[325] When viewed as a whole, the trial court’s charge on the limited nature of CSAAS testimony did not misinform the jury as to the controlling law and was neither ambiguous nor misleading. Rather, it clearly instructed the jury on the limited nature of CSAAS expert testimony, that is, that the CSAAS expert testimony was tendered solely to address whether C.R. was truthful in light of the child’s delay in reporting the sexual abuse by his stepfather. The trial court’s CSAAS charge as a whole was proper, a conclusion further underscored by R.B.’s failure to contemporaneously object to it at trial.
We would be remiss, however, if we failed to remind our trial courts that, insofar as consistent with and modified to meet the facts adduced at trial, model jury charges should be followed and read in their entirety to the jury. The process by which model jury charges are adopted in this State is comprehensive and thorough; our model jury charges are reviewed and refined by experienced jurists and lawyers. We find, however, that the jury charge given here, although somewhat different from the model charge, communicated clearly the purpose and limitations of CSAAS evidence and was sufficient under the circumstances.
B.
R.B. next complains that the cumulative use of his six-year-old stepson’s “fresh complaint” together with the expert testimony concerning the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome was improper. Because we have already considered and rejected R.B.’s “fresh complaint” objection, supra, 183 N.J. at 321-22, 873 A.2d at 519, we focus instead on R.B.’s claim that the CSAAS expert testimony was unnecessary because R.B. did not attack C.R.’s credibility on the basis of a delay in reporting the sexual abuse. Once again, R.B. failed to raise this issue below and, hence, his claims must be reviewed under the plain error standard. For two separate reasons, we reject them.
R.B.’s claim that the expert CSAAS testimony simply served to bolster the testimony concerning C.R.’s “fresh complaint” cannot [326] be sustained. Essentially, R.B. argues that because C.R.’s “fresh complaint” included testimony by C.R.’s mother about C.R.’s behavior, that is, the torturing of animals and the setting of fires, admission of expert CSAAS testimony that fleetingly described such behavior among the range of behaviors consistent with the syndrome was impermissible bolstering.
“If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” N.J.R.E. 702.
The primary justification for permitting expert testimony is that the average juror is relatively helpless in dealing with a subject that is not a matter of common knowledge. Thus, the proponent of expert testimony must demonstrate that [the] testimony would enhance the knowledge and understanding of lay jurors with respect to other testimony of a special nature normally outside the usual lay sphere.
[State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 209, 478 A.2d 364 (1984) (internal citations and quotations omitted).]
When considering the credibility concerns that arise in the context of child sexual abuse cases, particularly the complicating factors that only the child bears witness to the abuse and that such claims are often made against the backdrop of a soured and antagonistic relationship between the parents of that child, we have held that
the testimony of an expert is allowed when it relates to a subject-matter beyond the understanding of persons of ordinary experience, intelligence, and knowledge. E.g., State v. Kelly, [97 N.J. 178, 478 A.2d 364 (1984)]; Evers v. Dollinger, 95 N.J. 399, 471 A.2d 405 (1984). This applies as well to the field of child sex-abuse offenses. As we have seen, such testimony may be allowed to explain generally the behavior, feelings, and attitudes of such victims when it is shown that their condition is not readily understood by persons of average intelligence and ordinary experience; an expert or scientific explanation of their condition, one accepted as reliable by the scientific community that is involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of such individuals can assist the jury in understanding the evidence. E.g., State v. Myers, [359 N.W.2d 604 (Minn.1984) (concerning the admissibility of CSAAS testimony in an incest prosecution)]. Further, expert testimony will be allowed to describe and explain the significance of the specific conduct of the individual victim, if it has been shown that the victim, suffers from some abnormality or has been exposed to some unusual condition, in addition to the [327] alleged offense inflicted, that would not be readily perceived or recognized as such by an average person of ordinary experience. E.g., State v. Roberts, [139 Ariz. 117, 122, 677 P.2d 280, 285 (App.1983) (allowing the defendant to offer proof through a psychologist as to a nine-year-old mildly retarded girl’s “organically based learning disability and an unusual preoccupation with fantasies of hostility and violence, including ideas that men and women hurt each other” when the psychologist previously examined the child and concluded she was incompetent to testify)]; see State v. Kelly, supra, 97 N.J. 178, 478 A.2d 364 [(concerning the use of battered woman syndrome evidence).] These conditions for the receipt of expert testimony serve to elucidate the quest for truth in a criminal trial. Failure to adhere to these guidelines as a predicate for the admissibility of expert evidence will more likely confuse than clarify the truth that is the object of a criminal prosecution. [State v. R.W., 104 N.J. 14, 30-31, 514 A.2d 1287 (1986) (emphasis and parenthetical explanations supplied).]
In a proper CSAAS case, “[t]he expert [is] not [ ] asked to give an opinion about whether a particular child was abused.” State v. Michaels, supra, 264 N.J.Super. at 599, 625 A.2d 489. For that reason, the CSAAS expert should not describe the attributes exhibited as part of that syndrome due to the risk that the jury may track the attributes of the syndrome to the particular child in the case. Here, the CSAAS expert made reference to two elements of behavior that are among the attributes exhibited by those whose delay in reporting behavior may be explained by the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome. However, this reference was fleeting, was made without connecting those elements to C.R, and was made in the context of substantial other evidence of guilt.
In a fundamental respect, this case comes perilously close to the setting we condemned in State v. J.Q., 130 N.J. 554, 617 A.2d 1196 (1993), where the child victims testified as to their failure to report the alleged abuse and the CSAAS expert testified not only to “the various aspects of CSAAS” but also “related them to the behavior she had observed in [the child victims].” Id. at 559, 617 A.2d 1196. In State v. J.Q., “[a]t the conclusion of her direct testimony, [the CSAAS expert] stated that, in her expert opinion, [the child victims] had been sexually abused.” Ibid. The vice identified in State v. J.Q. was the expert’s ultimate conclusion:
The final question to the witness was: “Doctor, based on your examination of the girls can you give this jury your expert opinion as to whether or not both [Connie] [328] and [Norma] were sexually abused?” Answer: “I believe that they were sexually abused.”
[Id. at 578, 617 A.2d 1196.]
As we further explained:
The CSAAS evidence would have served well to counter the mythology that if the abuse had occurred, the children surely would have complained sooner and would not have put up with repeated visits to the [defendant’s] apartment in Brooklyn. However, when the expert, without a reliable foundation, went on to offer opinions with respect to the basic factual issues, including truth-telling, she transgressed the purpose for which CSAAS testimony is admissible.
[Id. at 582, 617 A.2d 1196.]
Unlike the expert in State v. J.Q., the CSAAS expert here never attempted either to “connect the dots” between C.R.’s behavior and the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome or tender an opinion as to whether C.R. in fact was abused. Therefore,, because the CSAAS expert’s fleeting reference to syndrome-like behaviors did not causally link C.R.’s behavior with one or more of the elements the CSAAS expert would look for in determining the applicability of the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome, and because other, strong evidence of guilt was presented by the prosecution, the CSAAS expert’s list of some behaviors that coincide with some of the behaviors exhibited by C.R. and separately testified to by C.R.’s mother is harmless error as it is not “clearly capable of producing an unjust result.” R. 2:10-2.
That said, State v. J.Q. reminds us that this is clearly hazardous ground. The jury’s function to make credibility determinations cannot be usurped by expert testimony. It is, therefore, incumbent on all trial courts to insure that either CSAAS expert testimony or a CSAAS charge is provided for its carefully circumscribed and limited purpose — to “help[ ] explain why many sexually abused children delay reporting their abuse and why many children recant allegations of abuse and deny that anything occurred”, John E.B. Myers et al., Expert Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Litigation, 68 Neb. L.Rev. 1, 68 (1989) (as quoted in State v. J.Q., supra, 130 N.J. at 579, 617 A.2d 1196) — and does not infringe on the jury’s exclusive prerogative. We again reinforce the overarching principle that CSAAS expert testimony cannot be [329] allowed as substantive proof to establish guilt or innocence. State v. J.Q., supra, 130 N.J. at 579, 617 A.2d 1196. In the future, prosecutors and trial courts must insure that the scope of a CSAAS expert’s testimony is carefully circumscribed and does not exceed its proper bounds: solely to explain to the jury why it is not uncommon for sexually abused children, without reference to the child victim in that case, to delay reporting their abuse and why many children, again without reference to the child victim in that case, recant allegations of abuse and deny the events at issue.
R.B. also ignores that the crux of his defense was that C.R. was simply unworthy of belief. The unavoidable by-product of that defense was to call C.R.’s credibility directly into issue. Having raised that issue, to the virtual exclusion of any other defense save for a single witness character defense, R.B. cannot now be heard to complain of efforts designed to fairly meet his defense, at least to the extent of R.B.’s reliance on C.R.’s delay in reporting the abuse.
IV.
R.B. also claims that the prosecutor committed misconduct in three separate instances during summation. First, R.B. argues that the prosecutor improperly commented that the victim “was such a good liar, he came up with such a good lie that the police referred the case to the SAVA Department.” However, a contemporaneous objection to that comment was made by R.B.’s counsel and the trial court both sustained the objection and immediately issued a curative instruction to the effect that there was “no determination of credibility involved in the referral process.” We find that the prosecutor’s comment was fairly invited by the defense’s statements in summation that C.R. was, in any case, a manipulative liar who manufactured claims of sexual abuse to escape the consequences of his own bad behavior. Any concern that such comment bolstered anyone’s credibility was promptly and fully cured by the trial court’s immediate instruction. State v. [330] Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123, 323, 524 A.2d 188 (1987), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 947, 113 S.Ct. 2433, 124 L.Ed.2d 653 (1993).
R.B. also argues that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct when he remarked in summation that “a seven year old boy who comes up with a lie, the mother and grandmother would see right through it. The SAVA Unit would see right through it.” Again, R.B.’s counsel objected and, this time, the trial court overruled the objection. Although the argument was improper, we find that, in those circumstances, it was harmless error.
We begin with the understanding that, while a prosecutor’s summation is not without bounds, “[s]o long as he stays within the evidence and the legitimate inferences therefrom the Prosecutor is entitled to wide latitude in his summation.” State v. Mayberry, 52 N.J. 413, 437, 245 A.2d 481 (1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1043, 89 S.Ct. 673, 21 L.Ed.2d 593 (1969). “A prosecutor may comment on the facts shown by or reasonably to be inferred from the evidence. There is no error so long as he confines himself in that fashion. Ultimately it was for the jury to decide whether to draw the inferences the prosecutor urged.” State v. Carter, 91 N.J. 86, 125, 449 A.2d 1280 (1982) (citations omitted). Further, our standard of review dictates that “[a]ny error or omission shall be disregarded by the appellate court unless it is of such a nature as to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust result____” R. 2:10-2. The harmless error standard thus requires that there be “some degree of possibility that [the error] led to an unjust result. The possibility must be real, one sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt as to whether [it] led the jury to a verdict it otherwise might not have reached.” State v. Bankston, 63 N.J. 263, 273, 307 A.2d 65 (1973) (citing State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 335-36, 273 A.2d 1(1971)).
When measured against this yardstick, we conclude that the prosecutor’s comments did not “raise a reasonable doubt as to whether the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might not have reached.” State v. Bankston, supra, 63 N.J. at 273, 307 A.2d 65. The evidence against R.B. was substantial and consistent; [331] even R.B. conceded to the police that he might have engaged in inappropriate sexual contact with C.R., although R.B. claimed an inability to remember clearly because he said he suffered from “blackouts.” In this context, we do not find that the prosecutor’s comments could have “led the jury to a result it otherwise might not have reached.” Ibid.
R.B.’s last complaint concerning the prosecutor’s summation arises from the prosecutor’s defense of Detective Hadfield in response to defense counsel’s suggestion, also in summation, that Detective Hadfield was somehow complicit in manufacturing C.R.’s recorded statement. Although no such claim was made during Detective Hadfield’s cross-examination, the defense in summation argued that the police interviewed C.R. for one hour and fifteen minutes before a fifteen minute recorded statement was taken and suggested something unseemly in that passage of time. Specifically, the defense argued that “there is an hour and [fifteen] minute period that Detective Hadfield said was just going over the pedigree. You have your own conclusions to draw.” By way of response, the prosecutor argued that
Detective Hadfield has no reason to lie. Defense even brought it up, he was only assigned to that unit for two months. He’s not going to, two months into the job, fabricate a partial confession from somebody. I guess the implication is he’s going to score points by falsely accusing somebody—
Defense counsel objected and the trial court sustained the objection and instructed the jury to “disregard counsel’s last remark.” R.B. sought no further curative instruction.
Although we have not squarely ruled on this issue,4 we agree with our Appellate Division in holding that it is improper for [332] a prosecutor to contend in summation that the police had no motive to lie. See, e.g., State v. Goode, 278 N.J.Super. 85, 90, 650 A.2d 393 (App.Div.1994) (“[I]t has also been held improper to contend police had no motive to lie.”); State v. Staples, 263 N.J.Super. 602, 606, 623 A.2d 791 (App.Div.1993) (“Moreover, it is ‘obviously improper’ to imply that police testimony should be accepted, ‘not because of its believability but because the witnesses were policemen.’ ”) (quoting State v. Jones, 104 N.J.Super. 57, 65, 248 A.2d 554 (App.Div.1968), certif. denied, 53 N.J. 354, 250 A.2d 755 (1969)). We come to that conclusion because prosecutors must be ever mindful of the instructions earlier handed down by this Court:
We are well aware that within the legal profession the prosecutor’s double calling— to represent vigorously the state’s interest in law enforcement and at the same time help assure that the accused is treated fairly and that justice is done — is uniquely challenging. That challenge is what makes the prosecutor’s mission such a difficult one and such an honorable one. A prosecutor willing to engage in proscribed conduct to obtain a conviction ... betrays his oath in both its respects. Not only does he scoff at rather than seek justice, he also represents the state poorly.
[State v. Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123, 323-24, 524 A.2d 188 (1987), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 947, 113 S.Ct. 2433, 124 L.Ed.2d 653 (1993).]
It is with the unique role of the prosecutor in mind that we review claims of prosecutorial misconduct:
Prosecutors are afforded considerable leeway in closing arguments as long as their comments are reasonably related to the scope of the evidence presented. Indeed, prosecutors in criminal eases are expected to make vigorous and forceful closing arguments to juries.....
Nevertheless, the primary duty of a prosecutor is not to obtain convictions, but to see that justice is done. It is as much his duty to refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to bring about a just one.
Thus, this Court has held that prosecutorial misconduct can be a ground for reversal where the prosecutor’s misconduct was so egregious that it deprived the defendant of a fair trial. In determining whether a prosecutor’s misconduct was sufficiently egregious, an appellate court must take into account the tenor of the trial and degree of responsiveness of both counsel and the court to improprieties [333] when they occurred. Specifically, an appellate court must consider (1) whether defense counsel made timely and proper objections to the improper remarks; (2) whether the remarks were withdrawn promptly; and (3) whether the court ordered the remarks stricken from the record and instructed the jury to disregard them. Generally, if no objection was made to the improper remarks, the remarks will not be deemed prejudicial. The failure to object suggests that defense counsel did not believe the remarks were prejudicial at the time they were made. The failure to object also deprives the court of an opportunity to take curative action.
[State v. Frost, 158 N.J. 76, 82-84, 727 A.2d 1 (1999) (internal quotations and citations omitted).]
The prosecutor in this case should not have stretched his advocacy to the use of sarcasm in defense of the credibility of Detective Hadfield. Yet, his comments did not constitute reversible error. Defense counsel timely objected and the trial court both sustained the objection and instructed the jury to disregard the comments; defense counsel sought no further curative instructions. In those circumstances, we are not persuaded that the prosecutor’s attempt to bolster Detective Hadfield’s testimony “substantially prejudice[d] the defendant’s fundamental right to have a jury fairly evaluate the merits of his defense.” State v. Bucanis, 26 N.J. 45, 56, 138 A.2d 739, cert. denied, 357 U.S. 910, 78 S.Ct. 1157, 2 L.Ed.2d 1160 (1958).5
V.
Trials, particularly criminal trials, are not tidy things. The proper and rational standard is not perfection; as devised and administered by imperfect humans, no trial can ever be entirely [334] free of even the smallest defect. Our goal, nonetheless, must always be fairness. “A defendant is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one.” Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604, 619, 73 S.Ct. 481, 97 L.Ed. 593 (1953); accord, State v. Marshall, 123 N.J. 1, 169-70, 586 A.2d 85 (1991), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 929, 113 S.Ct. 1306, 122 L.Ed.2d 694 (1993). We are satisfied that, on the whole, R.B.’s trial and conviction were fair.
We therefore affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division.