State v. Ransom

2024 Ohio 2634

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: July 11, 2024
• Docket: 113225
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State v. Ransom, 2024-Ohio-2634.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 113225 v. :

DION RANSOM, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 11, 2024

Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CR-22-672376-C

Appearances:

Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Eben O. McNair, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

Susan J. Moran, for appellant.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:

Defendant-appellant, Dion Ransom (“Ransom”), appeals from his

convictions following a bifurcated trial. He raises the following assignments of error

for review: 1. The State was allowed to argue facts not in evidence, fatally prejudicing Mr. Ransom.

2. The State did not present sufficient evidence as to Count 14, murder (B) or the predicate offense, Count 18, felonious assault.

3. Mr. Ransom’s convictions relied on the testimony of two witnesses that were shown to not be credible and are therefore against the manifest weight of the evidence.

4. Trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the State’s presentation of cumulative, gruesome, and minimally probative photos to the prejudice of Mr. Ransom.

After careful review of the record and relevant case law, we affirm

Ransom’s convictions and sentence.

I. Procedural and Factual History

On July 15, 2022, Ransom and his codefendants, Dacee Fisher

(“Fisher”), Jimmy Wilborn (“Wilborn”), Esperanza Lugo (“Lugo”), and Veronica

Washington (“Washington”), were named in a 43-count indictment, charging them

with various criminal offenses relating to the shooting death of H.R. (d.o.b.

07/03/2003) on April 8, 2021.

Relevant to this appeal, Ransom was named in 13 counts of the

indictment and charged with aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A),

with one- and three-year firearm specifications and a criminal gang activity

specification (Count 2); aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B), with

one- and three-year firearm specifications, and a criminal gang activity specification

(Count 6); murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A), with one- and three-year firearm

specifications, a criminal gang activity specification, and a repeat violent offender specification (Count 10); murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B), with one- and

three-year firearm specifications a criminal gang activity specification, and a repeat

violent offender specification (Count 14); felonious assault in violation of

R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), with one- and three-year firearm specifications, a criminal gang

activity specification, a repeat violent offender specification, and a notice of prior

conviction specification (Count 18); improperly discharging into habitation in

violation of R.C. 2923.161(A)(1), with one-, three-, and five-year firearm

specifications, a criminal gang activity specification, a repeat violent offender

specification, and a notice of prior conviction specification (Count 22); felonious

assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), with one-, three-, and five-year firearm

specifications, a criminal gang activity specification, a repeat violent offender

specification, and a notice of prior conviction specification (Count 26); improperly

handling firearms in a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(A), with one-,

three-, and five-year firearm specifications (Count 29); tampering with evidence in

violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1) (Count 30); obstructing justice in violation of

R.C. 2921.32(A)(5) (Count 34); participating in a criminal gang in violation of

R.C. 2923.42(A), with one-, three-, and five-year firearm specifications (Count 36);

involuntary manslaughter in violation of R.C. 2903.04(A), with one- and three-year

firearm specifications, a criminal gang activity specification, a repeat violent

offender specification, and a notice of prior conviction specification (Count 38); and

having weapons while under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), with one-

and three-year firearm specifications (Count 41). During the pretrial process, codefendants Lugo and Washington

entered into negotiated plea agreements with the State and pleaded guilty to

reduced charges. Pursuant to the terms of their plea agreements, Lugo and

Washington were required to cooperate with the State.

Ransom entered pleas of not guilty, and the matter proceeded to a joint

trial on August 2, 2023. With respect to Ransom, the parties agreed to try Counts 2,

6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 29, 30, and 34 before a jury. Counts 36, 38, and 41, were tried

separately to the bench. The repeat violent offender, notice of prior conviction, and

criminal-gang activity specifications were also tried to the bench.

Over the course of eight days, the State presented 24 witnesses and

approximately 370 exhibits. The evidence adduced at trial demonstrated that on

April 6, 2021, codefendants Fisher and Lugo befriended H.R. while visiting

Edgewater Park in Cleveland, Ohio. Ultimately, Fisher invited H.R. to his

apartment, located on Harvard Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio, where they spent the rest

of the evening “smoking and drinking” together. (Tr. 1314.)

The following day, Fisher drove H.R. and Lugo in his vehicle, a black

Toyota SUV, to meet Ransom and Washington at a house party held at a residence

located on Union Avenue. At some point that evening, Fisher and H.R. constructed

a plan to complete an armed robbery at the residence of H.R.’s “boyfriend or ex-

boyfriend,” Duane Crawford (“Crawford”) (Tr. 929, 1320-1323.) The plan was set in

motion after H.R. disclosed to Fisher that Crawford’s residence, which was located

on East 108th Street, contained guns, cash, and credit cards. (Tr. 1323.) To facilitate the robbery, Fisher contacted Wilborn, who was living in the Akron area, and asked

him to drive to the Union Avenue address to discuss the plan in person. (Tr. 1322.)

Lugo, who testified on behalf of the State, clarified that the idea to rob Crawford

“started off as [H.R.’s] plan that she brought to [Fisher] and then it moved on from

[Fisher] to [Wilborn] and [Ransom].” (Tr. 1321.)

Lugo testified that she, Fisher, Wilborn, and H.R. left the Union Avenue

residence after midnight and drove back to Fisher’s residence on Harvard Avenue

to “wait for the time that whoever we were supposed to rob was going to be home.”

(Tr. 1325.) To ascertain Crawford’s whereabouts, H.R. sent Crawford a text message

at 11:19 p.m. on April 7, 2021, to see what he was doing that evening. As the evening

progressed, H.R. continued to send Crawford text messages, stating that she wanted

to “talk to [him] about something,” in person. (Tr. 480-483.)

Ransom and Washington also left the Union Avenue residence after

midnight. Washington, who was driving a red Ford Fusion, drove Ransom to an

apartment complex located on East 40th Street. Ransom lived at the apartment

complex with L.P., the mother of his child. Upon arriving at the apartment complex,

Ransom went inside for an unspecified period of time while Washington fell asleep

inside her vehicle. At approximately 1:22 a.m., Ransom sent a Facebook message to

an unidentified woman, stating, “I left my phone at [Fisher’s] house. I told you what

we was on[.] Love you. Talk to you later.” (Tr. 1567, State’s exhibit No. 937.)

Ransom later returned to Washington’s vehicle with a large black duffel bag. (Tr.

922.) At approximately 4:35 a.m., Fisher, Lugo, Wilborn, and H.R. met

Ransom and Washington at the East 40th apartment complex. (Tr. 1326; State’s

exhibit No. 803.) Shortly thereafter, the parties left the apartment complex and

began driving to the Crawford residence. According to Washington, who testified

on behalf of the State, Lugo was driving the black Toyota SUV with Fisher, Wilborn,

and H.R. sitting in the passenger seats. (Tr. 1329.) Washington drove the red Ford

Fusion with Ransom sitting in the front passenger’s seat. The movements of each

vehicle during the trip to Crawford residence were captured by city surveillance

cameras and home security cameras. (State’s exhibit No. 100.)

A home security system captured the vehicles arriving near the

Crawford residence at approximately 5:07 a.m. (Tr. 951; State’s exhibit No. 100.)

The parties drove their vehicles “up and down random streets” until H.R. was able

to positively identify Crawford’s residence. (Tr. 1330.) The parties then pulled

around the corner from Crawford’s residence and parked at the intersection of East

107th Street and Elk Avenue at approximately 5:12 a.m. (Tr. 927, 1330; State’s

exhibit No. 81, 100.) Thereafter, the parties remained near the parked vehicles while

they contemplated “what they were going to do.” (Tr. 925.)

At some point, Fisher exited the black Toyota SUV to speak with

Ransom. (Tr. 925.) During this conversation, Fisher stated that he believed H.R.

“was setting them up” and that “he was going to kill her.” (Tr. 928.) Washington

maintained that she pleaded with Fisher to not kill “that girl.” (Id.) Ransom,

however, agreed with Fisher’s assessment and stated that H.R. had to be killed. (Id.) Fisher then returned to the black Toyota SUV and told H.R. to get out of the vehicle.

Washington testified that Fisher and H.R. then “walked to the park like the best of

friends and he shot her” twice, resulting in H.R.’s death. (Tr. 928-930.) Washington

confirmed that she was able to hear and observe the gunshots from her parked

vehicle.

Lugo corroborated Washington’s recollection of Fisher’s movements

prior to the shooting. Lugo stated that after Fisher completed his conversation with

Ransom in Washington’s vehicle, he

came back to the Rav4 and opened the passenger side door. At that point I had [H.R.]’s number in my phone, [Fisher] tells me to stay by my phone. When everything was ready, that she would call me. He told [H.R.] to try to get [Crawford] to come outside and at that point we’ll rush in. And they shut the door and they start walking towards the park.

...

After that, I heard two gunshots.

I see the gun shots.

(Tr. 1334.)

Washington testified that after she witnessed Fisher shoot and kill

H.R., her only thought was to drive away. Washington stated that she turned the

corner to flee the scene when Ransom told her to slow down near Crawford’s

residence. Ransom then pulled a large rifle out of the black duffle bag and began

shooting at Crawford’s residence. Phone records indicate that the drive-by shooting

of the Crawford residence occurred at approximately 5:20 a.m. (Tr. 1108.) Lugo also testified that she observed bullets “coming from [Washington]’s car into the

Crawford house.” (Tr. 1335.)

Crawford was not home during the shooting. However, his father and

two brothers were sleeping inside the residence. The gunfire entered the residence

and struck interior walls, but no one was injured. (Tr. 445.) Crawford’s father

testified that most of the gunshots entered the first floor of the residence, stating “it

was about 20 or — maybe 20 or 30 bullet holes downstairs before they tried to —

before they shot upstairs.” (Tr. 447.) However, several bullets entered the upstairs

bedroom where Crawford’s father was sleeping at the time.

Following the shootings, Lugo picked Fisher up in the black Toyota

SUV and both vehicles fled the scene. Washington testified that she first drove

Ransom back to the Union Avenue residence so that he could “dro[p] his gun off.”

(Tr. 935.) They later returned to the Harvard Avenue residence to meet back up

with Fisher, Lugo, and Wilborn. (Tr. 936.)1 When asked to describe her

conversations with Ransom after the shootings, Washington testified that Ransom

told her to “say nothing, keep [her] mouth closed, don’t repeat nothing to nobody.”

(Tr. 958.)

At 7:31 a.m., on April 8, 2021, Ransom sent a text message to L.P.,

stating: “I’m cool baby. Didn’t go the way we wanted it to. I’m at [Fisher’s] spot.”

1 Contrary to Washington’s testimony, Lugo testified that Wilborn was also inside

Washington’s vehicle at the time of the drive-by shooting. (Tr. 1331 and 1336.) Wilborn’s GPS monitor indicates that he was likely in the red Ford Fusion at approximately 5:09 a.m. when the parties were searching for the Crawford residence. (State’s exhibit Nos. 100 and 805.) (Tr. 1570; State’s exhibit No. 930.) Later that day, Fisher rented a car, and he,

Ransom, Lugo, and Washington travelled to South Carolina, where they stayed for

several days. (Tr. 939.)

H.R.’s body was discovered at approximately 12:00 p.m. on April 8,

2021. Her body was examined at the scene by Dr. Joseph Felo (“Dr. Felo”), the Chief

Deputy Medical Examiner for the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office.

Dr. Felo testified that H.R.’s body was still warm and did not have significant insect

activity. Accordingly, he concluded that H.R. “had not been there for more than

several hours [and] . . . most likely had died earlier that morning.” (Tr. 547.)

Dr. Felo also performed H.R.’s autopsy. He testified that H.R.

sustained independently fatal gunshot wounds to her head and chest. She also

sustained a defensive gunshot wound to her left forearm. (Tr. 566.) Photographs of

H.R.’s injuries were introduced while Dr. Felo explained his examination and the

conclusions rendered in his autopsy report. Based on the nature and significance of

the observable injuries, Dr. Felo determined that H.R.’s cause of death was “gunshot

wounds of head, thorax, and left lower arm with skeletal, brain, and left lung

injuries.” (Tr. 571.) Her manner of death was “categorized and classified as a

homicide.” (Id.)

Patrol Officer Patrick Wells (“Officer Wells”) of the Cleveland Police

Department responded to the Crawford residence on April 8, 2021, after receiving a

dispatch for shots fired into a habitation. (Tr. 1044.) Upon arriving at the scene,

Officer Wells observed twelve .223 shell casings and seven .380 shell casings near the street. The shell casings were collected and submitted to the National Integrated

Ballistic Information Network (“NIBIN”). (State’s exhibit Nos. 95, 171, and 183.)

However, the shell casings were not swabbed or submitted for DNA testing before

they underwent ballistics testing. (Tr. 822.)

Forensic scientist James Kooser (“Kooser”), of the Cuyahoga County

Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, confirmed that all 12 of the .223 cartridge

cases were fired from the same unknown firearm. (Tr. 1240.) However, Kooser

could not recall whether he compared the .380 casings to determine whether they

were fired from the same gun. (Tr. 1263, 1267.) On cross-examination, Kooser

further admitted that on the morning of this direct examination, he learned that the

spent shell casing discovered by the investigators during their execution of a search

warrant in Ransom’s apartment did not match the .223 casings found at the scene

of the shooting. (Tr. 1257-1258.)

Special Agent Cristin McCaskill (“Agent McCaskill”) of the Federal

Bureau of Investigation, testified that she is currently employed in the violent crimes

unit and is tasked with assisting the Cleveland police in certain homicide

investigations. In this case, Agent McCaskill and her colleague Special Agent

Andrew Burke (“Agent Burke”) responded to the location of H.R.’s body and

attempted to “identify her using a mobile biometric application unit.” (Tr. 700.)

Unfortunately, the agents were unable to identify H.R. at the scene because she did

not have a record in the system. Thereafter, the agents assisted detectives in canvassing the neighborhood for eyewitness accounts, additional physical evidence,

and security camera footage.

Based on video footage recovered from nearby residences and the city

of Cleveland, the investigators learned that multiple vehicles were involved in the

shooting, including “a small black Rav4, and a red sedan which we later discovered

was a Ford Fusion.” (Tr. 707, 886.) Agent McCaskill testified that the black Toyota

SUV was registered in the name of an individual that shared a listed address with

Fisher. Using Cuyahoga County’s “license plate reader system,” the black Toyota

SUV was discovered in a parking lot on April 13, 2021. (Tr. 888.) That same day,

the police detained Fisher, which coincided with Ransom sending a Facebook

message at 4:39 p.m. that day stating, “Police just got P Dup [Fisher].” (Tr. 1526

and 2011.)

Following the police interview with Fisher, the police brought Lugo in

for questioning. A follow-up interview was conducted a few days later that led to her

being placed under arrest. (Tr. 1445.) During her direct examination, Lugo

admitted to lying to the police after she was brought in for questioning. Specifically,

Lugo originally told the police that she dropped H.R. off at her cousin’s house near

East 108th Street and had no knowledge of what happened to her thereafter. She

later stated that she “dropped [H.R.] off at St. Clair and Glenview and watched her

go into a house.” (Tr. 1380.) When the investigators insinuated that they knew she

was lying, Lugo finally conceded that there was a second vehicle involved, although

she claimed that she “had no clue” who was in the other vehicle. (Tr. 1411.) Eventually, Lugo admitted during her proffer statement that she, H.R., Ransom,

Washington, Wilborn, and Fisher drove to the East 108th Street address to complete

a robbery that was planned by Fisher and H.R.

Lugo maintained that she initially lied to the police because she was

scared of “the guys who did the killing and shooting,” and if “they did this to [H.R.],

what were they going to do to [her]” if she cooperated. (Tr. 1348.) Lugo also

conceded that she accepted a plea deal with the State and pleaded guilty to reduced

charges in exchange for her testimony. Lugo had yet to be sentenced and was facing

up to 18 years in prison. (Tr. 1350.)

In October 2021, the investigators identified Washington as the driver

of the red Ford Fusion. She was subsequently arrested on January 19, 2022.

(Tr. 1447 and 1543.) Washington similarly admitted on direct examination that she

was not truthful with the police following her arrest in January 2022. Like Lugo,

Washington conceded that she provided five or six different versions of the incident

before identifying Fisher and Ransom as the shooters. (Tr. 985-992.) Initially,

Washington claimed that she did not know H.R. and had never met her. She later

stated that she and Lugo dropped H.R. off near East 108th Street and never saw her

again. Next, Washington “indicated that an unknown male, that [she] had never

met before was the one who shot [H.R.].” (Tr. 991.) Washington then stated that

Fisher was also at the scene and was the individual who shot into the Crawford

residence. In version number five, Washington asserted that Fisher was responsible

for H.R.’s shooting death and that the unknown male was responsible for the drive- by shooting into the Crawford residence. Washington did not identify Ransom as

the drive-by shooter until she provided her final version to the investigators after

agreeing to cooperate with the State.

Washington stated that she lied to the police to protect Ransom

because she was pregnant and believed Ransom to be the father. Washington

further conceded that she accepted a plea deal with the State and pleaded guilty to

reduced charges in exchange for her testimony. At the time of Ransom’s trial,

Washington had yet to be sentenced and was facing two to eight years in prison. She

has remained in jail since the time of her arrest and gave birth to her child while

incarcerated.

Shortly after her arrest, Washington contacted Ransom to tell him

that she had been brought in for questioning and arrested. (Tr. 901.) On March 23,

2022, Ransom contacted a gunsmith, asking whether he had “a 556 NATO firing pin

and attachments.” (Tr. 1558, State’s exhibit No. 935.) Agent Burke explained that

the message indicated that Ransom was “looking to purchase specific parts of a rifle

that would change those characteristics ballistically.” (Tr. 1558.)

Detective John Dayton (“Det. Dayton”) of the Cleveland Police

Department testified that Ransom was arrested in March 2022, after Washington

linked him to the shooting. (Tr. 1450-1451.) At the time of his arrest, Ransom

confirmed that he resided at the East 40th Street apartment with L.P. throughout

2021. (Id.) Ransom also admitted to knowing Fisher and Lugo but denied ever

meeting H.R. The police seized two cell phones from Ransom. On one of his phones,

there was a text message sent to Fisher on December 24, 2020. (State’s exhibit No.

87.) In relevant part the text message contained a photograph that depicted Ransom

with a handgun and an AR platform rifle “that is black and tan in color,” and “loaded

with a magazine.” (Tr. 716; State’s exhibit No. 87.) Ransom later sent the

photograph to a second individual and stated, “[D]on’t show nobody.” (Tr. 1555.)

Agent McCaskill testified that she participated in the execution of a

search warrant at the East 40th Street apartment complex on March 25, 2022.

During the search of the apartment, the investigators were attempting to locate a

wooden table that was observable in Ransom’s photograph of the rifle. Ultimately,

the investigators confirmed that there was a similar wooden table in the apartment.

The investigators also recovered a wallet containing Ransom’s driver’s license and

social security card, an empty gun box, spent shell casings, a rifle magazine, and

ammunition that was capable of being fired by the rifle depicted in Ransom’s social

media photograph. (Tr. 719, 895.) However, they were unable to locate the handgun

or the rifle in the apartment.

After his arrest, Ransom sent a letter to L.P. on July 3, 2022, stating:

I really don’t got much to say but I think the prosecutor’s go [sic] call you to the stand and ask you some questions like have you seen this gun and who bullets was those. I think you should say your ex-boyfriend brother had the gun and bullets and was tryin to sell it before he went out of town or moved out of town. . . . But if you [sic] not comfortable doing that I understand. But that’s what I’ll say.

(State’s exhibit No. 936.) Wilborn’s identity only became known following an interview with

Washington during the grand jury proceedings. (Tr. 1449.) Washington could not

recall Wilborn’s name and could only provide a vague physical description.

(Tr. 1563.) Subsequently, the police discovered that Ransom and Fisher each had a

contact in their cell phones named “Killz.” Ransom and Fisher each sent text

messages to “Killz” on the night of April 7, 2021, telling him about the gathering at

the Union Avenue residence. This stood out to the investigators because the plan to

rob Crawford materialized at the Union Avenue residence. After the police

confirmed that the phone number associated with the contact “Killz” was registered

to Wilborn, Lugo confirmed his involvement in the shootings by identifying him in

a photo array. The investigators then learned that Wilborn was wearing a GPS ankle

monitor during the duration of the incident, allowing the investigators to map his

precise movements before, during, and after the shootings occurred. (Tr. 1566,

State’s exhibit No. 803.) The GPS data confirms that Wilborn went to the residences

located on Union Avenue, Harvard Avenue, and East 40th Street. The data further

confirms that Wilborn was present at the scene of the homicide at East 107th Street

and Elk Avenue. (State’s exhibit Nos. 803-805.)

In the course of the investigation, the police used a software program

to extract data from the cell phone discovered on H.R.’s person at the crime scene,

and the cell phones recovered from Ransom, Fisher, Lugo, Washington, and

Wilborn at the time of their arrests. The GPS and cellular data recovered from the

cell phones was used in collaboration with surveillance-video footage to determine the parties’ movements and actions in the hours preceding the shootings. Ransom’s

cell phone showed activity at the Union Avenue and Harvard Avenue residences on

the night of April 7, 2021, and early morning of April 8, 2021. (State’s exhibit

No. 801.) However, Ransom’s cell phone was not in the proximity of East 107th

Street and Elk Avenue at the time of the shootings on April 8, 2021. (Tr. 1155-1156.)

Ransom’s last reported activity prior to the shootings was a phone call placed at

4:22 a.m. near the East 40th Street apartment complex. (Tr. 1156.)

At the close of the State’s case-in-chief, defense counsel moved for an

acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29. Following an extended discussion, the trial court

granted the motion as it pertained to the tampering with evidence and obstructing

justice offenses (Counts 30 and 34). (Tr. 1716.) The motion was denied as to the

remaining offenses. (Tr. 1733.) Defense counsel then rested without presenting any

witnesses.

At the conclusion of trial, the jury found Ransom not guilty of

aggravated murder and murder as charged in Counts 2, 6, and 10. However,

Ransom was found guilty of murder (Count 14), felonious assault (Count 18),

improper discharging of a firearm at or into habitation or school (Count 22),

felonious assault (Count 26), and improperly handling a firearm in a motion vehicle

(Count 29). Ransom was also found guilty of the repeat violent predator

specifications attached to Counts 14, 18, 22, and 26 and the notice of prior conviction

specifications attached to Counts 18, 22, and 26. However, he was found not guilty of the firearm specifications attached to Counts 14, 18, 22, 26, and 29 and the

criminal gang activity specifications attached to Counts 14, 18, 22, and 26.

The trial court then found Ransom guilty of involuntary

manslaughter, with firearm, repeat violent offender and notice of prior conviction

specifications (Count 38), and having weapons while under disability, with firearm

specifications (Count 41). Finally, Ransom was found not guilty of criminal gang

activity as charged in Count 36.

On August 31, 2023, Ransom was sentenced to an aggregate prison

term of 27 years to life. (Tr. 2253.)

Ransom now appeals.

II. Law and Analysis

A. Prosecutorial Misconduct

In the first assignment of error, Ransom argues the State committed

prosecutorial misconduct by improperly referring to facts that were not in evidence

during its closing statement.

A prosecutor has wide latitude in closing argument and is free to

comment on what the evidence has shown and reasonable inferences that can be

drawn from that evidence. State v. Harris, 2017-Ohio-2751, ¶ 84 (8th Dist.).

However, a prosecutor must avoid any declarations, claims, or averments that are

deliberately calculated to mislead a jury. State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 14 (1984).

Similarly, an attorney’s advocacy should not go beyond the evidence and the reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the evidence. Barnett v. Thornton,

2002-Ohio-3332, ¶ 24 (10th Dist.).

Allegations of prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument are

reviewed to determine “‘whether the remarks were improper and, if so, whether they

prejudicially affected substantial rights of the defendant.’” State v. McAlpin, 2022-

Ohio-1567, ¶ 156, quoting Smith at 14. A trial should only be reversed on the grounds

of prosecutorial misconduct “if the effect of the misconduct ‘permeates the entire

atmosphere of the trial.’” State v. Gibson, 2013-Ohio-4372, ¶ 99 (8th Dist.), quoting

State v. Tumbleson, 105 Ohio App.3d 693, 699, (12th Dist. 1995). “‘The touchstone

of analysis is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor.’” State v.

Gapen, 2004-Ohio-6548, ¶ 92, quoting Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 219 (1982).

In this case, the closing remarks disputed on appeal relate to defense

counsel’s introduction of a two-second video, marked Defense exhibit B. The video

was introduced during the cross-examination of Lugo to impeach her testimony that

she had never had a gun or rifle in her vehicle before the night of the shooting.

(Tr. 1420-1421.) The video, which was extracted from Lugo’s cell phone during the

police investigation, shows an unidentified man holding a black rifle inside Lugo’s

vehicle. The video does not depict a readily observable time or date stamp.

Nevertheless, Ransom argues that the video clearly contradicted Lugo’s prior

testimony and “cast[s] serious doubt on [her] contention that she was not the

shooter,” or more significantly involved in the shooting. (Appellant’s brief, p. 21.) During closing arguments, the prosecutor asserted that defense

counsel’s introduction of Defense exhibit B was an attempt to “hoodwink” the jury

into believing that Lugo possessed a video depicting the actual shooter of the black

rifle. (Tr. 1848.) In challenging the relevancy of Defense exhibit B, the prosecutor

noted, over defense counsel’s objection, that the video’s “metadata” demonstrated

that it “was created in January of 2021 before the homicide.” (Tr. 1849.)

Specifically, the prosecutor encouraged the jury to “right click on the exhibit, select

properties, and select details” to see that the video was created on January 5, 2021,

at 11:03 p.m. — well before the date of the shooting. (Tr. 1848-1849.)

On appeal, Ransom maintains that the exhibit’s metadata was not

referenced during the State’s case-in-chief, and therefore, the State was not

permitted to ask the jury “to examine facts – the creation date of the exhibit — not

in evidence[.]” Ransom further asserts that the prosecutor’s statements were

prejudicial to his defense, stating:

Mr. Ransom was on his way to convincing the jury that he did not participate in either shooting, either as the primary offender or as an accomplice. Exhibit B was the cornerstone of counsel’s arguments that there was another shooter. Coupled with a shoddy investigation, there was reasonable doubt as to whether the police had zeroed in on the wrong suspects without truly examining all the possibilities. The State destroyed that doubt, not with evidence, but with an impermissible argument.

(Appellant’s brief, p. 23.)

After careful review of the record, we find Ransom has not

demonstrated that he was denied a fair trial based on the prosecutor’s limited comments. The information reflecting the date and time the video captured in

Defense exhibit B was created is incorporated into the metadata of the video and is,

therefore, part of the exhibit. We find no basis to conclude that the prosecutor

commented on facts not in evidence by highlighting information that is intrinsically

part of an exhibit introduced by the defense. Accordingly, we find no misconduct.

Moreover, a review of the trial transcript clearly fails to demonstrate

that Ransom would have been found not guilty of Counts 14, 18, 22, 26, and 29 but

for the claimed error of prosecutorial misconduct. It is clear beyond a reasonable

doubt that the jury would have found Ransom guilty of these offenses regardless of

the alleged misconduct of the prosecutor during closing arguments. Defense

exhibit B was merely used to impeach Lugo’s testimony that she had not previously

seen a firearm in her vehicle prior to the shooting. Beyond an unsupported

inference, no additional testimony or evidence was introduced to suggest the video

was taken in the days leading up to the shooting or that the unidentified male in the

video was connected to the shooting. As discussed further in the third assignment

of error, the trier of fact was presented with all relevant information concerning the

credibility of the State’s witnesses, including the testimony of Lugo and Washington

placing Ransom at the scene of the shooting and in possession of a large rifle. Thus,

we find that Ransom was not prejudiced by the remarks at issue made by the

prosecutor during closing arguments. See State v. Hanna, 2002-Ohio-2221; State

v. Stevens, 2023-Ohio-4683 (6th Dist.); State v. Erker, 2019-Ohio-3185 (8th Dist.).

The first assignment of error is overruled. B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

In the second assignment of error, Ransom argues the State failed to

present sufficient evidence to support his murder conviction or the predicate offense

of felonious assault. Ransom contends that the evidence failed to establish, beyond

a reasonable doubt, that he was complicit in the commission of the offenses.

Ransom does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the remaining

convictions. Accordingly, we limit our review to Counts 14 and 18.

A sufficiency challenge requires a court to determine whether the State

has met its burden of production at trial and to consider not the credibility of the

evidence but whether, if credible, the evidence presented would sustain a conviction.

State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997). The relevant inquiry is whether,

after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a

reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273 (1991), citing Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).

“‘Proof of guilt may be made by circumstantial evidence, real evidence,

and direct evidence, or any combination of the three, and all three have equal

probative value.’” State v. Rodano, 2017-Ohio-1034, ¶ 35 (8th Dist.), quoting State

v. Zadar, 2011-Ohio-1060, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.). Although circumstantial evidence and

direct evidence have obvious differences, those differences are irrelevant to the

probative value of the evidence, and circumstantial evidence carries the same weight

as direct evidence. Id., citing State v. Cassano, 2012-Ohio-4047, ¶ 13 (8th Dist.). Further, circumstantial evidence is not only sufficient, “‘“but may also be more

certain, satisfying, and persuasive than direct evidence.’”” Id. at ¶ 36, quoting State

v. Hawthorne, 2011-Ohio-6078, ¶ 9 (8th Dist.), quoting Michalic v. Cleveland

Tankers, Inc., 364 U.S. 325, 330 (1960).

As discussed, Ransom was convicted of murder in violation of

R.C. 2903.02(B), which provides as follows:

(B) No person shall cause the death of another as a proximate result of the offender’s committing or attempting to commit an offense of violence that is a felony of the first or second degree and that is not a violation of section 2903.03 or 2903.04 of the Revised Code.

Pursuant to that provision, the “commission of another felony offense is a necessary

predicate to an R.C. 2903.02(B) offense, and the predicate felony must be a

proximate cause of the death R.C. 2903.02(B) prohibits.” (Citation omitted.) State

v. Cook, 2010-Ohio-6222, ¶ 49 (2d Dist.). To sustain a conviction for felony murder,

the State must prove the elements of the predicate offense beyond a reasonable

doubt. See, e.g., State v. Taylor, 2020-Ohio-3589, ¶ 27 (8th Dist.).

In this case, the predicate felony offense at issue is felonious assault in

violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1). The statute provides that “[n]o person shall

knowingly . . . [c]ause serious physical harm to another or to another’s unborn.”

Taken together, a person commits felony murder with a felonious-assault predicate

when he or she knowingly causes serious physical harm to another and that conduct

is the proximate cause of another’s death. State v. Owens, 2020-Ohio-4616, ¶ 9. On appeal, Ransom does not dispute that H.R. suffered serious

physical harm that was the proximate cause of her death. Ransom argues, however,

that the State did not present sufficient evidence to establish that he aided and

abetted Fisher in the commission of the predicate offense. He contends that, at the

very most, the State merely proved his presence at the scene of the shooting.

Under Ohio’s complicity statute, “No person, acting with the kind of

culpability required for the commission of an offense, shall . . . [a]id or abet another

in committing the offense.” R.C. 2923.03(A)(2). A defendant guilty of complicity

“shall be prosecuted and punished as if he were a principal offender. A charge of

complicity may be stated . . . in terms of the principal offense.” R.C. 2923.03(F).

To “aid or abet” is to “‘assist or facilitate the commission of a crime, or

to promote its accomplishment.’” State v. McFarland, 2020-Ohio-3343, ¶ 26,

quoting State v. Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d 240, 243 (2001). As the Ohio Supreme

Court has explained:

“To support a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting pursuant to R.C. 2923.03(A)(2), the evidence must show that the defendant supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the crime, and that the defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal.” Johnson at syllabus. “‘Participation in criminal intent may be inferred from presence, companionship and conduct before and after the offense is committed.’” Id. at 245, quoting State v. Pruett, 28 Ohio App.2d 29, 34 (4th Dist. 1971).

McFarland at ¶ 29. However, “[t]he mere presence of an accused at the scene of the

crime is not sufficient to prove, in and of itself, that the accused was an aider and

abettor.” State v. Widner, 69 Ohio St.2d 267, 269 (1982). “Mere association with the principal offender . . . is [also] insufficient to establish complicity.” State v.

Hoston, 2015-Ohio-5422, ¶ 13 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Doumbas, 2015-Ohio-3026

(8th Dist.).

Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, we find

Ransom’s convictions were supported by sufficient evidence. In this case, the record

reflects that Fisher and H.R. concocted a plan to rob her former boyfriend on

April 7, 2021. During a house party held at the Union Avenue residence, Fisher

discussed the plan in further detail with Ransom and Wilborn, causing Ransom to

return to his apartment to retrieve a large black duffle bag. Sometime after

4:00 a.m. on April 8, 2021, the parties travelled in two vehicles to the location of the

Crawford residence. When H.R. was unable to immediately identify Crawford’s

residence, Fisher began to suspect that she had set them up. He expressed his

concerns to Ransom and stated that he had to kill her. According to Washington,

who was present during this conversation, Ransom supported Fisher’s decision and

agreed that H.R. had to be killed. After Fisher followed through with his plan and

shot H.R. two times, Ransom brandished a large firearm inside Washington’s

vehicle and fired multiple rounds into the Crawford residence as Washington drove

by. Ransom then dropped the firearm off at the Union Avenue residence and

immediately met back up with Fisher at his Harvard Avenue residence. At

approximately 7:31 a.m. that morning, Ransom sent a text message to L.P., notifying

her that things did not go as planned. Later that day, the parties travelled to South

Carolina together, where they remained for several days. Contrary to Ransom’s position on appeal, the evidence did not

demonstrate that, at the very most, he was merely present at the time Fisher decided

to shoot and kill H.R. Rather, Ransom’s conduct before and after the shooting

established that he “supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or

incited the principal in the commission of the crime” and shared the criminal intent

of the principal. Here, Ransom took active steps to retrieve a firearm to facilitate

the planned robbery and later supported Fisher’s decision to kill H.R. when the

robbery failed to materialize. He then hid the gun used in the drive-by shooting and

fled the State with the principal shooter for several days. Lastly, the evidence

demonstrated that Ransom attempted to conceal his role in the shootings by (1)

telling Washington to keep quiet, (2) asking L.P. to lie about the ammunition

discovered in their apartment, and (3) contacting a gunsmith to modify the firing

characteristics of a rifle. Collectively, this evidence would permit a reasonable juror

to conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Ransom was complicit in the

commission of murder and the predicate offense of felonious assault.

The second assignment of error is overruled.

C. Manifest Weight of the Evidence

In the third assignment of evidence, Ransom argues his convictions

are against the manifest weight of the evidence.

While the test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the

prosecution has met its burden of production at trial, a manifest weight challenge

questions whether the prosecution has met its burden of persuasion. See State v. Whitsett, 2014-Ohio-4933, ¶ 26 (8th Dist.), citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387;

State v. Bowden, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13 (8th Dist.). When considering an

appellant’s claim that a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the

court of appeals sits as a “‘thirteenth juror’” and may disagree with “the factfinder’s

resolution of the conflicting testimony.” Thompkins at 387, quoting Tibbs v.

Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42 (1982). The reviewing court must examine the entire record,

weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the witness’ credibility,

and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction

must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Id., citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d

172, 175 (1st Dist. 1983). Reversal on manifest-weight grounds is reserved for the

“‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Id.,

quoting Martin.

On appeal, Ransom argues his convictions are against the manifest

weight of the evidence because “no reasonable juror would have found Veronica

Washington and Esperanza Lugo credible.” Ransom states that “this case rests on

the words of two known liars who both had reason to dislike H.R.”

Physical evidence is not required to sustain a conviction against a

manifest weight challenge. See, e.g., State v. Robertson, 2018-Ohio-2934, ¶ 32 (8th

Dist.). In fact, a conviction may rest solely on the testimony of a single witness,

including the victim, if believed, and there is no requirement that a victim’s

testimony be corroborated to be believed. See, e.g., State v. Black, 2019-Ohio-4977, ¶ 43 (8th Dist.); State v. Schroeder, 2019-Ohio-4136, ¶ 84 (4th Dist.); State v.

Dudley, 2017-Ohio-7044, ¶ 10 (9th Dist.); see also State v. Robinson, 2014-Ohio-

1624, ¶ 12 (8th Dist.) (‘“Even where discrepancies exist, eyewitness identification

testimony alone is sufficient to support a conviction so long as a reasonable

[factfinder] could find the eyewitness testimony to be credible.’”), quoting State v.

Johnson, 2014-Ohio-494, ¶ 52 (8th Dist.).

With respect to Lugo’s and Washington’s credibility, we are cognizant

that determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the

testimony are primarily for the trier of fact. State v. Kyle, 2020-Ohio-3281, ¶ 29

(8th Dist.); State v. Bradley, 2012-Ohio-2765, ¶ 14 (8th Dist.), citing State v.

DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230 (1967). “Because the trier of fact sees and hears the

witnesses and is particularly competent to decide ‘whether, and to what extent, to

credit the testimony of particular witnesses,’ we must afford substantial deference

to its determinations of credibility.” Barberton v. Jenney, 2010-Ohio-2420, ¶ 20,

quoting State v. Lawson, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 3709, *4 (2d Dist. Aug. 22, 1997).

“The jury may take note of any inconsistencies and resolve them accordingly,

‘believ[ing] all, part, or none of a witness’s testimony.’” State v. Burks, 2018-Ohio-

4777, ¶ 48 (8th Dist.), quoting State v. Raver, 2003-Ohio-958, ¶ 21 (10th Dist.),

citing State v. Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67 (1964).

Similarly, a defendant is not entitled to reversal on manifest weight

grounds merely because certain aspects of a witness’s testimony are inconsistent or

contradictory. State v. Wade, 2008-Ohio-4574, ¶ 38 (8th Dist.) (‘“A conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence solely because the [factfinder] heard

inconsistent testimony.’”), quoting State v. Asberry, 2005-Ohio-4547, ¶ 11 (10th

Dist.); State v. Mann, 2011-Ohio-5286, ¶ 37 (10th Dist.) (‘“While [a factfinder] may

take note of the inconsistencies and resolve or discount them accordingly, . . . such

inconsistencies do not render defendant’s conviction against the manifest weight or

sufficiency of the evidence.’”), quoting State v. Nivens, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 2245,

*7 (10th Dist. May 28, 1996).

Upon reviewing the evidence presented at trial, we are unable to

conclude that Ransom’s convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence.

In this case, Lugo and Washington provided extensive insight into the parties’

movements before, during, and after the shootings. Lugo discussed the formulation

of the plan to complete a robbery at the Crawford residence, and Washington

provided sufficient details concerning (1) the conversation between Fisher and

Ransom inside her vehicle when they arrived at the scene, (2) Ransom’s verbal

acknowledgment that H.R. had to be killed, (3) Ransom’s discharge of a rifle into

the Crawford residence, and (4) Ransom’s discarding of the rifle at the Union

Avenue address. With the exception of Wilborn’s location during the drive-by

shooting, Lugo and Washington provided similar descriptions of each shooting and

their testimony was mostly consistent their final statements to the investigators.

Relatedly, the State introduced corroborating circumstantial evidence of Ransom’s

involvement in the shootings, including (1) phone tower records placing Ransom

with the codefendants before and after the shooting, (2) a photograph sent by Ransom of the type of rifle used during the drive-by shooting, (3) the discovery of

ammunition in Ransom’s apartment, (4) a text message sent by Ransom

approximately two hours after the shooting indicating that the planned robbery

“didn’t go the way [they] wanted it to,” (5) Ransom’s attempt to change the firing

pin on a NATO 556 rifle prior to his arrest, and (6) a letter sent by Ransom asking

L.P. to lie about the ammunition and gun discovered in their apartment.

We note that the credibility of Lugo and Washington was widely

explored on cross-examination and the jury was provided all relevant information

to assess the veracity of their testimony. Lugo and Washington openly admitted that

the lied to the police at the beginning of the investigation and did not provide

truthful insight into the shootings until plea negotiations were initiated. They also

confirmed that they pleaded guilty to reduced charges and were required to testify

against Ransom as a condition of their plea deals. Defense counsel also highlighted

various inconsistencies between their testimonies and their potential motives for

deflecting blame towards Fisher and Ransom. As evidenced by the findings of not

guilty on several charged offenses, it is clear the jury and the judge carefully

considered the evidence and the credibility of each witness when rendering its

verdict.

Under the foregoing circumstances, we cannot say that “the [trier of

fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Bell, 2019-Ohio-340,

¶ 41 (8th Dist.). The trier of fact was provided with all relevant information to assess Ransom’s involvement in the shootings and his convictions are not against the

manifest weight of the evidence merely because the trier of fact believed the State’s

witnesses. See, e.g., State v. Brightwell, 2019-Ohio-1009, ¶ 39, 42-44, 50 (10th

Dist.) (jury was not required to disbelieve witness’s testimony against defendant

because testimony was procured pursuant to a plea agreement that permitted

witness to plead guilty to a lesser charge and avoided a lengthy prison term); State

v. Fields, 2021-Ohio-1880, ¶ 27-29 (8th Dist.) (defendant’s convictions were not

against the manifest weight of the evidence; where jury was aware of accomplice’s

role in the robbery and her plea deal, it could weigh witness’ credibility and

determine whether or not they believed her testimony about defendant’s role in the

robbery).

The third assignment of error is overruled.

D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In the fourth assignment of error, Ransom argues defense counsel

rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to object to the State’s

presentation of cumulative, gruesome, and minimally probative photographs of

H.R.’s body and mortal wounds. Ransom contends that “the extra prejudice

generated by these photos prevented a fair trial.”

Ohio Const., art. I, § 10 and the U.S. Const., amend. VI provide that

defendants in all criminal proceedings shall have the assistance of counsel for their

defense. The United States Supreme Court has recognized that “the right to counsel is the right to effective assistance of counsel.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 686 (1984).

To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant

must demonstrate that her trial counsel’s representation was deficient, and that the

deficient performance was prejudicial. State v. Jones, 2016-Ohio-688, ¶ 14 (8th

Dist.), citing Strickland at 687-688. To establish that counsel was deficient, Ransom

must demonstrate that defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness. State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 142 (1989). To

establish that counsel’s deficient performance was prejudicial, Ransom must

demonstrate that there exists a reasonable probability that, were it not for counsel’s

errors, the results of the proceeding would have been different. State v. White, 82

Ohio St.3d 16, 23 (1998).

A reviewing court must give great deference to counsel’s performance

in reviewing an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. Strickland at 689. “A

reviewing court will strongly presume that counsel rendered adequate assistance

and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional

judgment.” State v. Pawlak, 2014-Ohio-2175, ¶ 69 (8th Dist.), citing Bradley at 141.

Counsel’s decisions relating to strategy are granted wide latitude of professional

judgment, and it is not the duty of a reviewing court to analyze trial counsel’s legal

tactics and maneuvers. State v. Edgerson, 2015-Ohio-593, ¶ 6 (8th Dist.). If tactical

or strategic trial decisions are unsuccessful, that does not generally constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Id., citing State v. Cossack, 2009-Ohio-3327, ¶ 36

(7th Dist.).

Generally, the State “is free to choose amongst available options as to

how to present evidence in support of its case.” State v. Williams, 2000 Ohio App.

LEXIS 1233, *32 (7th Dist. Mar. 20, 2000). Recognizing this, Ohio courts have

found that photographs may be used for a wide variety of purposes, including

corroborating witness testimony, establishing the intent of the accused, and

showing the nature and circumstances of the crime. State v. Jalowiec, 91 Ohio St.

3d 220, 230 (2001).

In this case, the State presented approximately 26 crime scene and

approximately 11 autopsy photographs during the direct examination of Dr. Felo.

(State’s exhibit Nos. 601, 605, 608, 610, 612-613, 615, 620-621, 631-632, and 637-

662.) The photographs depict H.R.’s body at the scene of the shooting and various

angles of the injuries discovered during the autopsy, including the gunshot wounds

to her head, chest, and arm. Dr. Felo further described his discovery of a bullet

fragment in H.R.’s skull and stated that she lost “a third to 40 percent of her total

blood circulation.” (Tr. 554-557.) In addition, the State introduced photographs

taken by the crime scene unit at the location where H.R.’s body was discovered.

(Tr. 676-677, State’s exhibit Nos. 1-33.) The photographs also depict various angles

of H.R.’s body and injuries at the scene of the shooting.

On appeal, Ransom argues that Dr. Felo’s “graphic” description of

H.R.’s injuries and the gruesome photographs of her body at the crime scene and during the coroner’s examination were excessive and unduly prejudicial because (1)

the manner of death was not disputed, and (2) the State did not allege that Ransom

fired the gun that killed H.R. Thus, Ransom contends that defense counsel’s failure

to raise a timely objection to the photographs encouraged the jury to “feel intense

hatred towards [him]” and “prevented a fair trial.”

It is well settled that “the prosecution is entitled to present evidence

showing the cause of death, even if the cause is uncontested, to give the jury an

‘appreciation of the nature and circumstances of the crimes.’” State v. Catron, 2015-

Ohio-2697, ¶ 25 (8th Dist.), quoting State v. Chatmon, 2013-Ohio-5245, ¶ 41 (8th

Dist.). Moreover, the State has latitude in constructing its case and determining the

manner by which it meets its burden of proof. See State v. Mammone, 2014-Ohio-

1942, ¶ 99, 103 (“[T]he [S]tate bears the burden of proof and it has no obligation to

meet that burden in the least gruesome way.”).

The admissibility of gruesome photographs in a noncapital case is

considered with reference to Evid.R. 403. Mammone at ¶ 95-96, quoting State v.

Morales, 32 Ohio St.3d 252, 257-258 (1987); R.C. 2901.02(B). Under

Evid.R. 403(A), otherwise relevant evidence “is not admissible if its probative value

is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the

issues, or of misleading the jury.” The exclusion of relevant evidence under Evid.R.

403(A) rests within the discretion of the trial court. State v. Skatzes, 2004-Ohio-

6391, ¶ 107, citing State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173 (1987), paragraph two of the

syllabus. Relatedly, it is well recognized that “autopsy photographs are

generally admissible to help the jury appreciate the nature of the crimes, to illustrate

the coroner’s or other witnesses’ testimony by portraying the wounds, to help prove

the defendant’s intent, and to show the lack of accident or mistake.’” State v. Costell,

2016-Ohio-3386, ¶ 142 (3d Dist.), citing State v. Gross, 2002-Ohio-5524, ¶ 52.

Consequently, autopsy photographs — even if gruesome — are not per se

inadmissible. State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 265 (1984).

After careful consideration, we are unable to conclude that defense

counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to object to the State’s

introduction of crime scene and autopsy photographs. Although several of the

admitted photographs could be characterized as gruesome, the State was permitted

to introduce relevant evidence concerning the cause and nature of H.R.’s fatal

injuries. In this case, the information gleaned from the crime scene photographs,

including how H.R.’s body was discovered, the position of the cell phone and

charging cord found on H.R.’s person, the lack of gunpowder on H.R.’s body, and

the defensive wounds observed on H.R.’s arm, assisted the trier of fact in

understanding the time, location, and manner of H.R.’s death. See State v.

Woodards, 6 Ohio St.2d 14, 25 (1966) (Even a photograph that can be characterized

as gruesome is admissible if the trial court, in exercising its discretion, feels that it

would be useful to assist the jury.). Collectively, this evidence corroborated the

testimony of State witnesses and allowed the trier of fact to assess the identity of the

shooter and the motive of the crime. Similarly, the autopsy photographs illustrated the coroner’s

testimony and provided the trier of fact with a “total appreciation of the nature and

circumstances of the crimes.” State v. Diar, 2008-Ohio-6266, ¶ 103, 109, citing

State v. Evans, 63 Ohio St.3d 231, 251 (1992). In addition, Dr. Felo’s discussion of

the bullet removed from H.R.’s skull was not only proper but necessary in explaining

H.R.’s injuries and cause of death. The testimony also provided context to the

subsequent ballistic analysis and the State’s ability to confirm that the bullets

removed from H.R.’s body were fired from the same gun.

Because the danger of unfair prejudice to Ransom did not

substantially outweigh the probative value of the crime scene and autopsy

photographs, we find defense counsel’s performance did not fall below an objective

standard of reasonableness. Moreover, to the extent the introduction of some

photographs can be construed as being cumulative, Ransom has not demonstrated

the existence of prejudice. As discussed, most of the disputed photographs were “of

probative value to assist the trier of fact in determining the issues, ‘or are illustrative

of testimony and other evidence.’” State v. Motley, 2023-Ohio-1811, ¶ 43 (8th Dist.),

quoting State v. Franklin, 62 Ohio St.3d 118, 125 (1991). While the admission of

cumulative or repetitive photographs is improper, Ransom has not established that,

but for the admission of any duplicative photographs, the results of the proceeding

would have been different. As previously discussed, the State presented competent

and credible evidence of Ransom’s role in the planned robbery of Crawford’s residence, his active participation in the drive-by shooting into Crawford’s

habitation, and his efforts to aid and abet Fisher in the shooting death of H.R.

The fourth assignment of error is overruled.

Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s

conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case

remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and FRANK DANIEL CELEBREZZE, III, J., CONCUR